HUMAN VALUES

0.1. INTRODUCTION
Engineering is "the people-serving profession". The wotk of engineers involves
interaction with clients, other engineers, and the public at large. More than any other
profession, their work also directly involves and affects the society and environment. They
play a key role in all aspects of technical, economical, and environmental development.
Engineers as professionals, invariably face different situations during their careers,
where values become variables in the decision-making process. Infact, the ethical aspects
engineers should be aware
of a decision often prove more difficult than the technical. The
awareness and an
of their social responsibilities. They need to develop a greater profession.
understanding of the ethical and social implications that ar1ises
in their
strongly encouraged engineering
Recognizing this, the engineering profession has Human Values
colleges and universities to introduce
the course Professional Ethics and
"Professional Ethics and Human Vales"
has
into engineering curricula. Thus the subject
engineering education.
rightly become an integral part of human being
chapter discusses various basic human values that a
This introductory of
remaining chapters of this text are devoted to the study
shouid posses while the
"Professional Ethics".

0.2. HUMAN VAUES

Human Values? asa
0.2.1. What Are
basic moral values one ought to posses to live
Human values are nothing
but
citizen or as a person. foundation of
values.: A few key principles compose the
Foundations of human as follows:
which societies have been established. They are
human values upon
of human life.
The innate dignity
and
for the "other.
consideration
the environment and thus the
Respect
humankind and
The interconnection between
preserve the earth.
need to care for and

and a philosopher, working as a

chapter has been contributed tby Shri. Vijay Kumar Sutaria, an engineer Technology, THE STATEOF
fThis Mechanical Engineering, Eritrean Institute of
Visiting Facuity in the Departrnent of
ERITREA, North East Africa.

"The sole meaning of life is to serve humanity. " - Leo Tolstoy

"Afler the verb "To Love".."To Help" is the most beautiful
verb in the world. " - Bertha Von Suttner
 0.2

Engineering Ethics
The importance of integrity and
An attitude of service.
The individualnon-violence.
and collective quest for peace and happiness.
0.2.2. Need To Study
About Human
As we
aware, economic and Values
negative effects. On the social globalization has yielded
one positive as well as
uniformity that globalization hand, cultures around the world are threatened by the
distinctive qualities, traditions brings. They are
and character thatstruggling to maintain their identities, their
history. Globalization has been provide a unique contribution to
tragic loss for humankind. seen to endanger cultural diversity and this human
would be a
On the other hand,
increased
awareness of our kinship and the contact between peoples änd nations enhances
CIVilization. It is these values that weshared code of ethics and conduct that underlies all
means for moving forward toward a must now promote to create a common Vision and
more peaceful and sustainable
The success of globalization
may in the future be judged by world.
cultural distinctions while giving our ability to maintain our
sense of unity will thus emerge to birth to a new
understanding of global community. A new
security of our natural environment. battle the current threats to human security
and the
To address these, first
we engineers need to
human values. understand and appreciate the basic
0.2.3. Human Values And
Sub Values
Table 0.1 lists most important
being. human values and sub values
required from human
As could be seen from
Table 0.1, human values can
following five headings: be broadly grouped
under the
1. Love;
2. Truth;
3. Right conduct;
4. Peace; and
5. Non-violence.
Also in the teachings of Spiritual
and supports the other four Leaders, Love is the undercurrent that
values. Love is the divine energy inherent flows through
all. They connect other values in everyone and in
with Love as: Truth = Love in
in action; Peace= Love in
thought; Non-violence = Love in speech; Right conduct = Love
Now, we shall discuss the various understandina.
human values, in detail, in the following
sections.

"To practice five things under all

circumstances constitutes perfectvirtue; these five are
gravity, generosity of soul, sincerity, earnestness, and kindness. " - Confucius
 Human Values

Table 0.1. Human

values and sub values
LOVE
TRUTH RIGHT CONDUCT
PEACE NON VIOLENCE
Bliss
Consciousness |Cleanliness Appreciation of
Attention
other religions and
Caring Creativity lcultures
|Contentment Calm
Compassion Brotherhood
|Curiosity |Courage |Concentration Ceiling on Desires
Dedication Discrimination Dependability |Contentment Citizenship
Devotion Equality Duty Dignity |Compassion
Empathy |Honesty Ethics |Discipline |Concern for all life
Friendship |Integrity Gratitude Endurance Consideration
Forgiveness Intuition |Goals Focus Co-operation
Generosity Natural Environment Good behavior |Happiness Forgiveness
Helping Optimism Healthy Living Honesty Global Awareness
Human Dignity Quest for Knowledge Helpfulness Humility Good Manners
Inner Happiness IReason (Initiative |Inner Silence nclusiveness
Joy Self-analysis Leadership Reflection |Loyalty
Nationa
Kindness Self-knowledge Perseverance Satisfaction
Awareness

Patience Self-worth Time management Self-acceptance Recycling

Respect for
|Sense-control Resourcefulness Self-confidence
Purity Property

Spirit of Inquiry Respect Self-control Service to Other

Sharing
Sincerity Synthesis Responsibility Self-discipline Social justice
|Sustainable
Truthfuness |Sacrifice Self-respect
|Sympathy Growth
Unity in Thought,
Tolerance Self Sufficiency Understanding Universal Love
Word and Deed
Wisdom JUnity in Diversity |Self-confidence Care for environment Unwilling to hurt
 Engineering Elhics
0.4

0.3. MORALS, VALUES, AND ETHICS

0.3.1. "Good" and "Evil"
we must clarify the
Before we start analyzing the human vaalues and ethical issues,
answers to the questions: what is good?,and what is evil?
meanings of the term
According to the Webster's New World Dictionarv, the first two
having the proper qualities' and 'beneficial'. The first two meanings given for
gooo are:
'harmful'. These definitions
ne term "evil" are: 'morally bad or wrong: wicked' and
dpproprately suggest abstract concepts that are the opposite of
each other. They alsO
qualities' are?; To
anse some fundamental questions: How do you determine the proper
whom is it 'beneficial?; and In what way?.
These questions suggest that it is impossible to standardize on what is good and what
is evi?. However, we can see and feel the quality of good and evil in each action an
individual takes. So it is at least theoretically possible to label an action as right or
wrong'. Therefore our concept of 'good' and 'evil', right' and 'wrong' must serve as the
foundation of a framework that motivates and guides us in choosing the appropriate action
in different situations.

0.3.2. "Morality" and "Ethics"

Though the terms moral and ethical (or morality and ethics) are often
used
interchangeably in casual conversation, but there are important distinctions between them.
Some definitions, given by The American Heritage
Language', for the terms 'moral' and 'ethical' are listed below. Dictionary of the English

Some definitions of 'moral'

1. Of or concernedwith the
judgment of the
action and character; pertaining to the g0odness or badness of human
2. Arising from conscience discernment of good and evil.
or a sense of right and
3. Being or acting in wrong.
4. Having psychological accordance with standards and precepts of goodness.
the effort on one's
rather than physical or tangible effects, for instance,
character.
5. Based on strong
or demonstration.
likeliho0d or firm conviction rather
than on actual evidence
6 A
concisely expressed precept or
7. Instructive of
what is good or evil. general truth, a maximum.
The key is: judgment
made according to some
perceived standard of good or
evl.

"If we want to produce

taught those valuespeople who share
and not be left tothe values of a democratic culture, they
acquire them by chance. " - must be
Cal
Thomas
Human Values
Ethics
0.5
1. The Some definitions of
discipline dealing with what 'ethical/ethic'
obligation. is right or wrong
or with moral
(a) Agroup of duty and
(b) A particularmoral principles or set of values.
theory
(c) The principles of or system of moral values.
standards of behavior.conduct governing an individual or a
2.. The
character or the ideals of profession;
Ethical: Self-position, one's character manifested by a group
with approved own condition or place, or people.
standards of behavior or a custom. Being
Code. socially or professionally in accord
accepted
The key is: conformity to some code or
standard of conduct.
0.3.3. From Morality to Law
The difference between
the
concept of law. Fig 0.1 depicts the'moral' and 'ethical' can be better understand if we add the
relationship between all three phenomena.

Môral

Ethical

Leal

Fig. 0.1. Relationship between moral,

It can be ethical and law
interpreted from the Fig 0.1 that any moral principle
more "rigid", with clearer boundaries between becomes progressively
of ethics and law. For example, the right and wrong, as it moves into the
moral principle that "life is sacred" takes areas
defnition in the medical doctor's code of on clear
in the laws prohibiting manslaughter.
ethics; the same moral principle is rigidly defined

"Toeducate a person in mind

and not in mÍrals is to
a menace to society."- educate
Theodore Roosevelt
 Engineering Ehics
0.6

0.4. MORAL "good" purely and

make a person
V Moral values are understo0d to be those that

simply asa person. control.

but outside his or her
They are not qualities or attributes of the person them, but alsO because
a person has
V Moral values are personal, not only because personality in the innermost center
unique
they are the expression of each one's
choice.
of one's being as shown in the act of acts a person chooses to do
and in the
therefore. reside both in the
Y Moral values, morally good or
character of the person. There are
the
resuts of those acts on
persons.
bad human acts and morally good or bad lingering and incapacitating
disease.
wives afflicted with a
TWo husbands have moderate income, no hope of
remedy. One
alike, five children,
Both families are children, works
best to be both father and mother to the
husband does his he can with her to
for his wife's care and spends what time
Overtime to pay enough, deserts wife
The other man decides that he has had
brighten her days.
again. We make our
children, gets work in a distant city and is not heard of
and the action of the
judgment, we have to approve the
first husband and we condemn
second as morally wrong. of a
but as necessary. This necessity is
The moral good is seen not as optional
unique kind called "moral necessity" not a must,
but an ought, not physically
compeling but morally demanding.

0.4.1. Characteristics Of Moral Value

Some distinct characteristics of moralvalue are as follows:
Moral value can exist only in free personal being and in that person's voluntary or
human acts.
Moral value is universal in the sense that what one holds for all in the same
Conditions.
/ Moral value is self-justifying.
Moral value has preeminence over every other value.
Moral value implies obligation.

0.5. VALUES
The term "value" or "worth" seems to have its origin in economics; eventually it
was applied analogously to other aspects of life, human values as such. There is
much agreement on the definition of value as definition of good.
One thing appeals to us in some way, whereas something else does not. What
appeals may supply a need, satisty a desire, arouse an interest, stimulate an

"Perfect wisdom has four parts: Wisdom, the principle of doing things aright;
Justice, the principle of doing things equally in public and private:
Fortitude, the principle of not fleeing danger, but meeting it;
Temperance, the principle of subduing desires and living moderately. " -Plato
Human Values
0.7
emotion, provoke a response, motivate
existence of subjective values is a matter a deed or merely draw an approval. The
We do make value judgments. of experience.
Some of these judgments are
which we merely express our
approval or disapproval. Othersnoncomparative, in
are comparative
and by putting them in order we can construct a scale
of values.
0.5.1. Characteristics Of Values
Some general characteristics of values are:
Values are bipolar, with a positive and a negative
pole such as
easy, difficult, strong, weak, rich, p0or, beautiful, ugly, true, false,pleasant, painful,
good, and bad.
The positive pole is the one preferred. Negative pole is better not called a value
at
all but a disvalue.
Values are not homogeneous but óf many kinds.
Values should exist; they deserve to be.
"Value" or "worth" is a term used for anything that appeals to us in any way. As
ideals they exist in the mind but are formed by the mind's abstractive power from
the date of experience.

0.6. ETHICS
0.6.1. What Is Ethics?
word derives from the
An ethic, by definition, is a set of moral principles. The
spirit or attitudes of a
Greek word 'ethos', which means the characteristic
community,people, or system'.
Ethics is the "art of human living".
Ethics intends toform good men.
gentleman".
Ethics is the "science of man as a in every
be ease in being the good man
The end product of ethics should
circumstance.
morality, In other words, ethics is
the scientific
Ethics is the systematic analysis of
demonstration of morality.
evolvement and sense of
right and wrong and reflects one's morals (personal
Ethics deals with rights and
in conduct, not necessarily aligned with legal
what is right or just conscience').
obligations. Your personal sense
of ethics is, in short, 'your
putting every activity and goal in
its place. It is
perspective, ethics is
In awider what is not worth doing: knowing
knowing what is worth doing and
concerned with
knowing what is not worth wanting.
what is worth wanting and
discipline that deals with what is good
Definition: Ethics may be defined as the
obligation.
and bad and with moral duty and

other persons. " - Aristotle

"The greatest virtues are those which are most useful to
 Engineering Ethics
0.8 Human Values 0.9
Ethics
0.6.2. Teachers Of friends, peers, or clients civil law deals only with those acts permitted or prohibited by civil law, ethics with the
father, teachers, coaches,
Ethics can be taught by mother, We can easily recall that oUF tribunal of conscience judging all of our acts.
through reasoned argument.
But morality cannot be taught of the 8-year old child
ethics. One of the chief concerns
mothers' are the first teachers of a "good guy" or a 0.6.5. Ethics: A Practical Science
a given character on the screen is
at the cinema is to find out whether Generally, laws and rules are made to limit bad behavior and, by defauit, to highlight
"bad guy' good behavior. Some actions may be lawful, but still unethical. For example, a high price
0.6.3. Origin Of Ethics
can legally be charged for a service, but if the same price is fixed for everyone, and the
behaving will not do, and there is a service is needed most by those who can least afford it, ethical concerns arise about
We see that in our various activities just any way of
in human history people must have balancing profit and charity. Some actions, such as murder, are clearty unlawfui. Yet there
right and a wrong way to conduct ourselves. Early are many situations that fall in between. They constitute the 'grey' areas between the
a right and wrong way
seen that these questions could be asked of life as a whole: Is there
Is there a pattern, a clearly bad and the clearty good.
of living, of gathering all these activities into the spending of one's life? With grey areas, ethics is about choices which matter, and choices which matter to
strictly
model. and an ideal of the good human life? If so, where can people find it and how
you, A situation caling for a decision becomes an ethical dilemma when there are at least
ought they follow it? two good choices that can be made.
We have no record of such a speculation in history. Ancient Greeks being seafarers
Everyone comes across situations that continually test how and why they make
and colonizers had come into close contact with various surrounding people and were
struck by the variety of customs, laws, and institutions that prevailed. They began to ask
decisions regarding a choice of action. That's part of the reason we are here in human
themselves whether their own were really superior if so why? In time their study led to an
form to develop inner clarity and to apply intelligence wisely and compassionately in the
ups and downs of everyday life experience.
examination of all human conduct. This part of philosophy they called "Ethics". We call it
by the same name.
0.6.6. Ethics In APluralistic Society
0.6.4. Ethics In Relation To Other Studies
Nations to-day are pluralistic societies, societies comprised of many sub-groups or sub
communities, each of which has its own view of the morally good life. Whatever the
Ethics is closely related to other studies such as psychology, anthropology, sociology,
diversity and disagreement we find, we also find general agreement that mature persons
economics, political science, and law.
are free to articulate and choose for themselves the life style, religious beliefs, moral
1. Psychology and ethics: Both psychology and ethics deal with human behavior, with
convictions and sentiments they want as long as they do no harm to any other person.
the abilities people have and the acts they perform. Psychology studies how
humans
actually do behave, ethics how they ought to behave. 0.7. INTEGRITY
2. Anthropology and ethics: Both anthropology and ethics deal with human customs on 0.7.1.Introduction
various levels of culture and civilization.
of human customs
Anthropology studies the origin and development Integrity is one of the most important virtue terms. It is used synonymously with
without passing any judgment
but it is this rightness or wrongness alone that interests
on their moral rightness or wrongness, moral. At times we distinguish acting morally from acting with integrity. Persons of
3. Social sciences and ethics: Social
ethics. integrity may in fact act immorally--though they would usually not know they are acting
science deal with actual social, economic, and
sciences such as Social, economic, and political immoraly. Thus one may acknowledge a person to have integrity even though that person
political institutions-what they are and may hold importantly mistaken moral views.
how they function; ethics determines what
functior.
they ought to be and how they ought to When used as a virtue term, 'integrity' refers to a quality of a person's character. When
4. Law and ethics: The study of law it is applied to objects, integrity refers to the wholeness, intactness or purity of a thing.
the ought, the civil law and the moral
is closely related to ethics.
Though both deal with Integrity is also attributed to various parts or aspects of a person's life. We speak of
law do not always perfectly
correspond. The study of attributes such as professional, intellectual and artistic integrity. However, the most
philosophically important sense of the term integrity' relates to general character.
"Beforeyou embark on any path
no, you will know il und then ask the question, does this path have a heart? Ifthe "Itegrity is telling myself the truth And honesty is telling
you must answer is
the question. And when a man choose another path. The trouble is that nobody asks the truth toother people. -Spencer Johnson
finally
a heart the path is ready realizes that he has taken a path without "Confide nce in others' honesty is no light testimony of
to kill him." - Carlos one's own integrity. " - Michel de Montuigne
Castaneda
 Engineering Ethics
010
Human Values
Integrity?
A Person Of fundamental intuitions:
first th
0.7.2. What Is It To Be integrity involves two
Persons of integrity embrace a moral point of view that urges them to be conceptually
aspects t
Ordinary discourse about to oneself, or
between parts or clear, logically consistent, apprised of relevant empirical evidence, and careful about
formal relation one has
integrity is primarily a important way to acting
morally.
acknowledging as well as weighing relevant moral considerations. Persons of integrity
integrity is connected in an
one's self, and second, that impose these restrictions on themselves since they are concerned, not simply with taking
integrity being:
Anumber of accounts of any moral position,but with pursuing a commitment to do what is best.
integrity as self-integration;
(0
integrity as maintenance of identity; 0.7.7. Integrity As A Virtue
(i integrity as standing for something: We take integrity' to be a complex and thick virtue term. One gains a fair grasp of the
(iv) integrity as moral purpose; and variety of ways in which people use the term 'integrity' by examining conditions commonly
integrity as a virtue. accepted to defeat or diminish a person's integrity. Integrity stands as a mean to various
(V)
These accounts are reviewed below. excesses. On the one side we have character traits and ways of behaving and thinking
that tend to maintain the status quo even where acting with integrity demands a change.
0.7.3. Integrity As Self-ntegration These are things like arrogance, dogmatism, fanaticism, monomania, preciousness,
persons integrating
On the self-integration view of integrity, integrity is a matter of sanctimoniousness, and rigidity. These are all traits that can defeat integrity in so far as
other words, the
various parts of their personality into a harmonious, intact whole. In they undermine and suppress attempts by an individual to critically assess and balance
matter of
integrity of persons is analogous to the integrity of things: integrity is primarily a their desires, commitments, wishes, changing goals and other factors.
keeping the self intact and uncorrupted. For example, a giving into cowardice or a refusal to acknowledge new or overriding
commitments indicate a lack of integrity.
0.7.4. Integrity As Maintenance Of ldentity
Arelated approach to integrity is to think of it primarily in terms of a person's acting 0.8. WORK ETHICS
according totheir commitments, rather than ordering and endorsing desires. 'Commitment 0.8.1. What ls Work Ethic?
is used as a broad term covering many different kinds of intentions, promises, convictions Definition: The work ethic is a cultural norm that advOcates being personally
and relationships of trust and expectation. accountable and responsible for the work that one does and is based on
a belief
that work has intrinsic value.
0.7.5. Integrity As Standing For Something The term is often applied to characteristics of people, both at work and at play.
a characteristic of
The self-integration and identity views of integrity see it as primarily a personal virtue: In sports, for example, work ethic is frequently mentioned as
associated with
aquality defined by a person's care of the self. Cheshire Calhoun argues that integrity is good players. Regardless of the context, work ethic is usually
primarily asocial virtue, one that is defined by a person's relations to others. The social people who work hard and do a good job.
character of integrity is a matter of a person's proper regard for their own best judgement:
Persons of integrity do not just act consistently with their endorsements, they stand for 0.8.2. Elements Of Work Ethics
be summarized
something: they stand up for their best judgment within a community of Research has shown that the many characteristics of work ethic can
discover what in life is worth doing. people trying to using the following three elements:
1. Interpersonal skills:
0.7.6. Integrity As Moral Purpose 2. Initiative; and
Integrity in terms of moral purpose can be 3. Being dependable.
pursuit of amoral life and their intellectual described as a person's dedication the
demands of such a life. responsibility in seeking to understand the
"Honor your commitments with "In seeking Wisdom, the first stage is silence, the second listening: the third remembrance:
integrity." - Les Brown
"By three methods we may lean the fourih practicing: the fifth teaching" -Solomon lbn Gabiro!
which is noblest; second, by wisdom: First, by reflection
and third, by experience, whichimitation, which is the easiest;
is the biterest." - Confucius
 Engineering Ethics 0. 13
0.12 Human Values

0.8.3. Interpersonal Skills As technology advances and manual operations are replaced by machines, people
manners, appearance, and behaviors
Interpersonal skills include the habits, attitudes, increasingly must deal with the information necessary to provide instructions to a machine
use around other people, which affect how we get along with other people. We
we which in turn actualy performs a task.
really are. It's easy to
sometimes do not understand how important interpersonal skills
obviously lack interpersonal skills, but sometimes
laugh and make jokes about people who Comment: Any engineer's job usually reguires technical skills and knowledge, but work
to better prepare for success in life as
we need to examine our own impressions on others ethic and work attitudes are also essential for success. Employers frequenty mention work
well as for a productive career. ethic and related characteristics when they describe the type of employees they seek to
The development of interpersonal skills begins early in life and is influenced by family. hire. People with these characteristics are difficult to find but not impossible. As an
friends, and our observations of the world around us. But most of these characteristics are engineer one must develop and come to such standards. Learning about these
types of
passed along to by our parents or guardians. Some aspects of interpersonal skills are skills and practicing them are certain to enhance your ability to seek, secure,
and be
even inherited. Appearance and some personality traits are largely influenced by our successful on the job!
skills and
genes. Many employers have been asked over the years to list the most important
For us to improve our interpersonal skills, we must first be aware of what we are like characteristics they look for when hiring new employees. Among the more commnon
be dependable,
from the perspective of other people who interact with us. Habits we are unaware of., answers are good communication skills, positive attitude, and the ability to
dressing
actions we think go unnoticed, and other things about us that might affect other people are punctual, and responsible. Personal characteristics which are important include
impossible for us to change if we are not aware of them. One of the things that teachers properly, being polite, and displaying self-confidence.
try to do, starting in the early grades, is to help students correct bad habits and to develop
good interpersonal skills. 0.9. Service learning
0.9.1. What Is Service Learning?
0.8.4. Initiative
Service learning is ateaching and learning strategy that integrates meaningful
Initiative is a very important characteristic for information age workers. community service with instruction and reflection to enrich the
learning
Direct
Supervision is often not a feature of the modern workplace. Without experience, teach civic responsibility, and strengthen communities.
initiative,
procrastination and missed opportunities can become a real problem. In other words, service learning combines service objectives with learning
performance results and leads to loss of a job, without any second chances.Sometimes poor objectives with the intent that the activity changes boih the recipient and the
provider of the service. This is accomplished by combining service tasks with
0.8.5. Being Dependable structured opportunities that link the task to self-reflection, self-discovery, and the
Being dependable is one of the most highly
sought after traits for acquisition and comprehension of values, skills, and knowledge content.
workers in the modern workplace. This work ethic
and being on time. People who are not construct includes honesty, reliability It is a tool used widely by sociologists to encourage students to make connections
around because of the wasted time and dependable onen are very expensive to keep
between classroom learning and the larger community.
resources their llustration: For example, if college students collect trash out of an urban
even peoples' lives can be lost if another person is not behaVior causes, In some cases
dependable. streambed, they are providing a service to the community as volunteers, a service
0.8.6. Other Employability Skills that is highly valued and important. When the students analyze what they found in
During industrial age, many jobs required a work ethic that the trash bed and possible sources, they can share the results with residents of
was
different from the characteristics necessary in today's information limited and somewhat the neighborhood along with suggestions for reducing pollution. Now we can say
who work with information often must set their own schedule, age workplace. that they are engaging in service-learning. In the service-learning, the students are
People
Supervision, and frequently experience change and innovation inusually work with less
their work direct providing an important service to the community and, at the same time, learning
about water quality and laboratory analysis, developing an understanding of
pollution issues, learning to interpret science issues to the public, and practicing
"If you make the unconditional commitment to reach
your most
if the strengih of your decision is sufficien, you will findimportant
the way
gools
"Service.
and the power to achieve your goals. " - Robert Conklin Giving what you don't have to give.
Giving when you don't need to give.
Giving because you want to give." - Damien Hess
 Engineering Ethics
o14
reflect on their Human Values
communications skills by speaking
to residents. They may also
interests science. the environment, public policy or other 0 15
personal and career SERVICE with It can be used in any
related areas. Thus, we see that service-learning combines subject area so long as it is
LEARNING in intentional ways.
it works at all ages,
even among young children. aporopriate to learning goal
It is positive, meaningful
and real to the participants.
It involves cooperative
Volunteerism rather than competitive
0.9.2. Service Learning Vs skills asSSociated with teamwork experiences and thus promates
equally important as service
Volunteer activities without learning component are It offers powerful opportunities
and community involvement and
citizenship
fundamentally different activities with different to acquire the habits of criticai
learning. but that the two approaches are ability to identify the mnost important thinking ie the
to increase citizen involvement questions or issues within a rea-world
objectives. Both are valued components of a national effort situation.
in community sevice, and at every age. Comment: Thus the service-learning is a form of
Occurs through a cycle of action and experientiai education where learning
reflection as students work with others Through
0.9.3. Why Is Service-Learning Important? experience, they achieve real objectives for the community this
grades. and also deeper understanding
Many surveys suggest that effective service-learning programs improve and skills for themselves.
increase attendance in school/college, and develop students' personal and social
responsibility. A growing body of research recognizes service learning as an effective 0.10. CIVIC VIRTUE
strategy to help students by: 0.10.1. What Is Meant By Civic Virtue?
Promoting learning through active participation in service experiences; Definition: Civic virtue is morality or a standard of righteous behaviot
in
Providing structured time for students to reflect by thinking, discussing and writing relationship to a citizen's involvement in society.
about their service experience; An individual may exhibit civic virtue by voting. volunteering. organiz1ng a book
Providing an opportunity for students to use skills and knowledge in real-life group, or attending a public-oriented meeting.
situations; Civic means, "of, relating to, or belonging to a city, a citizen, or citizenship
Extending learning beyond the classroom and into the community;and municipal or civil society"
/ Responsibility refers to "the state quality of being responsible or something for
Fostering a sense of caring for others.
which one is responsible such as a duty, obligation or burden
Service learning also strengthens both education and local communities by:
Acitizen is "a person owing loyalty to and entitled by birth or naturalization to the
Building effective collaborative partnerships between schools or colleges and protection of a state or union".
other institutions and organizations; Citizenship means "a productive, responsible, caring and contributing member of
Engaging parents and other adults in supporting student learning; society".
Meeting community needs through the service projects conducted; and Civic virtue or civic responsibility is comprised of actions and attitudes associated
Providing engaging and productive opportunities for young people to work with with democratic governance and social participation. Civic responsibility can
others in their community. include participation in government, church, volunteers and memberships of
voluntary associations. Actions of civic responsibility can be displayed in advocacy
quality of
0.9.4. Characteristics Of Service-Learning for various causes, such as political, economic, civil, environmental or
The important characteristics of service learning are given below: life issues.
/ Service learníng links to academic content and standards.
It involves young people in helping to determine and meet real, defined community 0.10.2. Impórtance Of Civic Virtue
and th
needs. Civic virtue helps people understand their ties to the community
responsibilities within it. In many ways, an educated citizen who
possesses civic virtue i
It is reciprocal in nature, benefiting both the community and the service providers
by combining a service experience with a learningexperience. public good.

"lt is high time that the ideal of success should be replaced "The greatest virtues are those which are most useful to other persons." - Aristotle
by the ideal of service. " - Albert Einstein
 Engineering Ethics
Human Values . 17
0.16 certain democroti

citizens ensure
and uphold
or duties 0.11. RESPECT FOR OTHERS
By engaging in
civic responsibility, Rights. Those values
Constitution and the Bill of property 0.11.1. Introduction
in the Indian due process,
values written authority, privacy,
equality, diversity, assistance, self Respect is of great importance in everyday life. As children we are taught to respect
include justice, freedom, rule of law, tolerance, mutual
participation, truth,
patriotism, human rights, our parents, teachers, and elders, school rules and traffic laws, family and cultural
restraint and self respect. students with the goal to
produce traditions, other people's feelings and rights, our country's flag and leaders, the truth and
civic responsibility to people's differing opinions.
Schools and colleges teach government.
in community and We develop great respect for people we consider exemplary and lose respect for
responsible citizens and active participants
those we discover to be clay-footed; and so we may try to respect only those who are truly
0.10.3. Why Civic Virtue? relates to society. Without an
worthy of our respect. We may also come to believe that., at some level, al people are
underpinning of how acitizen worthy of respect.
Civic virtue is the moral families.
own
understanding of civic virtue, citizens are
less likely to look beyond their Calls to respect this or that are increasingly part of public life: environmentalists exhort
help others in the community, to
are less likely to
friends, and economic interests. They participate in a group
us to respect nature, foes of abortion and capital punishment insist on respect for human
to give money to nonprofit organizations, or to
volunteer their time, life, members of racial and ethnic minorities and those discriminated against because of
that benefits society. their gender, sexual orientation, age, religious beliefs, or economic status, demand respect
society; indeed, people propel
Moral norms and notions are interlaced with civil both as social and moral equals and for their cultural differences. And it is widely
things they care
themselves into community and organizational life because there are acknowledged that public debates about such demands should take place under terms of
values they endorse, goods they embrace. Without morality, there would be no civil mutual respect. We may learn both that our lives together go better when we respect the
about,
society as we have come to understand i. things that deserve to be respected and that we should respect some things independently
of considerations of how our lives would go.
0.10.4. What Are Civic Virtues? 0.11.2. Why Should We Respect Others?
(Engaging with others from a stance of open-hearted conviction and sincerity is a civic Having neen born asa human being and having been a member ofthe society. he has
virtue and it requires patience When we try to engage others to persuade them, we open to be one with the social environment. This one can achieve only when he he djusts with
ourselves up to persuasion at the same time. It takes a bit of fortitude to do that. We know fellow beings and gives respect to them.
that we are never going to get our own way all of the time. To be a happy individual, one has to adjust with his friends, relatives, neighbours, and
Compromise is a civic virtue in a democracy. Decent compromise is something we colleagues,etc and give due value to their ideas and actions. In fact being in society itself
have to learn, as this civic virtue doesn't come easily..
means a community life which calls for mutual understanding, cooperation and respect.
Moral courage is a civic virtue. It takes some courage to go against the
you believe a deep moral norm is being violated.
grain because Without liking for others, life looses its value and charm. Whatever one thinks and
does for himself and his family requires a frame work of values for the society. When one
Comment values others and gives respect to them, life will be smooth and worthy of living.
As the Abraham Lincoln put it,
"We are not enemies, but friends. Others deserve our respect, our regard, our good thinking about them. It is our moral
enemies We can live with our differences We must not be duty to treat them with respect in order to spread joy and happiness in the family as well
diides so long as ney do not become dangerous as the society. Without mutual respect, there will be chaos in the society in particular and
that invite unpleasant assault.
Perhaps one mignt say that civic
additionally, calls uponengagement
moral imperative calls us to active civic life and. as a the world at large.
clairns in order that all of us might participate in civic life as equals us to temper our Comment: When we respect others wve will be making our lives smooth and sublime.
one to the other. Living in isolation is of no avail. Involving too much also is not desirable. One should live
in
proportion to ones standing in society. This calls for higher values of friendship,
empathy, sympathy, forgiveness, generocity, patience, ttolerance, equality, sacrifice,
contentment. integrity, and
"Wisdon is knowing what to do next; virtue is
doing it."-
David Star
Jordan "Three keys to more abundant living: caring
about others, daring for others,
sharing with others." William Arthur Ward
 Engineering Ethics
Human Values 0. 19
018
0.13. CARING
0.12. LIVING PEACEFULLY
0.13.1. What ls Caring?
when God was
Legend goes that Some of the definitions of caring given by different individuals are given below:
share a story. A
0.12.1. Introduction

'peace', let me skills, gifts in bounty and

Before we discuss
him with exceptional
talents, Caring is knowing. feeling, and acting in the interests of others. - Forcey.
decided to bless decided to keep it in a place
creating Man he peace, he To care for another person is to heip him/her grow and actualize hirr/herself.
everything. When it came to One thought was
accessible to almost
were many suggestions
put forth. Milton Meyeroff.
where man could never reach it. There was to place it deen
reach of man. While one To be concerned about and to facilitate the growth and actualizaton of other
mountain, beyond the place it deen
to placeit high on a wouldn't dare to fathom
while another was to people, the planet, and even oneself. - Harriet Heath.
ocean where man such place on earth
below in the and said there is no Any thoughtful human response (or non-response) that enables others to thive.
wouldn't go. God smiled a man's
in a gorge, where man place he could find was in Nel Noddings.
and reach it. The only
that man would not look for never find it. Most of us Would agree
man will never look and
mind. This is a place where conquests, inventions 0.13.2. Meaning In Caring
us about mans' adventure,
with it. Our past and present tells living peacefully Milton Mayeroff, in his book "On Caring", has emphasized a deeper levei of caring
studies in science and technology. But when it comes to
research, giant between two persons-the carer and the cared-for, in the general context of ife His points
leaves much to be desired.
as neighbors,as society, as neighboring countries...it about caring are briefed below:
0.12.2.Concept Of Peace
Yet it has its own strength and 1. The goal of caring is to help the other actualize himself. To care for another
Peace can be said to be a passive state of mind. person, in the most significant sense, is to help him grow and actualize himset Caring is
great influence on mind, brainpower and also the environment around. An
power. It has a the antithesis of simply using the other person to satisfy one's own needs"
does not work properly, while a peaceful mind can work efficiently. Good
agitating mind 2. Caring is an extension of one's self. "in caring as helping the other grow, I
ideas take shapes in a peaceful mind giving birth to good results.
experience what I care for as an extension of myself and at the same time as something
Living peacefully is not only individual, but collective. Individual peace can lead to separate from me that I respect in its own right. For a caring parent the child is feit to
collective peace and vice versa. Living in peace collectively is essential if something have Worth of his own apart from his power to satisfy the parent's needs.
meaningful is to be achieved out of meetings, gatherings, and organizational and 3. Devotion and constancy are essential elements of caring. "Devotion is essential
institutional activities. to caring, just as it is an integral part of friendship. Icommit myseif to the other and to a
We usually tend to be noisy in meetings and collective activities. As a result nothing largely unforeseeable future. When devotion breaks down, caring breaks down. Viewed
worthwhile is achieved at the end of such meetings resulting in waste of time, energy, and Viewed over an extended
money. Now-a-days even parliaments and official meetings the world over are sorry
at aparticular time, devotion is shown by my being there'
period, it is shown by my consistency...
scenes of noise and unrest. These bodies, which are supposed to represent the society
4. Caring for another helps the other to care for and about others. To help
and the nation to look after the welfare, seem to have forgotten their responsibilities and another person grow is at least to help him to care for something or someone apart from
missions. So also in society at large, activities of unrest, arson, loot, destruction of
valuable public and private properties have become order of the day. himseif, and it involves encouraging and assisting him to find and create areas of his own
Peace can be achieved by rational thinking and adhering to Strict moral value Aind in which he is able to care..
should be controlled and directed towards constructive thinking, ideas and 5. Help in away that the cared for can go on to help himnself.. also, it is to help
working. In this that other person to come to care for himseif, and by becoming responsive to his own
direction, study of good books, lives of great men, self-respect, attitude of respo
wards society and the nation will help a great deal. need to care to, become responsible for his own life."
Peace should be our way of life. Almost all regions teach the 6. Learning and living a life of caring involves all other values. "The concept of
importance
of
peacetully in human life. The bible tells us about 'an eternal \ife on a
in peace and harmnony'. Hinduism tells us "OM VISHWAM SHANTI MASTU"
paradise earth living
living
'caring' is developed by disclosing its relationships to other significant concepts like 'trust
'honesty' and 'humility,' and it also grows by coming to ternms with seeming exceptions."
let the World prevail in peace'. which means

"Unless you can find some sort of loyalty, you cannot find unity
peace in your active living.
" - Josialh Ro and "Whatever words we utter should be chosen with care for people
will hear them and be
influenced by them for good or ill." - Buddha
 Engineering Ethics
Human Values
0.20 someone if I
feel . 0 21
inclination. "I
care for
motivation,
someone if |
have reg
involves desire, sense, Icare for
live up to social requirements in terms of sharing.
7. Caring him. In a related (one's) physical Human ways wili always pay rich
inclination toward responsibility for dividends.
of desire or charged with the
interests. If Iam grudging. Man by nature is
for his views and is perfunctory or
if my care takingexperience. cared-for sees the
selfish. He tries always
in excess and sometimes does not make use of
to keep everything for himself even when it is
welfare, l cannot
claim to care "The one them. It has come down from ages. So it
caring can be a
"magical" warmth in both
8. Genuinely and feels her is not easy to share with others. Sharing requires a
broad mind, rational thinking and
interest in the eyes
of the one-caring quite as important or helping nature. On the
concern, delight, or no act in his behalf past of those who share what is excess for one would be less for
cared-for
language. To the one-caring the other. Sharing is a little act of kindness. which if
verbal and body caring.
When the attitude of the followed by all will spread joy and
hae
influential as the
attitude of the one
stronger, and feels not
so much that he happiness in society.
cared-for glows, grows "something"
bespeaks caring, the added to him. And this
that something has been either part to specify what sort of 0.15. HONESTY
been given something as on
Indeed... there is no need 0.15.1. Introduction
may be hard to specify.
transformation has taken
place."
heart of ethics. It is
scarcely Honesty means expressing your true feelings. To be able to be emotionally honest we
of ethics". "Caring is the must first be emotionally aware. This emotional awareness is related to our emotional
9. "Caring is the heat concerned with the welfare
of others.
possible to be truly ethical
and not genuinely intelligence. It is our emotional inteligence, which gives us the ability to accurately identfy
attitude towards individuals
ethical and yet lack acaring our feelings.
People who consider themselves obligation to be honest.
of their will. They rarely feel an Emotional intelligence may also give us the ability to decide when it is in our best
tend to treat others as instruments do so"
insofar as it is prudent for them to interest to be emotionally honest by sharing our real feelings. We would be beter off
loyal, or fair or respectful except
individually and as a society if we would be more honest.
0.14. SHARING If we are more honest with ourselves we will get to know our "true selves" on a deeper
are required to extend a helping hand to
We come across several occasions when we level. This could help us become more self-accepting. It could also help us make better
of help due to bad circumstances.
others who are less fortunate than us or are in need choices about how to spend out time and who to spend it with.
vitue. Sharing with others should be a If we are honest with others, it may encourage them to be more emotionally honest
Sharing is one of a noble act of mankind and a high
part of human.nature and life. When we are emotionally honest we are more likely not to be asked or pressured to do
At one time or the other we need to share things with others. Sharing could be in the things which we do not want to do. We willalso find out sooner who respects our feelings
form of money, food, material, book, knowledge, time, thoughts, happiness, sorrow, and
work. If we share with others, they will share with us. Sharing begets sharing. But we 0.15.2. How Society Discourages Honesty?
It takes awareness, self-confidence, even courage to be emotionally honest. This is
should not keep in mind while sharing with others. Sharing should be the motto of good
help. We should not look at the person we are sharing with to show our gesture or expect because, in many ways, society teaches us to ignore, repress, deny and lie about our
thanks in return. feelings. For example, when asked how we feel, most of us will reply "fine" or "good," even
if that is not true. Often, people will also say that they are not angry or not defensive, when
Sometimes we do not get a few words of thanks even from those with home we share
it is obvious that they are.
our valuable time or work either because of their negligence, ignorance or forgetfulness. Children start out emotionally honest. They express their true feelings freely and
Some people lack such manners. Such are the ways of world, we should not mind such spontaneously. But the training to be emotionally dishonest begins at an earty age
deficiencies. We should help and share with others as part of our nature, culture and duty
Parents and teachers frequently encourage or even demand that children speak or act in
towards humanity. Such a service definitely reaches the Almighty God, who recognizesS
ways which are inconsistent with the child's true feelings. The child is told to smile when
our help and grants blessings in some form.
Sharing with others gives peace of mind, a actually she is sad. She is told to apologize when she feels no regret. She is told to say
feeling of fulfillment and satisfaction. We "thank you." when she feels no appreciation. She is told to "stop complaining" when she
need not share beyond our capacity. But whatever possible could
be shared with sincerity, feels mistreated. She may be told to kiss people good night when she would never do so
affection, and kindness. Sharing costs little but pays back richly.
We should try our best to
"Honesty is the first chapter in the book of wisdom " - Thomas Jefferson
"Happiness is not so much in having as sharing. We make a "Your nscience is the measure of the honesty of your selfishness.
make a life by what we give. " - Norman living bywhat we get, but we Listen to it carefully. "- Richard Bach
MucEwan
 Engineering Ethics
Human Values 0. 23
022
forced to act in wave
"'sefish" to protest being
voluntarily. She may be
told it is "rude" and even though it doesn't fuifll us. Remain in the unsatistying relationship. even though we
feelings. themselves. They beain feel dead inside compared to the passion we once had.
which go against her think more for
adolescents they begin to adults
As children become challenge the adults
around them. If these No doubt there exist real dangers in life one must avaid But there's a huge gulf
"talk back" more and the adolescent's between recklessness and courage. Courage means the abiity to face down those
to speak out more, themselves by invalidating
likely to defend imaginary fears and reclaim the far more powerful ife that weve denied oursaves The
feel threatened they are to conform to the group
norms.
There is also peer pressure their imaginary fears include fear of failure, fear of rejection, fear of going broke. fear of being
feelings and perceptions. they can't be honest with
and adolescent learns
Through all of this the child their parents, their teachers
alone, fear of humiliation, fear of public speaking. fear of being disliked by famly and
being emotionally honest with friends, fear of physical discomfort, fear of regret, and fear of success.
feelings. They gradually stop doesn't pay to be express
one's true
themselves. They learn it just
their friends and even
feelings. 0.16.2. What Is Courage?
Definitions: The various definitions of courage are given below:
Emotional Honesty Courage is not the absence of fear, but rather the judgment that sornething
0.15.3. A Few More Thoughts On
emotional honesty.
Dishonesty requires more energy than natural
else is more important than fear. Ambrose Redmoon.
we lose out on the value of our Courage is resistance to fear, mastery of fear - not absence of fear. - Mark
When we are emotionally dishonest
Twain.
feelings.
against the forces of evolution Courage is being scared to death, but saddling up anyway. John Wayne.
/ When we are emotionally dishonest we are going
rather than in harmony with them. All the above definitions suggest that courage is the ability to get ourself to take
unreal and in opposition to
When we are emotionally dishonest we are being false, action in spite of fear.
reality. The word courage derives from the Latin cor, which means heart But true
It takes energy to oppose reality, nature and evolution. courage is more a matter of intellect than of feeling. It requires using the uniquely
emotional
Emotional dishonesty, inauthenticity and falseness create distrust and tension
in human part of your brain (the neocortex) to wrest control away from the
brain signals
society. limbic brain you share in common with other mammals. Your limbic
so you simply feel
danger, but your neocortex reasons that the danger isn't real,
in spite of fear, the
Comment: Honesty is one of the prized values of mankind. Honesty is an insurance the fear and take action anyway. The more you learn to act
more you ive like a
against failure and defame. An honest man is a big asset to the family, to the organization more human you become. The more you follow the fear, the
mouse? is consistent with
and to the society in general. The honest person may not earn riches but he will certainly lower mammal. So the question, "Are you a man or a
earn name and satisfaction of living a good life. håman neurology.
the fear paralyze them.
Courageous people are still afraid, but they don't let
People who lack courage willgive into fear more often than
not, which actualy has
0.16. COURAGE
avoid facing a fear and
0.16.1. 1ntroduction the long-term effect of strengthening the fear. When you
reward that
In our day-to-day lives, the virtue of courage doesn't receive much attention. Courage then feel relieved that you escaped it, this acts as a psychological
more likely to
is a quality reserved for soldiers, firefighters, and activists. But for today's world, security S reinforces the mouse-like avoidance behavior, making you even
someone out on
what matters most. Perhaps we were taught to avoid being too bold or too brave. It's too avoid facing the fear in the future. So the more you avoid asking
in the future. You
dangerous. Don't take unnecessary risks. Don't draw attention to yourself in public. Follow a date, the more paralyzed you'll feel about taking such actions
fanily traditions. Don't talk to strangers. Keep an eye out for are literally conditioning yourself to become more timid and mouse-like.
suspicious people. Stay safe.
But a side effect overemphasizing the importance of personal
of security in our life is that it 0.16.3. Salient Features Of Courage
can caUse us live reactively. Instead of setting our own goals,
them, and going after them with gusto, we play it safe. Keep making plans to achieve Some salient features of moral courage are given below.
working at the stable joD,
"Courage is the first of human qualities because it is the "Life shrinks or expands in proportion to one's courage. " - Anais Nin
guarantees all others? " - Winston quality which One man with courage makes a majority." - Andrew Jackson
"Courage is just fear holding on a minule longer."Churchill
- Kathryn A. Piersall
 Engineering Ethics
0.24 Human Values 0. 25
from physical
Physical courage:
Moral courage is different
Moral courage Vs or limb
to face serious risk to life Hard working people have no time for chit-chat, for rest, for recreation. Work and
courage is the willingness
COurage. Physical
"Courage," according to
Webster Dictionary, is "that greater work is their make up. Life itself is work for them. In contrast, there are people who
instead of fleeing from it. danger and difficulties
with do not spend their legitimate time itself in work. They gather together and make fun and
enables one to encounter
quality of mind which idie away their time. Such people are a bane, a burden on the society. For them time has
fainting of heart."
firmness, or without fear, or that could harm the body. no meaning and aiso time is no more a human value.
facing physical challenges
Moral courage is not about harm one's reputation, emotional
It's about facing mental challenges that could as the term 0.17.2. Time As A Resource
characteristics. These challenges,
well-being, self-esteem, or other values. Engineers must learn to think of their time and their subordinates' time as a very
our moral sense-our core moral
implies, are deeply connected with the exCess of valuable resource, for time is money'.
Courage lays balane between
the defect of cowardice and Time is a resource that is unique in that it cannot be acCumulated or stored ike
rashness. money.
promoted, encouraged, and taught
Like other core values, courage can be We are forced to use the time whether we can use it effectively or not. it cannot be
through teaching, example, and practice. turned on and off like equipment or used by someone else. But, ike othes
fairness, respect, responsibility, honesty,
It is the courage to be moral to act with resources, it may be effectively or ineffectively managed and it can be controlled.
so are substantial.
and compassion even when the risks of doing
constant vigilance against its
It is never formulaic or automatic, but requires 0.17.3. What Is Time Management?
foolhardiness).
opposite (moral timidity) and its counterfeit (moral Time management is the rational way to ensure that our limited time is aways
used effectively.
0.16.4. Building Courage Since the time cannot be stopped or it cannot be saved up for further use.
survive, stamina to therefore, the every minute of our lifetime should be effectively planned and used.
Courage requires strength of mind, innovative ideas, will to
attributes or qualities
hang on, sincerity of purpose, and seriousness of attempt. These
are natural for some and some acquire them through education and experience in life. 0.17.4. ldentifying Time Wasters
Therefore it becomes necessary for the less lucky people to be trained and educated in Some common time wasters identified by engineers are given below:
the moral values of courage. Unscheduled and scheduled meetings.
The two important ways of building courage are given below: Lack of adequate planning.
1. Raise your consciousness. Poor delegation.
Too much socializing.
2. Move from fear to action, even if you expect to fail.
Ineffective communication.
0.17. VALUING TIME Assuming unnecessary public responsibilities.
Lack of goals and objectives.
0.17.1. Introduction
Poorly organized supervision
The time available for man to be spent in a day is 24 hours. However a grown up man
spends one third of this time in sleep leaving16 hours for work. More or less 50% of this Poor use of telephone.
working time i.e., 8 hours is used for special purposes. While this is the time budget of an
ordinary person, people more than the average standard make up or utilize more hours for 0.17.5. Time Management Principles
The essenti:' steps required to manage one's time are given belc.v.
work. Because for them time is money; work is money; or in other words money earned is 1. Clear objectives: First the overall objective should be identified. Then the
objective is
time wellspent. Also it is observed that the secret of all successful persons is that they are broken down into smaller, individual, manageable tasks.
good at time managemerit. Thus time is a measure of ones usefulness and success;it is a
moral value.
"Six hours in sleep is enough for youth and age. Perhaps seven for the laEy,
"Life is best enjoyed when time periods are evenly divided berween lahor, sleep, and
but we allow eight tono one. " - Unattributedl Autlhor
recreation.all people should spend one-third of the ir time in recreation
"The infinite is in the finite of every instant. "- Zen Saying
which is rebuilding, voluntary activity, never idleness." - Brigham Young
"The idle man does not know what it is to enjoy rest." - Albert Einstein
 Engineering Ethicg
Human Values
0.26 individual task The tasks with 0. 27
those each
assigned for
priority is
2. Prioritize tasks: Now plans, stick to them
goes arOund comes around" is followed. By cooperation the world can be made a better
completed first. follow his own and get
high-priority should be one has to
place to live.
tasks: Now
3. Stick to
scheduled
planning the
things done within his
own deadlines. setting out I.e., time in an 0.19. COMMITMENT
time: Since time for time
4. Allow time to
manage your
must allocate
a slot of management Every individual when grown up has to perform one or other duty. not only for his
ordered way takes time,
therefore, one has to
consider the expected jobs livelihood but even for the betterment of social
time, one and national conditions. We may say
planning the
5. The unexpected: While commitment starts right from student days. A student has to be committed to studying not
reduced or removed
activity,process, etc., also. time-wasters should be
only as amatter of routine but with devotion if he wants to secure high grades
and win
time-wasters: All sorts of ranks and medals. So is the case with a teacher, if he is not committed to his profession
6. Managing
he cannot be a good teacher, he has to devote his time for referring books and preparing
Is largely dependent and notes. He has to be punctual, loving his profession, develop a liking for students, be fair
0.18. CO-OPERATION
lives in a society on which he
Man is a social animal. He Iiving all by himself. He hae
L and impartial, and imbibe discipline in and outside the classroom. He should set for
matters, Man cannot make his himself and impress upon the students high moral standards.
which his contribution to be done by several
things. Usually many worKs have
depend on others for many institution, organizino Asoldier if not committed to his duties, policeman not peforming his duties property, a
persons collectively. Construction of
a building, running an
individuals. Theses clerk, an officer, a bus driver, a businessman, take any person not doing his work diligently
community function or a meeting requires
the work and help of many
is not committed to his duties. He performs his task callously in haphazard manner. Such
c0operates with one another.
can be successful only if everyone people are a burden to the society and nation though outwardly they manifest commitment
members of the team. The sayings are:
Teamwork requires cooperation of all the to their work. Such persons can neither come up themselves nor help the nation to
"Pulling together can move mountains"; "Unity
gives strength"; "United we stand, divided prosper.
as it is, but individual sticks can be broken
we fall'; "A bundle of sticks cannot be broken Afarmer has to be highly committed to farming. His profession of agricuiture depends
leads to success.
easily". Thus cooperation in any work adds strength and on so many extraneous factors, like soil type, climate, good seeds, manure, rainfall and
and success in
Man must learn to cooperate with others. It gives not only strengths proper irrigation, weed control, control of pests and diseases and ultimately yield and
pleasures
completing a work, but also apeace of mind and happiness in contributing the market position. If he is not timely in carrying out his operations, and camy them out
disorder,
of that collective effort and success. Without cooperation there would be efficiently, to grow a bumper crop he cannot harvest yields. He has to be watchful of
confusion, inadequacy, and fear of failure. Collective efforts have lead to the building up d market prices and sell his produce at the right time. Till then he has to store his produce in
big institutions which stand out as a mark of cooperation among members of a group or a good condition. All these require commitment on his part. A slight delay or neglect can
wash out his entire season's efforts.
community. or an institution. Without cooperation it will not be possible to hold scientit
other types of workshops, seminars, meetings, conferences, and so on. Addition of liqud An engineer being an intellect and a professional must discharge his duties with
drop by drop results in a big volume and it gives strength to flow forward. Brick by brck diligence, devotion and commitment at alltimes. History is ful of examples of war heroes,
becomesastrong wall';, these are examples of collective efforts. scientists, men of industrial and business achievements which are landmarks. If parts of
There are departments of cooperation in government. They help and supervise in the the world are civilized, prosperous, wealthy. strong. it is due to the devotion of their
formation and running of cooperative organizations, which are meant to collect al innumerable individuals who worked with commitment to their duties. They have made this
channelise people to form cooperative organizations to help themselves in managing world a pleasant place to live in and enjoy the fruits of their hard diligent work done day
affairs such as cooperative banks, cooperative societies which cater to needs of people. and night.
Industry is a place where the successful manufacturing of a product is the Credit goes to the few scientists, who discovered things to provide better facilities,
outcome conquer diseases, better education, faster means of transport, communication, nuclear
the collective efforts, cooperation and dedication of a team of enaineers with
expe science, space research, satellite innovations. Mankind should be grateful to such devoted
along with skilled workers. An engineer basically has to learn the art to liaise, coorole
COoperate with various other units to complete atask; here again the Concept of 'wha individuals of great integrity and commitment.
"Tine cools; time clarifies; "The quality of aperson's life is in direct proportion to their commitment to excellence,
no mood can be maintained guite unaltered regardless of their chosen field of endeavor." - Vince Lombardi
through the course of hours."- Thomas "lndividual commitment to a group effort - that is what makes a team work,
Mann
a company work, a society work, a civilization work" - Vince Lombardi
 Engineering Ethics
Human Values 0 29
028
0.20.4. Benefits Of Empathy
0.20. EMPATHY
The value of empathy comes not from understanding the other person'sfeelings, but
0.20.1. What Is Meant By
Empathy? "The ability to
Britannica defines empathy as: what you do as a result of this. Empathy has many benefits as given below
Definition: The Encyclopedia other's feelings, desires
imagine oneself in anther's
place and understand the 1. Empathy connects people together: When you enpathize with me, mTy sense of
ideas, and actions." identity is connected to yours. As a result, Ifeel greater in some way and less alone. Imay
other people's
closely related to the ability to read well, as aresult, also start to empathize more with you.
In simple words, empathy is
emotions.
2. Empathy heals: Therapeuticaly, it can be a very healíing experience for sormeane to
but
ability to identify someone else's emotions empathize with you. When someone effectively says care for you'. it also says 1can do
V Empathy depends not only on one's person's place and to experience that, I can care for myself.'
also on one's capacity to put oneself in the other
3. Empathy builds trust: Empathy displayed can be surprising and confusing When nt
an appropriate emotional response. expected, it can initially cause suspicion, but when sustained it is difficult not to appreciate
Empathy the ability to not only detects
what others feel but also to experience
that emotion ourself. the concern. Empathy thus quickly leads to trust.
4. Empathy closes the loop: Consider what wOuld happens if you had no idea what the
0.20.2. Elements Of Empathy other person felt about your communications to them. You might say something. they
hated it, and you continued as if they understood and agreed The more you can
Empathy must incorporate the following elements: expenencing of
empathize, the more you can get immediate feedback on what they are
/ Imagination which is dependent on the ability to imagine; your communications with them. And as a consequence, you can change
what you are
The existence of an accessible Self (self-awareness or self-consciousness); feel.
saying and doing to get them to feel what you want them to
The existence of an available other (other-awareness, recognizing the outside
world); Comment: Thus the concept of empathy is a projection of one's
own personalty into the
The existence of accessible feelings, desires, ideas and representations of actions When you see the wNorld from the
personality of another in order to understand him better.
or their outcomes both the empathizing Self ("Empathor") and in the Other, the and sufering. in the case of sympathy
other perspective you can be sensitive to his joy
object of empathy ("Empathee"); youwill only be sensitive to the suffering.
this is the way to make healing
The availability of an aesthetic frame of reference, and True empathy helps to understand others better
and your impact on the others you
/ The availability of a moral frame of reference. relationship, if you pay to much atention to yourself
help you with your relationship. Also empathy
have a very limited perspective that wil not
opposed to when people ask for empathy.
0.20.3. Comparison Of Empathy With Sympathy is far more effective when it is offered, as
Empathy and sympathy are very close and are sometimes used as synonyms. The
easiest way to separate them is to remember that empathy is about feelings whilst 0.21. SELF-CONFIDENCE
our
"Success comes to those who dare and
act, it seldom comes to the imid'. said
sympathy is about actions. Thus you may empathize with another person and then act on
that faith in oneself is confidence.
this by telling them how sorry or happy you feel for them. famed Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru. Also we know
the mind.
Empathetic people are often very sympathetic. They can hardly stop themselves as Confidence gives rise to strength and courage to
self-confidence is very necessary.
they realtly do feel for the other person. For undertaking and completing any worthwhile job,
self-confidence, confidence in fellow human
The sharing of the painful feelings of another person is characteristic of both sympathy While undertaking teamwork, in addition to
self-confidence one cannot forge ahead
and empathy. However, the person using sympathy would pay more attention to the pain beings or colleagues is alsso necessary. Without
are perfect, lack of self
than to the love for the father whereas the person using empathy would pay
equal and complete the task easily. Though the method and approach
tasks. Students too
attention to the pain and love. confidence makes one shaky and nervous when performing d1fficult
need self-confidence while appearing for examinations.
You gain strength, courage and conidence by every experience in which you
"Thousands of candles can be litfroma single candle, and the life of the candle really stop to look fear in the face You are able to say to yourself.
will not be "I have lived through this horror. l can take the next thing that comes along.
shortened Happiness never decreases by being shared " - Buddha Eleanor Roosevelt
" You must do the thing you think you cannot do.
 Engineering Ethicg
Human Values 0. 31
0.30 minds with
defeating
thoughts pull
g0
together.
Weak
us,
mobilize our hidden power and
confidence motivate
of which idiosyncratic mannerisms, social gestures, or hatbits of dress, that "he has personality" or
Courage and positive
thinking will
with the
help we surge that "he's quite a character."
with muscle power
back. Astrong mind will power
and
into strong shoud
strength of mind The mind
ahead and complete
difficult tasks.
addition to a
strong body.
not "I
CANT"
this last alwletter
ays 0.22.2. Virtue and Character
necessary in attitude and We have seen that virtue is the disciplined. perfected ease of acting as a reasonable
A strong mind is "I CAN"
thinking--the
man. It consists in those habits of mind and will which enable one at every turn to do good
bold positive
engage itself in dramas require great self. and avoid evil. It is the harmonious synthesis of prudence. justice, teriperanc9, and
erased out of mind. acting in
T should be poems and
self-confidence.
scripts, and There is fortitude whereby one is adequately equipped, as far as human endea var can achieve it.
Writing of good books,
courage
requires
interviews for a post. One
interview to attain life's great purpOse. It is the summit of human greatness in this life. Virtue, then, is
confidence. Even facing simple of
candidates for an
anvbed. the mortal goal of human striving: character is the means to this goal.
queue select
a case when there
was a big committee saying do not
selection selected. This is
candidate sent a
note inside to the and was due to
was inteviewed 0.22.3. Nature and Character
His turn came. He
my internview is over,
courage. time makes nervoue Nature pertains to mans thinking and behaviour. It is abosolute. It is the net resuit of
an act of self-confidence and particularly for the first man's ideas put into practice daily iving. Sum total of nature may be called chracter.
Makingaspeech before
an audience connectine
struggles for words, looses
preparation one falters, election Character is mostly mans conduct of life. While nature reffects man's mind, character
shaky. In spite of good competitions, stage
appearances,
reflects his culture. While nature comes into play in every day life, cuture is more or less a|
sentences and becomes a
failure. Debating sels
situations that require strong
parties in parliaments are permanenet feature.
speeches, facing opposition attitudes help us
positive thinking and the like While nature affects day to day ife character is an overall make up of a man rafecting
confidence. Self-help, confidence, generation of hidden power and
self-confidence, a bold mind and him totality. Character plays a more dominant role in one's ife than nature. Character
enthusing in us courage, successfully. We shapes man or woman for life. Nature affects his day to day activities. Both nature and
strength to undertake difficult tasks,
face odd situations and come out
became suCcessful, achieves through
positive character can be good or bad. In this respect nature plays a short ived role while
should study history of great men who character leaves a permanent mark.
attitude.
thinking. self-confidence, courage, and "go and get"
Confidence and courage are sometimes hereditary,
they run in fami!y history. They
0.22.4. Man's Will and Character
looking to others who are go
can aiso be acquired by carefully studying the environment, Everyman is endowed by nature with individua!
characteristics of body, mind, and wil.
self-improvements step by step.
getters and by building up self-confidence by study and The general disposition of the whole man is determined
by these complex factors. We cal
strong mind, will
Thus success or failure in whatever we undertake in life is a matter of it temperment. Temperment may include one
toward mechanical skills or iterary art,
work in a so on. The impression should be made by
power, positive thinking, proper planning and attending to the planned pugnacity of kindness, boldness af timidity, and
human faculties. The impression of will on
systematic manner. the will playing its role of mistress of the
distinguishes a man morally from other men.
temperament gives character, which weak or strong
strong in so far as the will exertsa
0.22. CHARACTER A person's character is weak or the pressure
deposition receives a good impression if
0.22.1. Introduction effort in self-formation. The wax of and intermittent. if a man's will
The English word "character" is derived from the Greek 'charaktêr, which was constant; a poor impression, if light
of the will is heavy and character will be good,
bad. If a man's will is strong, his
originally used of a mark impressed upon a coin. Later and more generally, "character is weak, his character will be principles are
correct; it a strong-willed person's
came to mean a distinctive mark by which one thing was distinguished from others, and provided his moral principles are
incorrect, his character will
be vicious.
then primarily to mean the assemblage of qualities that distinguish one individual from
another. In modern usage, this emphasis on distinctiveness or individuality tends to merge
"character" with "personality." We might say, for example, when thinking of a person's
indiviul self-respect- Theodore Parker
"Never violate the sacredness of your
Inaction breeds doubt and fear. Action breeds confide nce and courage. If you want to
conguer fear, do not sit home and think about it. Go out and get busy. " -DaBe Carnegie
 Engineering Ethics Human Values
0. 33
0.32
This Will ennoble him i
Gomment: Man should possess
000d nature as well as character. strive to do one's best when others on the team simply want to get the task done.
The
should strive
character make a Godly man. Thus one conflicts and tensions that are produced are the stuff of real spirituality. This isthe place to
SOCiety. Good nature and benevolent
character to leave a good name behind. be very clear and very intentional about what l want to accomplish in my
interactions with
to develop good nature and
this person. We should remember that all actions have rewards and consequences, both
0.23. SPIRITUALITY personally, for the other person, and for the other team members.
0.23.1. What Is Meant By Spirituality? constart
Spirituality is abroad term that refers to
the way of living. It emphas0zes a 0.23.3.2. Creating a context of spirituality in the workplace
awareness of the spiritual dimension of nature. In order to create a context of spirituality in the workplace. the foilowing suggesions
It is a sense of meaning and purpose, a 'sense of selr. may be followed:
Religious spirituality, and 2. Workplace Commit yourself to an in-depth process of self-discovery to learn your spiritual
V Spirituality can be of two kinds: 1.
1
values.
spirituality.
2 Create a list of actions and behaviors consistent with your spiritual values-and
0.23.2. Spirituality Related To Religion live them!
because He is the Author of Integrate your values and ethics with important business decisions you make. Ask
Many believe that all moral obligations are duties to God,
3
cases, God is the object of yourself, "Is this the right thing to do?".
the moral law and the beginning and end of all things. In many
God we refer solely to Create a personal wellness program that includes eating. exercise, health,
our moral obligation only mediately and indirectly. But duties to
4.
duties prove to be, we recreation, and a balanced life.
obligations which have God as their direct object. Whatever these Trust others in a responsible way without the necessity of proof.
5.
can group the under a single heading Religion.
and wealth. 6. Dedicate yourself to a program of continuous leaming by choosing stretch projects
Spirituality emphasizes certain beliefs in religions to attain secular power
main social function of with coaching.
However many aspects of spirituality differ from that of religion. The 7. Commit to bring your whole seif to work every day-body, mind, and spirit.
moral concern for
religion is to sustain people's convictions and to promote tolerance and 8. Use teaming as an opportunity for interpersonal growth.
Christianity
others. All religions emphasize a particular virtue. For example, the 9 Instead of automatically expecting more money, assess your value-added
excellence;
emphasizes the virtues of hope, faith, and love; lslam emphasizes the pursuit performance; and then decide if you merit more money.
and Hinduism emphasizes the correctness of the action. On the other hand, spirituality 10. Focus your thoughts and actions on the things you can change or infuence
carries the connotations of the believer's faith; it is more of a personal experience leave the rest to the Laws of Karma!
associated with an individual's specific quest to search for their essence.
0.23.3. Spirituality In Workplace REVIEW QUESTIONS
For many people in the workplace, work is not a "calling" but a means to an end. The 1 What are human values? List few key principles that compose the foundation of
challenge is to make the experience of being within that particular job have value and human values.
meaning rather than allow oneself to be worn down by the experience. 2. Explain why the study about human values is very essentia! to engineers. Also list
some important human values and sub values.
0.23.3.1. Is teamwork a spiritual value? 3 Differentiate between the following:
Teamwork is a thing of beauty when it is done well. It has the capacity to bring (0) 'Good' and 'Evil'
satisfaction to our efforts and learning to our minds and hearts. And always there is tne (iü) 'Morality' and 'Ethics'
challenge of learning to get along with all different kinds of beople. People who hold 4 Explain the relationship between moral, ethical, and law.
different values make life challenging and interesting. It is a challenge to learn to be open 5. List the various characteristics of moral values?
to others, and yet hold your own ground when it is essential to do so. It is a challenge to
"Security is mostBy a superstition. It does not exist in nature, nor do the children of men as a
whole exyperience it. Avoiding danger is no safer in the lomg run than outright exposure. Life is
"A man must not swallow more beliefs than he can digest. '" - Havelock Ellis either a daring adventure, or nothing. To Aeep our faces toward change and behave like free
"Take care to get what you like or you will be forced to
like what youger" - George Bernard Shaw spirits in the presence of fate is strength undefeatable. Helen Keller