Principles of Artificial Intelligence
Overview
Detailed
Areas of AI and Some Dependencies
Knowledge
Search Logic Representation
Machine
Planning
Learning
Expert
NLP Vision Robotics Systems
Course Learning Outcomes
At the end of this course:
Knowledge and understanding
You should have a knowledge and understanding of the basic concepts of Artificial Intelligence
including Problem as State Space Search - Converting real world problems into AI search
problems, Understanding of various uninformed and heuristic search techniques, MiniMax
search for game playing. Constraint Satisfaction - Formulation of real world problem as CSP
problem and solution for CSP using general purpose heuristics, Genetic Algorithm for
optimization. Knowledge representation using First order logic, proofs in first order using
techniques such as resolution, unification. Rule based system and Declarative/logic
programming using Prolog programming language, Planning techniques, Bayesian network
and reasoning , Fundamentals of learning using neural net, decision tree, naïve- Bayes, nearest
neighbor, Fundamentals of NLP, Introduction to Fuzzy system
Course Learning Outcomes
Practical skills
You should be able to use a well known declarative language (Prolog) and to construct
simple AI systems.
Transferable Skills
You should be able to solve problems and evaluate outcomes and alternatives
Text Books
Must use text book and references.
Text Books:
1. Artificial Intelligence Modern Approach Third Edition by S. Russell. Norvig,PHI
Reference Books:
1. Artificial Intelligence Third Edition by Kevin Knight (Author), Elaine Rich (Author)
2. Artificial Intelligence, Structures and Strategies for Complex Problem Solving George F
Luger, Sixth Edition, Pearson.
3. Machine Learning by Mitchell, Tom M. Indian Edition.
Intelligent Agents
An agent is anything that perceiving its environment through sensors and
acting upon that environment through actuators
Example:
Human is an agent
A robot is also an agent with cameras and motors
A thermostat detecting room temperature.
•The agent function maps from percept histories to actions:
[f: P* A]
•The agent program runs on the physical architecture to produce f
•agent = architecture + program
An intelligence is concerned mainly with rational action.
● An intelligent agent takes the best possible action in a situation.
●We now study the problem of building agents that are intelligent in this sense.
● This course is about designing rational agents.
Artificial Intelligence is the study of building agents that act rationally. Most of the
time, these agents perform some kind of search algorithm in the background in order to
achieve their tasks.
Types of Agent
Agents can be grouped into four classes based on their degree of perceived intelligence and
capability :
Simple Reflex Agents
Model-Based Reflex Agents
Utility-Based Agents
Learning Agent
Simple Reflex Agents
Simple reflex agents are fundamental AI entities that operate on a straightforward condition-action
rule basis. They make decisions based solely on the current percept, responding to immediate
environmental cues without any internal memory of past events.
Example: A thermostat that turns on the air conditioner when the current temperature exceeds a
certain threshold is a simple reflex agent.
Model-Based Reflex Agents
Building on the simplicity of reflex agents, model-based reflex agents maintain an
internal model of the environment. They utilize sensors to gather information and
consider the history of percepts, enabling more sophisticated decision-making.
Example: A chess-playing AI that considers the history of moves and the current board state
to decide the next move is a model-based agent.
Goal/Utility Based
Also known as goal-based agents, utility-based agents make decisions by evaluating the
desirability of potential outcomes using a utility function. These agents aim to maximize
their overall performance by selecting actions that lead to the most favorable results.
•Example: An investment advisor AI that evaluates various investment options based on
potential returns and risk is a goal-based agent.
Learning Based
Learning agents go beyond rule-based responses. They adapt and enhance their performance
over time through machine learning techniques. A learning element enables them to acquire
new knowledge and adjust their behavior based on experience.
•Example: A spam filter that learns to identify new types of spam emails based on user
feedback is a learning agent.
Agent Examples
There are many examples of agents in artificial intelligence. Here are a few:
Intelligent personal assistants: These are agents that are designed to help users with
various tasks, such as scheduling appointments, sending messages, and setting reminders.
Examples of intelligent personal assistants include Siri, Alexa, and Google Assistant.
Autonomous robots: These are agents that are designed to operate autonomously in
the physical world. They can perform tasks such as cleaning, sorting, and delivering
goods. Examples of autonomous robots include the Roomba vacuum cleaner and the
Amazon delivery robot.
Gaming agents: These are agents that are designed to play games, either against human
opponents or other agents. Examples of gaming agents include chess-playing agents and
poker-playing agents.
Fraud detection agents: These are agents that are designed to detect fraudulent
behavior in financial transactions. They can analyze patterns of behavior to identify
suspicious activity and alert authorities. Examples of fraud detection agents include those
used by banks and credit card companies.
Traffic management agents: These are agents that are designed to manage traffic
flow in cities. They can monitor traffic patterns, adjust traffic lights, and reroute vehicles
to minimize congestion. Examples of traffic management agents include those used in
smart cities around the world.
A software agent has Keystrokes, file contents, received network packages that act as
sensors and displays on the screen, files, and sent network packets acting as actuators.
A Human-agent has eyes, ears, and other organs which act as sensors, and hands, legs,
mouth, and other body parts act as actuators.
A Robotic agent has Cameras and infrared range finders which act as sensors and various
motors act as actuators.
Main topics in AI
Artificial intelligence can be considered under a number of headings:
Search Techniques ( Informed and Uninformed , Game Playing).
CSPs
GA’s
Representing Knowledge and Reasoning with it.
Planning and Learning
Interacting with the Environment
(e.g. Vision, Speech recognition, Robotics)
Probabilistic Reasoning
Natural language processing.
Fuzzy Systems
Expert Systems
