bhushan150169@gmail.
com
The term 'waste' implies that it is of no
concern to anyone and is of no value.
The solid waste is defined as the waste that is
solid in nature and discarded by community
(Locality).
• Residential Areas
• Commercial Areas (Establishments)
• Industrial Areas
• Agricultural Operations
• Construction And Demolition
• Street Swept
• Treatment plants
Bio-degradable
can be degraded (paper, wood, fruits and
others) – Organic waste
Non-biodegradable
cannot be degraded (plastics, bottles, old
machines,cans, styrofoam containers and
others) – Inorganic waste
Street Wastes
• Natural wastes : These include the dust blown from unused land
and roads, dead and decaying vegetation, seeds originating either
from avenue or blown from marginal areas. It cannot be controlled
as it originates from sources other than the streets.
• Road traffic wastes : These originate from wear and tear of road
surface and that from transport vehicles.
• Behavioural wastes : These originate from wastes thrown by
pedestrians, or by persons using the streets and from wastes from
adjoining houses, shops and other premises which spill out due to
improper storage.
• Municipal Solid wastes: Solid wastes that include household garbage, rubbish,
construction & demolition debris, sanitation residues, packaging materials, trade
refuges etc. are managed by any municipality.
• Bio-medical wastes: Solid or liquid wastes including containers, intermediate or
end products generated during diagnosis, treatment & research activities of
medical sciences.
• Industrial wastes: Liquid and solid wastes that are generated by manufacturing &
processing units of various industries like chemical, petroleum, coal, metal gas,
sanitary & paper etc.
• Agricultural wastes: Wastes generated from farming activities. These substances
are mostly biodegradable.
• Fishery wastes: Wastes generated due to fishery activities. These are extensively
found in coastal & estuarine areas.
• Radioactive wastes: Waste containing radioactive materials. Usually these are
byproducts of nuclear processes. Sometimes industries that are not directly
involved in nuclear activities, may also produce some radioactive wastes, e.g.
radio-isotopes, chemical sludge etc.
• E-wastes: Electronic wastes generated from any modern establishments. They may
be described as discarded electrical or electronic devices. Some electronic scrap
components, such as CRTs, may contain contaminants such as Pb, Cd, Be or
brominated flame retardants.
• Hazardous wastes
Substances unsafe to use commercially,
industrially, agriculturally, or economically and
have any of the following properties- ignitability,
corrosivity, reactivity & toxicity.
• Non-hazardous
Substances safe to use commercially,
industrially, agriculturally, or economically and
do not have any of those properties mentioned
above. These substances usually create disposal
problems.
On Environment –
• Soil pollution
• Air pollution due to methane (GHG) emission
(Global Warming and climate change)
• Water pollution due to leachate generation
On Public Health
• Chemical poisoning through chemical inhalation
• Uncollected waste can obstruct the storm water runoff resulting
in flood
• Low birth weight
• Cancer
• Congenital malformations
• Neurological disease
• Nausea and vomiting
• Mercury toxicity from eating fish with high levels of mercury
• Plastic found in oceans ingested by birds
• Resulted in high algal population in rivers and sea.
• Degrades water and soil quality
source: PDF) Impact of Solid Waste on Health and The Environment. Available from:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/306150450_Impact_of_Solid_Waste_on_Heal
th_and_The_Environment [accessed Nov 12 2018].
Functional Elements of SWM
• Generation
• Storage
• Collection
• Transfer and Transportation
• Processing and Recovery
• Disposal
SWM Hierarchy
•Waste Prevention
•Waste Reduction
Organizational pattern for a town having a population upto 1 million
Organizational pattern for a town having a population greater than 1 million
Refuse characteristics depend on a number of factors such as
• food habits,
• cultural traditions,
• socio-economic and climatic conditions.
Refuse characteristics vary not only from city to city but even
within the same city itself and also seasonally.
Sampling
The total of 100 kg sample used for physical analysis is now
reduced to 12.5 kg by using the method of quartering in which
the mass is divided into 4 parts and 2 diagonally opposite
parts are taken and mixed while the other 2 are discarded.
The sample is again mixed and similar procedure repeated,
but this time the other diagonal parts are taken. The 12.5 kg
sample is dried, ground in a hammermill or a grinder till it
passes through a sieve having a pore size of 0.45 mm.
- Per capita waste generation increasing by 1.3% per annum
- With urban population increasing between 3 – 3.5% per
annum
- Yearly increase in waste generation is around 5% annually
- India produces more than 42.0 million tons of municipal
solid waste annually.
- Per capita generation of waste varies from 200 gm to 600 gm
per capita / day. Average generation rate at 0.4 kg per
capita per day in 0.1 million plus towns.
The urban areas of Asia produce about 760,000 tones of MSW per
day, or approximately 2.7 million m3 per day. In 2025, this figure
will increase to 1.8 million tons of waste per day, or 5.2 million m3
per day (UDSU, 1999).
TERI has estimated that waste generation will exceed 260 million
tons per year by 2047 more than five times the present level
(Asnani P.U., 2006).
Factors affecting generation of SW
The quantity of municipal solid waste generated
depends upon a number of factors such as :
• food habits,
• degree of commercial and industrial activity.
• Population increase
• Urbanization
• Industrialization
• Standards of living of people
• Habits of people (Attitude)
• Season of the year
• Collection frequency
• Socio-economic characteristics of population
House-to-house Collection
Curb Service : The house-
owner is responsible for
placing the refuse containers
at the curb on the scheduled
day, when the workmen from
refuse vehicles collect and
empty the containers in the
vehicle and place them back
at the curb. The house-owner
is required to take back the
empty containers to his house
Alley Service : The
containers are placed
at the alley line from
where they are picked
up by workmen from
refuse vehicles who
deposit back the empty
containers.
Set-out, Set-back Service
: Set-out men go to
individual houses, collect
the containers and
empty them in the refuse
vehicle. Another group of
persons return them to
houseowners‘ yard.
Set-out Service : The
workers with refuse
vehicles collect the
containers from
individual houses
and empty them in
refuse vehicles.
The houseowner has
to take back the
empty containers.
Backyard Service :
The workers with
the vehicle carry a
bin, wheelbarrow
or sack or cloth to
the yard and empty
the refuse
container in it. The
wheelbarrow or bin
is then taken to
refuse vehicle
where it is emptied
Community Bin System
Community
Bin
Hand
cart
Broom
shovel
Road Sweeper
The organic matter in solid waste from India and other developing
countries is much higher than that in the waste from developed
countries.
This large organic fraction tends to decompose at a faster rate at the
higher ambient temperatures encountered. Therefore, it is necessary
to collect and remove this material as quickly as possible.
Animal Carts
Carts driven by bullocks,
buffaloes are used in small
towns and cities (upto
200,000 population) as well
as in some large cities.
The capacity of bullock cart
is about 1 m3 and due to its
slow speed it tends to
obstruct traffic on main
roads.
Auto Vehicles
As a substitute for bullock carts for short haul, small capacity
transport vehicles of a number of designs have recently been
introduced. These are provided with a small (5-7.5 HP) diesel
engine to carry 1-1.5 tonnes of
material @ 2 Cu m capacity with low loading height (< 1.5 m).
Dumper Placer
If these routes
are properly
planned the
expenditure
can be reduced
and better
service can be
provided.
Transport
Route
Transfer Stations are provided for transfer of waste to
large transportation vehicles, which transport it to
processing or disposal site.
In order to reduce the capacity of the secondary
collection vehicles, the volume of the waste is reduced
at the transfer station.
Necessity-
• To reduce transportation cost
• To reduce the volume of MSW by segregation and
compaction
Location –
• Within the city or at zones of the city.
•
1. Level Sites
Refuse is transferred from one vehicle to another manually at such sites where
a trailer or a bigger vehicle is parked. The smaller vehicle unloads its contents
which are then manually transferred to the other vehicle. The contents of any
incoming hand carts can also be direcly tipped inside the bigger vehicle.
2. Split Level Site
When a direct discharge of the refuse from primary collection vehicle into
another is desired, split level sites become necessary. Such a site consists of a
loading platform at a height of 3 to 4 m above the ground level and with a ramp
having a slope of 1 in 12 to 1 in 15. The vehicles climb up this ramp and unload
their contents from specific points into the vehicles standing at a lower
elevation. A backhoe is used to compact and distribute the refuse after it is
placed in the vehicle below. The smaller collection vehicle climbs down from the
other side of the ramp after unloading. In some cases, the smaller collection
vehicle unloads its contents on the platform and the waste is then pushed by a
tractor or bulldozer through an opening into the vehicle placed below.
Organization pattern
Organizational pattern for a town having a population upto 1 million
Organizational pattern for a town having a population greater than 1 million
COMPOSTING
The process of decomposition and stabilization of organic
fraction of MSW in controlled environment is called as composting.
The final product is called as Compost which contains plant
nutrients (NPK) as well as micronutrients which can be utilized for
the growth of plants.
Use of compost –
• As a nutrient for growth of crops.
• As a soil conditioner to improve the texture of soil.
• To improve the water retaining capacity of soil.
• Improve the fertility of soil.
• It increases the buffering capacity of the soil.
•
Principles of the Composting Process
The organic material present in the municipal wastes can be
converted to a stable form either aerobically or anaerobically.
During aerobic decomposition, aerobic microorganisms
oxidize organic compounds to CO2, NO2 and NO3. Carbon from
organic compounds is used as a source of energy while nitrogen is
recycled. Due to the exothermic reaction, temperature of the mass
rises.
Anaerobic microorganisms while metabolising nutrients,
breakdown the organic compounds by a process of reduction. A
very small amount of energy is released during the process, and
temperature of the composting mass does not rise much. The
gases evolved are mainly CH4 and CO2. As anaerobic
decomposition of organic matter is a reduction process, the final
product is subject to some minor oxidation when applied to land.
Factors Affecting Composting Processes
Factors Affecting Composting Processes…
• Organisms
Aerobic composting is a dynamic system in which bacteria,
actinomycates, fungi and other biological forms are actively
involved. The relative preponderance of one species over another
depends upon the constantly changing available food supply,
temperature and substrate conditions.
Mesophilic forms are predominant in the initial stages
which soon give way to thermophilic bacteria and fungi.
Thermophilic bacteria are mainly responsible for
breakdown of proteins and other readily biodegradable organic
matter.
Fungi and actinomycetes play an important role in the
decomposition of cellulose and lignins.
• Use of Cultures
During the development of composting systems various
innovators have come forward with inoculums, enzymes, etc.
claimed to hasten the composting process. Investigations carried
out by a number of workers have shown that they are
unnecessary. Required forms of bacteria, actinomycetes and
fungi are indigenous to municipal refuse. When the
environmental conditions are appropriate, indigenous bacteria,
better adapted to municipal refuse than forms attenuated under
laboratory conditions.
Such inoculums may, however, be important while composting
some industrial and agricultural solid wastes which do not have
the required indigenous bacterial population.
•Moisture
Moisture replaces air from the interspace between particles. Too
low a moisture content reduces the metabolic activity of
organisms; whereas anaerobic conditions would set in if the
moisture content is too high.
It has been shown that the optimum moisture content for
composting is in the range of 50-60 per cent.
High moisture content will be required if straw and strong
fibrous materials are present to soften the fibres and fill the
interstices.
Moisture content higher than 50-60 per cent can be used in
mechanically aerated digesters. In anaerobic composting, the
moisture required will depend upon method of storage and
handling.
•Temperature
During anaerobic decomposition, 26 Kcal is released per gm mole
of glucose as against 484-674 Kcal under aerobic conditions.
In Aerobic composting, when windrows are turned heat
loss occurs resulting in drop in temperature but it rises during
active decomposition to as high as 70°C. Addition of water to the
composting mass results in drop in temperature. The temperature
will tend to drop only when the conditions become anaerobic or
the active period of decomposition is over.
During anaerobic composting, a small amount of heat is
released, much of which escapes by diffusion, conduction, etc.
Thus the temperature rise will not be appreciable.
• During aerobic
composting when material
is turned twice in 12 days,
E. hystolytica gets killed
and when turned thrice in
36 days eggs of A.
lumbricoides are also
destroyed.
• The high temperature
and long duration in
aerobic composting along
with the antibiotic effect
results in the destruction of
parasites and pathogens.
• C/N Ratio
The progress of decomposition in a composting mass is greatly
influenced by C/N value. Since living organisms utilize about 30
parts of carbon for each part of nitrogen, an initial C/N of 30
would be most favorable for rapid composting.
Research workers have reported optimum values ranging
between 26 and 31 depending upon other conditions.
In cases where C/N is too low or high it can be blended
with suitable material to keep the C/N at desirable levels.
Straw, sawdust, paper, etc. are materials which can be
used as carbon sources while blood, sludges, slaughterhouse
waste serve as good sources of nitrogen.
The municipal waste in developed countries has C/N
values upto 80, to which sewage sludge (C/N of 5 to 8) is added
to keep C/N ratio of mixture at optimum levels.
When initial C/N value is low, loss of nitrogen in the form
of ammonia occurs . Thus a large part of nitrogen will get lost.
• Aeration
Aeration by natural process occurs in the superficial layers of the
composting mass, while the inner layers tend to progressively turn
anaerobic as the rate of oxygen replenishment cannot keep pace
with utilisation. It is hence necessary to bring the inner layers in
contact with oxygen which is accomplished by aeration by turning
the material.
Control of the Composting Process
The composting process needs to be regulated so as to ensure
aerobic conditions and to stop it when completed. If the
process is not regulated properly the final C/N may be either
too low or too high. If C/N ratio of final product is high the
excess carbon tends to utilise nitrogen in the soil to build up
cell protoplasm resulting in ‘Robbing' of nitrogen in the soil.
When the final C/N ratio is too low the product does not
help improve the structure of the soil.
METHODS OF COMPOSTING
MANNUAL
MECHANICAL
COMPOSTING
COMPOSTING
VERMI COMPOSTING
Dano Drum
Methods of Landfilling
SECURED LANDFILL
Recycling of E-Waste
Don't dump electronics in landfill
Waste products from an industry may get recycled and reused in
the same industry or may be a source of raw material for another
industry. Industries are known to recycle and reuse a part of their
wastes.
• Inventory Management
• Modification of equipment
•Change in production process
The wastes can be grouped as
i) biodegradable,
ii) non-biodegradable, and
iii) hazardous.
Biodegradable Wastes
• Food / Fruit Processing
• Slaughterhouse Waste
• Cotton Ginning and
• Textile Mills
•
Non-biodegradable Wastes
• Colliery Wastes -Colliery wastes include
coal and stone, timber and metal scrap.
• Solid Wastes from Refineries - sludge
• Steel Plants -Slag, dust
• Thermal Power Plants – fly ash
•Paper Industry – bamboo dust, ash, sludge
• Aluminium Industry – Bauxite residue (red mud)
Health aspects during handling and processing
of solid waste
•Injury by sharps
• Skin irritation & diseases
• eye irritation
• fever
• cough
• typhoid
•Plague
• cancer
•Cholera
• dysentary
• jaundice
Protective measures
•Periodic health check up should be done to the workers
Methods of collecting recyclables.
•Door to door collection
•Community bin Collection Method
•Through Rag pickers
Recycling potential in India
Paper – Rs per Kg
Plastic - Rs per Kg
Metal - Rs per Kg
Glass - Rs per Kg
Cloth - Rs per Kg
Composting
As building materials
Toxic waste criteria's
Substances or materials can be classified as hazardous or
otherwise depending on the dose administration, exposure
mode and time of exposure. On this basis EPA has given the
following scale of activity:
