Chapter II

Review of Related Literature

In exploration, people find new problems, things to face and trials. Even so, in the

process, they find and utilize new solution out of it. Skills and time are employed by the

researchers. In this chapter, a number of bibliographical references were carefully analyzed in

order to bring into focus the problems that are needed to be answered by this research.

Quality of Teaching

According to Rockoff J. (2004), parents, school administrators and students themselves

widely assist the perception that teacher quality is crucial to student accomplishment, despite the

insufficiency of evidence connecting achievement to observable teacher characteristics. The

teaching quality is believed to be crucial for one’s education but regardless of negative beliefs, it

still matter for the students’ achievement. Hence, teaching strategies varies from teacher to

teacher but the quality of the teaching should be vigorous so that the students may learn

something from them.

Two Main Methods in Traditional Lecture

According to the book of Brenda B. Corpuz and Gloria G. Salandanan entitled “asdasd”

stated that there are two kinds of methods in teaching the students traditionally. Also, as stated in

their books, these two methods might affect a student’s performance in the class.

 Deductive Method. This is the type of method that which teach the students by first,

teaching them about the rules on how to solve an equation and other lessons involving
 mathematics. Second, after teaching the students about the rules, the teacher then will

now precede on giving examples of that sort of topic to her students for at least 5

samples. And lastly, after those examples, the teacher may now give her students tasks

and quizzes or seat works to do in order for him/her to test the learning of the students

regarding the topic that he/she has explained.

 Inductive Method. This method contradicts and is the opposite of deductive method. This

method can also be called self-teaching for the students as they are the ones who will

figure out the rules of a certain mathematical equation about the teacher’s topic. What

happens in this method is first, the teacher will give his/her students at least 5 examples

regarding his/her topic being discussed and then from there, he/she will let his/her pupils

to study and later ask them to state the rule for the equation.

Thus, there are different types of methods a teacher can use to educate his/her pupils but at

the end of the day, all of his/her students might be able to take home knowledge from their

school.

Traditional Teaching

According to Cambridge Centre for Sixth-form Studies (2017) topic about traditional

education stated that, the usual traditional education method, also known as conventional

education, is still widely used by many teachers in schools. This way of teaching was all about

recitation, example pupils would sit quietly, while each one them would take turns reciting a

topic. During this said recitation, the teacher then will listen to each one of his/her student as

they were expected to study and memorize the assignments. The way in which traditional

lectures were used to teach the students ensure that students were awarded for their efforts by
learning a lesson from the lecture, use class periods efficiently and utilize clear rules to manage

the students' behavior.

Hence, traditional teaching is a usual method of teaching that is all about recitations

involving the students’ learning that might also help them use their time efficiently.

Another topic from the study of Nina Malanay entitled " Progressive vs. Traditional

Education 101: Choosing the Right Pre-school (2017)" stated that in traditional classroom, the

teacher is the main spring of knowledge and the control figure. Teachers and school

administrators were the ones who decide what content to teach the students, usually constructed

on a pre-determined set of academic standards and masteries that are measured by means of an

exam or test. Also, there are two roles that must be fulfilled in teaching and learning.

 Teacher’s Role. The progressive classroom teacher is a facilitator or attendant who

triggers thinking by giving an improving classroom interaction. Teachers give

meaningful opportunities for innovative play, exploration, experimentation and critical

thinking tasks, making the students co-facilitators of the teaching-learning process.

 Students’ Role. Students are active learners who take on a crucial role in the learning

process. They are encouraged to question, challenge and think censoriously about

concepts. They take on the role of planners, co-attendants and problem solvers. They are

evaluated based on their individual performance and progress over time, with prominence

on the learning process rather than the learning outcome.

Therefore, the content of teaching or the lessons that will be taught depends on the teacher or

school administrators. Also, whether it is a teacher or a student, one was its own role to do

that is different from another.

Modern Teaching Issue

In this generation, modern technologies continue to ascend because of the likes of people

to improve and enhance it in order to give a more productive outcome than before. In fact,

humans are the reason why technologies continue to advance on a different level, and the main

cause of it is their education. However, education may not be easy for everyone as not everybody

has the same intellectual capacity for things. As cited in the study of Milna K. Cabrera from De

La Salle University, the difficult questions that the students find to be hard are those requiring

application of concept, knowledge, and techniques or methods of Algebra in executing the

underlying operations on rational expressions. Therefore, some teachings in school are not that

understandable for all the students and as for some, they find it hard to solve problems that

include an application of concept that requires a lot of knowledge.

Another issue from the study of Rockoff, J. about The Impact of Individual Teachers on

Student Achievement: Evidence from Panel Data (2004) stated that parents, school

administrators, and students themselves support the thought that teacher quality is a crucial key

to the students’ achievements. The quality of teaching is one of the main causes of achievements

of the students as it does not only give lecture to the students but also provide them a proper

knowledge that they may use in their daily lives. This quality of teaching can also be applied in

the field of algebra because some of the students may still find it hard to solve a problem solving

questions. Therefore, even when modern technologies are used, no one is assured that everyone

in the class really learned something from the lecture. Also, not because there are modern
devices such as laptops, projectors, and PowerPoint does not mean that it is really an effective

way of teaching. Hence, the quality of teaching is still the one that matters in terms of educating

the students.

Modern Teaching with Multimedia as the Medium for Teaching

According to the study of Milna K. Cabrera of De La Salle University about “the effect

of audio-visual aids on the mathematics achievement of freshman student at manila high school

(2001)”, modern devices and technologies offer considerable potential for inscribing the

problems in mathematics education. Modern technology has a potential addressing the problems

in math classes as it provides the students a visual-projected tutorial that is part of multimedia.

Therefore, modern teaching with multimedia can be a better method of teaching for the students

as it gives them visual images and online tutorials through the use of laptop and projector. On the

other hand, this teaching method may not be effective for everyone as some may not have the

same learning strategy. Hence, modern teaching can be a good method of teaching for some but

not for everybody.

Another topic from the study of Milna K. Cabrera stated that the main cause of

misbehaviour, drop-outs, and cutting of classes among the students is their interest in playing

computer games. In this age, games are famous mode for killing time as if one is fond of it,

he/she can spend his/her time to it. Video games are played with technologies such as consoles,

and computers which are also called the modern devices. Also, video games play a huge role on

the students’ lives as it can affect their academic performances. Hence, video games can be

parallel to the modern lectures as it also uses the technologies. Also, with the help of visual
presentations, students’ might become interested to the teacher’s lectures because of its likeliness

to video games that the students are fond of.

Theoretical Framework

The figure shows that the Traditional Teaching used Inductive and Deductive Reasoning

Theories while the Modern Teaching with the use of Multimedia use four theories such as

Constructivism, Cognitivism, Inductive and Deductive Theories.

In traditional teaching, the teacher used inductive reasoning theory wherein the teacher

teaches the topic from specific to general. In deductive reasoning theory, the teacher teaches the

topic from general to specific. The teacher used the chalk-board technique while using these

theories.

In modern teaching with the use of multimedia method, the teacher used constructivism

wherein students construct their own understanding and knowledge in the learning process. In

cognitivism, modern teaching with the use of multimedia allowed students to develop mental

processes such as how to perceive, think, learn and solve problems. The modern teaching with

the use multimedia used inductive and deductive reasoning theories also. However, in these

methods, the teacher used student-centered approach wherein students have the freedom in their

learning with the use of multimedia.