1.Explain what is management.
Management refers to the optimal way to accomplish tasks and achieve goals, using Planning,
Organizing, Staffing, Directing, and Controlling functions or processes.
2.The following are the categories of management, can you give example each scenario
that shows its categories.
a.management as a process:
the manager should make the planning and the decision making. The manager should look
ahead into the future. The manager should predict certain outcomes. The manager should set
the plan and goals clearly for it to be effective.the manager should choose the right path
towards their goals and objectives. Next is organizing this is where the plan is moving closer
towards realization. The manager should organize human resources. Organizing, then, is that
part of managing which involves: establishing an intentional structure of roles for people to fill in
the organization. Organization is to create the best environment for the best performance. Next
is leading. Leading is influencing or prompting the member of the organization to work together
with the interest of the organization. The manager should know how to control the people whos
working on certain task. The manager should know how to motivate the people for then to have
accuracy and efficiency in tha work that they are assigned to. Control activities generally relate
to the measurement of achievement or results of actions that were taken to attain the goal. If
these steps are followed by the manager their goals will be accomplished
b.management as activity:
Management involves achieving goals through people. Therefore, managers have to interact with
superiors as well as the sub-ordinates. They must maintain good relations with them. The inter-personal
activities include with the sub-ordinates and taking care of the problem. (Example:Bonuses to be given to
the sub-ordinates).
c.management as a discipline:
Management as a discipline specifies certain code of conduct for managers & indicates various methods
of managing an enterprise. Management is a course of study which is now formally being taught in the
institutes and universities after completing a prescribed course or by obtaining degree or diploma in
management, a person can get employment as a manager.
b.management as a group:
we are referring to a group of people those who are managing. Thus as a group technically speaking,
management will include all managers from chief executive to the first - line managers (lower-level
managers). But in common practice management includes only top management i.e. Chief Executive,
Chairman, General Manager, Board of Directors etc. In other words, those who are concerned with
making important decisions, these persons enjoy the authorities to use resources to accomplish
organizational objectives andalso responsibility to for their efficient utilization.
e. management as a science:
Scientific principles represents basic truth about a particular field of enquiry. These principles may be
applied in all situations, at all time and at all places. Example . - law of gravitation which can be applied in
all countries irrespective of the time.Management also contains some fundamental principles which can
be applied universally like the Principle of Unity of Command i.e. one man, one boss. This principle is
applicable to all type of organization - business or non business.
f.management as an art:
Art implies application of knowledge & skill to trying about desired results. An art may be defined as
personalized application of general theoretical principles for achieving best possible results Although
theoretical base may be same for every artist, but each one has his own style and approach towards his
job. That is why the level of success and quality of performance differs from one person to another. E.g.
there are several qualified painters but M.F. Hussain is recognized for his style. Similarly management as
an art is also personalized.
g.management as a profession:
Over a large few decades, factors such as growing size of business unit, separation of ownership from
management, growing competition etc have led to an increased demand for professionally qualified
managers. The task of manager has been quite specialized. As a result of these developments the
management has reached a stage where everything is to be managed professionally.A profession may be
defined as an occupation that requires specialized knowledge and intensive academic preparations to
which entry is regulated by a representative body A profession must have a systematic body of
knowledge that can be used for development of professionals. Every professional must make deliberate
efforts to acquire expertise in the principles and techniques. Similarly a manager must have devotion and
involvement to acquire expertise in the science of management.
