Law Enforcement

Organization and
Administration
(Inter-Agency Approach)
HISTORICAL BACKGROUN of POLICE
ORGANIZATION

Law Enforcer
- originated in Rome, during the time of Roman Empire
called the “centurions “ initially peace officers.
Police
- was derived from the Roman word “Politia”,
which means condition of the state,
government and administration
Politia
originated from the Greek word “POLITEIA”
which means government, citizenship,
or the entire activity of a city.
The Epitome of Police Service in the
Philippines.
❑The Anglo -Saxon Period ❑Norman Period
❑Westminster Period ❑Modern Period
❑French police System ❑American Police
System
The Anglo -Saxon Period
1. Thanes Policing System
➢ A type of internal police force where landowners
throughout the kingdom were responsible to
police force their own territory.

2. Frankpledge Policing System

➢ Every male over 12 years old joined 9 of his neighbors
to form tythingmen.
➢ Policing responsibility lies on the hands of the citizens
3. Tun Policing System
➢ Requires all male residents to guard the town to
preserve peace and order, protect the life and property ➢
Tun was the forerunner of the word town.

4. Hue and Cry Policing System

➢ Complainant or victim shout out to call all male residents
to assemble.
5. Royal judge System
➢ Conducts criminal investigation and gives appropriate
punishment for the crime committed.

6. Trial by Ordeal
➢ It requires a suspect to put his hand over boiling
water or is required to perform any other act which
may hurt him.
Ordeal – derived from the latin word “Dei Indicum”
means miraculous decision
Normal Period-1066—1285

1. Shire-Reeve System
➢ King Norman divided the kingdom into 55 military district
Shire- means district.
Reeve-refer to the ruler of the district who made laws, rendered
judgement, and imposed penalties.

2. Court of the Tourn

➢ It settles a range of cases, more often dealing with petty
offenses and civil matters.
3. Court Leet
➢ Handle local legal matters which looked after
matters purely local interest and petty
village nuisances.
➢ Comes Stable became Constable which
is used today to refer to members of the
police force.
 4. Legis Henrie
➢ Policemen were considered as public
officials ➢ Grand Jury was created to inquire
on the facts of the law
5. Keepers of The Peace
➢ The knights were posted on bridges and gates
to check the people entering and leaving the
town or cities.
6. Magna Carta(Great
Charter) ➢ It declared
the following:
a. No freemen shall be taken or imprisoned,
disposed, outlawed, or bowed except by legal
judgement of his peers.
b. b. No person should be tried for murder
unless there is no proof of the body of the
victim
c. There should be national and local
government as well as the national
and local legislation.
C. Westminster period(1285-1500)
1.Statute of Winchester
It was enacted for law and order
This law introduced the Watch and Ward system.
2. Statute of 1295
It began the closing of the gates of London during sunset.
This started the observation of the curfew hours
3. Justice of The Peace
This was a position given to a respected citizen, who has the
power to arrest, pursue and imprison offenders.
4. Star Chamber Court
This was established as a special court that tried offenders against
the state.
Later on , it became both a court of law to determine civil rights
and court of revenue to enrich treasury.
D. Modern Period
1.Night Watchmen or Bellmen
It was created by virtue of a law passed by king Charles
II in 1663
They were employed to be on duty from sunset to
sunrise.
2. Bow street runners (Thief Catchers)
It was organized by Henry Fielding,Chief Magistrate of Bow
Street in London in 1748.
Later on, he formed the Bow Street Horse patrol whose
duty was to patrol the main roads thus secure the travelers
from highway bandits.
3. London Metropolitan
 It was established by Sir Robert Peel in 1829 which became the
world’s
first modern organized police. It was later called Scotland Yard
3. London Metropolitan
It was established by Sir Robert Peel in 1829 which became the world’s
first modern organized police.
It was later called Scotland Yard

E. French police System

1. During the 17th century, King Luis XIV maintained a small
central police organization consisting of some 40 inspectors
who, with the help of numerous paid informants, supplied the
government with details about the conduct of private
individuals.
 2.Officers De Paix It was the origin of the term peace officers

3.Sergent de Ville(Servant of the City) These were called the first

uniformed police officers.
F. American Police System
1. Rattlewatch
It was organized in New York, Philadephia and
Boston which was similar to the night
watchmen in London created during the reign of
King Charles II.
They carried rattles while on duty to inform
the public of their watchful presenc
 Evolution of The Philippine Policing System
A. Spanish Period
A. The police force was considered as a part of the military system by
the Spanish government.
B. The locally organized police forces, although performing civil duties
and seemingly created for the sole purpose of maintaining peace,
were in fact directly commanded by the colonial military government.
C. Police functions during the Spanish Regime consisted mainly in
- The suppression of brigandage by patrolling unsettled areas
- Enforcement of tax collection , including church revenues
- Looking into the work and movement of the people
Police Forces Organized during the Spanish
Regime:
1. Carabineros de Seguridad Publico (Mounted Police)-1712
It was organized for the purpose of carrying out the policies
of the Spanish Government.
It was given the special commission as custodian of the
tobacco monopoly.
It was later known as Cuerpo de Carabineros de Siguridad
Publica by virtue of Royal Decree on December 20, 1842. Its duties
became policelike and more general including the prosecution of law
breakers, maintenance of peace, order, and security, and the
vigilance on the execution of laws and ordinance of good
government

2. Guardrilleros(January 8, 1836)
A body of rural police organized in each town
which composed of 5% of the able-bodied
male inhabits of each town or province,
enlisted to serve for 3 years.
The duties of this local police were
- To make patrol and carry mails times
- To guard dark and unsafe places
- To guard the tribunal and prison houses
3. Guardia Civil (February 12,
1852)
It partially relieved the Spanish peninsular
Troops of their works in policing towns.
It consisted of a body a Filipino Policemen
organized originally in each of the
provincial capitals of the central
provinces of Luzon under the
Alcalde(Governor)
B. American occupation until World War II
broke out
1. Insular Police Force(November 30, 1890) It
was established during the Filipino-american war(1898-
1901) upon the recommendation of the Philippine
commission to the secretary of war.

2. Insular Constabulary
It was created by virtue of Act No. 175
otherwise known as “An act Providing for the Organization
and
Government of an Insular Constabulary”
 The members were declared peace officers and
were authorized and empowered to prevent and
suppress brigandage, unlawful assembles, riots ,
insurrections and other breaches of the peace and
violations of law.
3. Manila Police Department (MPD)-July
31, 1901
It was organized by virtue of Act No. 183 of the
Philippine Commission.
Capt. George Curry –a U.S. Army Officer
appointed by the TAFT Commission on
August 7, 1901 as the first chief of Police.
 Capt. Columbus Piatt-last American Chief of Police
of MPD before World War II broke out.
Col. Antonio C. Torres- first Filipino COP when
MPD became an all Filipino police organization ;
declared Manila as an open city when World War II
broke out in 1941; during the World War II, MPD was
placed again under the American control.
Col. Marcus Ellis Jones – A U.S. Provost
Marshall who was named as MPD Chief of
Police just after the Manila Liberation.
 Col. Lamberto T. Javalera- the first Filipino
COP of MPD appointed by Pres. Roxas under
Republic Government.
4. Philippine Constabulary(October 3, 1901)
Insular Constabulary was changed to Philippine
Constabulary by Virtue of Act No. 255.
Capt. T. Allen – first Chief of the Philippine
Constabulary from 1901-1907 such that he was
called as the father of Constabulary in the
Philippines.
It was mostly manned by Filipinos but officers were
mostly Americans
Based on Revised Administrative Code of 1917,
specifically Section 825, it stated that the
Philippine Constabulary is National Police institution
 for preserving the peace, keeping order and
enforcing the law.
Brig/Gen. Rafael Crame- first Filipino Chief of police. He
served as the PC from 1917-1927
C. Japanese Occupation
1. Kempetai
Japanese Military Police held responsible
in maintaining peace and order in Manila
and adjacent urban areas.
 Specially trained in interrogation methods,
its task was crush all resistance to military
rule and it had power to arrest and
extract information from civilians and military
alike.
Methods of Interrogation

Those arrested by the Kempetai were presumed guilty and

had a little option for receiving help and no appeal for
clemency. Tortures were executed to the limit of human
endurance or to the point of death with survivors attesting to
these various methods.
a. Corporal beatings
This involved metal bars, sticks, bamboo, wet
knotted ropes, belts with buckles are revolver
butts.
b. Water Torture
The victim was tied and placed on his back cloth
placed over his nose and mouth. Water was then
poured on the cloth as interrogation proceeded
c. Electric Torture
Electric shocks were administered to various parts of the
body d. Burning
 The victim was burnt with cigarette butts and on
sensitive parts of the body like the on the scrotum and
penis. e. Dislocation of Limbs
The victims limbs were twisted and fingers bent backwards
causing dislocation and permanent damage
f. Psychological torture
either by shooting or beheading was imminent and
advised to write a letter of farewell.
g.Treats to families
Threats were made to wives and families of the victim.
D.After the American Occupation in the
Philippines Republic Act No. 4864(September
18, 1966)
It was otherwise known as Police Act of 1966
This law provided for the creation of the Office of the
Police Commission (POLCOM) which was later called
National Police Commission (NAPOLCOM) under the
Office of the President.
POLCOM was created as a supervisory agency to the PC.
Its function was to oversee the training and
professionalization of the local police forces.
 Through this law, reformation and professionalization of
the police service gained official recognition.
Appointment to a local agency was made by the
city /municipal mayor from the list of
eligible applicants certified by the Civil
Service Commission.
General Qualifications for Appointment include,
among others
For appointment in the municipalities, the
applicant must have at least completed high
school , and for provinces and cities, at least
completed two years college;
 Must not be less than twenty-three nor more than
thirty-three years of age;
Must be at least five feet, five inches in height in
the case of provinces and charted cities and
five feet four inches in the case of
municipalities and;
Must not weigh less than one hundred twenty
pounds
The head of the Integrated National
Police was the Chief/Director-General,
Philippine Constabulary/Integrated
National Police.
Offices in the different headquarters, levels
were jointly staffed by the Constabulary,
police, jail and fire service officers and
personnel
The Philippine Constabulary remained as a
major service of the Armed Forces of the
Philippines in addition to its law-enforcement
functions as the principal component of the
Integrated National Police
Presidential Decree No. 765(August 8, 1975)
PD 765 is otherwise known as the Integration
Law 1976.
The Integrated National Police(INP) was
composed of the Philippine constabulary as
the nucleus, and the integrated police
forces(Police, Fire & Jail Services) as
components under the
Department of National Defense
Republic Act No. 6975 (December
13, 1990) Also known as the “DILG Act of
1990” w/c governs the organization and
administration of the PNP, there are now six
attached bureaus under the DILG namely;
LGUs, Public Safety College and the creation
of the Tri-Bureaus the PNP, BJMP, and BFP
and the NAPOLCOM, w/c was previously
under the office of the President.
Republic Act No. 8551 ( February 25,
1998) was enacted otherwise known as “The
PNP Reform
Bill and Reorganization Act of 1998.”
amending certain provisions of Republic Act
No.6975 and allowing the reorganization of the
PNP to enable to cope up and effectively perform
its mandate-to enforce peace and order and
ensure public safety and internal security with the
active support of the community.

Principles of Organization, Management

and
Administration
Administration
involves activities pertaining to the higher level
focusing on developing plans, processes and
policies
gives proper direction, it is a directing function
Management
it sets up organization structure, giving command
and direction, coordinating and controlling
various function
Organization
it is a group of people who work to achieve
common goals and objectives

Police Administration
concerned with setting up of objectives and
plans, involves making ethical decisions
relating to hiring management, etc.

Police Management
includes the administrative activities of
coordinating, controlling and directing
 police resources, activities and
personnel
Police Organization
a group of trained personnel in the public
safety administration engaged in the
achievement of goals and objectives that
promotes the maintenance of peace and order,
protection of life and property, enforcement of
laws and prevention of crimes.
Functional Units

1.Bureau – the largest organic functional unit

within a large department
2.Division – a primary subdivision of a bureau
3.Section – a functional unit within a division
that is necessary for specialization
4.Unit – functional group w/in a section
 Bureau
Section

Division Unit

Territorial Units
1. Post – a fixed point or location to which and
officer is assigned for duty
2. Route – a length of streets designated for
patrol purposes It is also called line beat
3. Sector – an area containing two or more
beats, routes, or posts
4. Beat – an area assigned for patrol purposes,
whether foot or motorized
5. District – a geographical subdivision of a
city for patrol purposes, usually with
its own station
6. Area – functional group within a section;
or the smallest functional group w/in an
organization
Types of Organizational Structures
Organizational Structure
– a mechanical means of depicting by an
arrangement of symbols, the relationship
that exist between individuals, group and
functional relationships.

Line Organization
– direct line from top to bottom w/in the structures,
authority as definite and absolute.
Functional Organization
– its purest form is rarely found in present-day organization
Line and Staff Organization
– is a combination of the line and functional types

Classification of Line, Staff and Axillary

Functions
Line Function – backbone of police
department Staff Function – operations
designed to support line
functions
Auxiliary Function
– involves logistical operations of the
 department
Elements of the Organization

1. Specialization – the assignment of particular

workers to particular task
2. Hierarchy of Authority – a formal relationship
among superiors and subordinates in any given
organization
3. Span of Control – number of subordinates that a
superior can supervise effectively.
4. Delegation of Authority – an amount of
authority by a superior position onto a lower-level
position.
5. Unity of Command - each employee should have
only one supervisor or boss.
6. Formal Communication – is the sharing
understanding and information on common subjects.
The Principles of Police Organization
1. Principle of Unity of Objective
- organization is effective if it enables the individuals
to contribute to the organization’s objective
2. Principle of Organizational
Efficiency - way to aid the
accomplishment of the organization’s
objectives w/ min.cost.
3. Scalar Principle
-unbroken chain of units from top to bottom
4. Functional Principle
- division of work according to type, time, place and
specialization

5. Line and Staff Principle

- refers to a system of varied functions arranged into a workable
pattern.
6. Principle of Balance
- is to ensure the effectiveness of the structure in meeting the
organizational activities.
7. Principle of Delegation by Results
- should be adequate to ensure the ability to accomplish
expected result.
8. Principles of Absoluteness of Responsibility
- superior’s responsibility for the organization on activities
performed by their subordinates. 9. Principle of Parity
and Responsibility
- responsibility for action cannot be greater than that implied
by the authority delegated nor should be less.
10. Authority Level Principle
- decisions w/in authority of the individual commanders should
be made by them, and not returned upward of the org.
11. Principle of Flexibility
- the more flexible the org. the more it can fulfil its purpose.
Management or Administrative Function:

1. Planning – determination of how the objectives of

the org. will be attained
2. Organizing – determination and allocation of men
and women as well as resources to achieve pre-
determined goals or objectives of org.
3. Directing – involves the overseeing and
supervising of the human resources and the
various activities of the org.
4. Staffing - providing competent men to do the job
5. Controlling - checking or evaluation and
measurement of work performance and making
corrective actions.

6. Reporting – making of detailed account of

activities, work progress, investigations

7. Budgeting – forecasting in detail of the results of

an officially recognized program of operations
based on the highest reasonable expectations of
operating efficiency.