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shubhamkumar052823Unit - I 1
Unit - I
Laplace Transform
Contents
• Definition and properties of Laplace Transform.
• Inverse Laplace Transform and its properties.
• Laplace Transform of periodic function (statement only), unit
step function and unit impulse function.
• Applications of Laplace Transform to solve ordinary differential
equation, simultaneous differential equation, integral and
integro-differential equation.
1.1 Introduction
Pierre-simon laplace (1749-1827) was
french mathematician, astronomer and
physicist who made important tool laplace
transform is widely used in engineering
application.
1.2 Why Laplace Transform?
Using laplace transformation, we can solve an equation (or system of
equation) containing differential and integral term by transform the
equation in t-space (time domain) to one in S-space (Frequency domain).
Mathematically Transform means to change the form of (a figure,
expression, model, etc) without in general changing the values.
Transformation is mathematical device which convert one function into
another.
2 TechnoScan - Applied Mathematics
1.3 Definition
Let f(t) be a function of t defined on [0, ).
The laplace transform of f(t) is defined and denoted by
L f t = e-st f t dt = f s
0
where
L Laplace transform operator,
f(t) function depend on time t
f s function depend on frequency S
Note :
(1) Laplace Transform of f(t) is denoted by f s or F(s)
ie. L f t f s
(2) Laplace Transform of f(t) exist only if
(i) f(t) must be piecewise condition
(ii) f(t) must be of exponential order, f t Met , t 0
Geometrically the graph of f(t) does not grow faster than the graph
of exponential function.
Ex.1. Find Laplace Transform of f(t) = e2t or L e2t .
Solution : We have, defination of Laplace Transform
L f t = e-st f t dt --- (1)
0
Here f(t) = e2t (given) put in equation (1)
Unit - I 3
L e2t = e-st . e2t dt
0
- s - 2 t e s 2 t
= e dt
0 s 2 0
e e0 e 0
s 2 s 2 e0 1
1
0
s2
1
L e2t
s2
f t f s
Ex. 2. Find L{cos at}
Solution : We have definition of Laplace Transform
L f t e St f t dt --- (1)
0
Here f(t) = cosat (given)
equation (1) becomes
L cos at e St cos at dt
0
s a
- at
s a2
2
e cos bt dt =
a + b2
2
s
L cos at
s a2
2
f t f s
Ex. 3. Find L {1}
Solution : We have L f t e st f t dt
0
Here f t 1
L 1 e st 1 dt
0
4 TechnoScan - Applied Mathematics
e st
s 0
e s e s 0 e e0 1
0 e 0
s s s s s
1
L 1
s
f t f s
1.4 Table of Laplace Transform
L {f(t)} = f(s)
Sr. No f(t) f s
1 1 1
s
2 eat 1
s -a
3 e- at 1
s +a
4 sinat a
s2 + a 2
5 cosat s
s2 + a 2
6 sinhat a
2 2
s -a
7 coshat s
s2 - a 2
8 tn n!
for n 0
sn +1
9 eat sin bt b
2
s a b2
10 eat cos bt S a
2
s a b2
1.5 Properties of Laplace Transform
1) Linearity Property
2) Change of scale property
Unit - I 5
3) First shifting property
4) Laplace transform of deriative
5) Laplace transform of integrals
6) Multiplication by t
7) Division by t
1.5.1 Linearity Property
If L f t f s and L g t g s then
L c1 f t c 2 g t c1 f s c 2 g s
By definition of Laplace Transform
L f t e st f t dt f s --- (1)
0
L c1 f t c2 g t e st c1 f t c 2 g t dt
0
c1 e st f t dt c 2 e st g t dt
0 0
c1 f s c 2 g s By definition of L. T.
Working Rule to Solve Example by Using Various Property of Lapalce
Transform
Step I : Firstly identity given example based on which property
Step II : Compare given example with property and identify f(t)
Step III : Using f(t), find f s by using defination L {f(t)} = f s
Step IV : Put the values of f(t) and f s in corresponding property
Step V : We get result.
Note : These working rule work for every example related with property
6 TechnoScan - Applied Mathematics
Example based on Linearity Property
Find the Laplace transform of following
1] 4e5t - 5e 6t
2] 3t3 - 2t2 + 4e-2t + 3e3t + cos3t
3] sin 4t cos 2t
Solution :
1]
L 4e5t 5e 6t L 4e5t L 5e6t [By Linearity Property]
4 L e5t 5 L e6t
1 1 1
4.
s 5
5.
s6
L eat
sa
2]
L 3t 3 2t 2 4 e 2t 3 e3t cos 3t
L 3t 3 L 2t 2 L 4e 2t L 3e L cos 3t
3t
3 L t 3 2 L t 2 4 L e 2t 3 L e 3t L cos 3t
3! 2! 1 1 s
3 4
2 3 4 3 2
s 2 s 3 2
s s s 3
18 4 4 3 s
4
3 2
s s s2 s3 s 9
n! 1 s
L tn
s n 1
,L eat
sa
and L cos at 2
s a2
sin 6t sin 2t
3] L sin 4t cos 2t L
2
sin A B sin A B
sin A cos B
2
1 1
L sin 6t L sin 2t
2 2
1 6 1 2 a
L sin at
2 s 2 6 2 2 s 2 2 2 s a2
2
3 1
L sin 4t cos 2t 2
2
s 36 s 4
Unit - I 7
Check Your Progress
Find Laplace Transform of following
2 1 cos 2x
1) L {sin24t} Hint : sin x
2
3 3cos x + cos 3x
2) L {cos32t} Hint : cos x
4
3) L {5e2t - 3)2
4) L {e3t - e - 3t)2
Property 2
1.5.2 Change of Scale Property. [RTMNU S-03]
Statement :
1 s
If L f t f s then L f at f
a a
Solution : By definition of Laplace transform, we have
L f t e St f t dt f s
0
L f at e St f at dt --- (1)
0
x dx
Put at x t dt
a a
Limit as t 0 then x 0
as t then x
equation (1) becomes
s x
dx
L f at e a f x
0
a
s
1 x
e a f x dx
a 0
By definition of L. T
1 S
L f at f
a a st
f t dt f s
e
0
8 TechnoScan - Applied Mathematics
Example Based on Change of Scale Property
Find laplace transform of following
1
1 s
1] If L f t e
s
find L {f(2t)}
2] L {sin4t} by using change of scale
s
3] If L cos t the find L {cos4t} using change of scale property
s2 1
Solution :
1
1 s
1] Given L f t e f s --- (1)
s
Find L { f(2t) }
By change of scale property
1 s
L f at f --- (2)
a a
1
1 s
Here a 2 , f s e given
s
1
s 1 s
a
f e
a s
a
a
s a
f e S
a s
s 2
f e 2 s a 2
a s
Put the value a = 2, f s in equation (2)
1 2 2S
L f 2t . e
2 s
1 2S
L f 2t e
s
2) Find L {sin4t}
By change of scale, we have
1 s
L f at f --- (1)
a a
Unit - I 9
Here f at sin 4t a4
f(t) = sin t
1 1
If f t sin t f s 2
L sin t 2
By definition of L.T.
s 1 s 1
s 1
f
a s 2
1
a
2
s a
f 2
a s a2
2
s
f 2
4 16 a4
a s a 2 s 2 16
s 16
f 2
a s 16
Equation (1) becomes (put all above values in equation (1)
1 16
L sin 4t
4 s2 16
4
L sin 4t 2
s 16
3] Find L {cos4t}
By change of scale, we have
1 s
L f at f --- (1)
a a
Here f at cos 4t a4
f(t) = cost
s
If f t = cost f s 2
By defination of L. T.
s 1
s sa
f
a s 2
1
a
sa
s a2
2
a2
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sa
s a2
2
a2
s 4s
f 2 a4
a s 16
Put all above value in equation (1)
1 4s s
L cos 4t 2
2
4 s 16 s 16
s
L cos 4t 2
s 16
1.5.3 Property 3 : First Shifting Property
Statement :
If L f t f s then
L e at f t
f s a and L eat f t f s a
Solution : We have,
L f t est f t dt f s | defination of L. T.|
0
L e at f t e st e at f t dt
0
e s a f t dt
0
st
f s a e f t dt f s
0
L e at f t f s a
In same way we get
L eat f t e st eat f t dt e f t dt f s a
s a
0 0
Example Based on First Shifting Property
Find the Laplace Transform of
1] e- 2t cos4t
2] et sin 2t
Unit - I 11
3] e4t t2
4] (t + 2)2 et
Solution :
1] Find L {e-2t cos4t}
we have
L e at f t f s a --- (1)
s
Here a 2 and f t cos 4t f s
s 2 16
|By defination of L.T.|
sa
f s a replace s by s a
s a 2 16
s2
f s a
s 2 2 16
Putting an above values in equation (1), we get
s2
L e 2t cos 4t
s 22 16
2] L { et sin2t }
we have first shifting property
L eat f t f s a --- (1)
2 2
Here a 1 f t sin 2t f s L sin 2t
s2 4 s 22
2
2
f s a
s a 2 4
2
f s a
s 12 4 a 1
Putting all above value in equation (1)
2
L et sin 2t s 12 4
4t 2
3] Find L {e t }
we have First Shifting Property
L eat f t f s a --- (1)
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2! n!
Here a4 f t t2 f s
s 3
L tn
s n 1
2!
f s a
s a 3
2!
f s a
s 4 3
Putting all above value in equation (1)
2!
L e4t t2 S 4 3
4] Find laplace transform of (t + 2)2 et
Let L t 2 e L e t
2 t t 2
4t 4
L et t 2 4 et t 4e t
= L{et t2} + 4{et t} + 4L {et} | Linearity Property|
2! 1! 1
3
4 2
4
S 1 S 1 S 1
| By change of scale|
Important Result By First Shifting Property
1.
L e at f t L f t
ss a
f s a
at
L e f t L f t f s a
s s a
2. 1
L e t sin t L sin t
s s 1
s 12 12
3. 2
L e t sin 2t L sin t s s 1
s 12 22
4. s 1
L e t cos t L cos t
s s 1
s 12 12
5. s2
L e 2t cos 3t L cos3t s s 1
s 2 2 3 2
Unit - I 13
1.5.4 Property 4 : Multiplication by t
Statement If L f t f s then
1 d
L t f t 1 f s
ds
2 d2
L t2 f t 1
ds 2
f s
In general
n dn
L tn f t 1
ds n
f s
Solution : (Note : we will go from R.H.S. L.H.S)
By definition of L. T. we have
f s est f t dt ---(1)
0
Differentiate w.r. to s
d st
f s f t e dt
ds 0 s
f t t e st dt
0
e st t f t dt
0
d
f s 1 L t f t L t f t e st t f t dt
ds 0
1 d
ie. L t f t 1 f s
ds
Here we have proved result for n = 1 then
By mathematically induction, result will proved for n = n
n dn
L t n f t 1
ds n
f s
14 TechnoScan - Applied Mathematics
Example based on laplace transform of multiplication by t
Find laplace transform
(1) L { t sin2t }
(2) L { t2 cos 2t }
Ex.1. Find L { t sin2t}
Solution : we have
d
L t f t 1 f s --- (1)
ds
(Note : Identify f (t) and find f s by using definition of laplace transform)
2 a
Here f t sin 2t f s 2
L sin at
s 4 s a2
2
Equation (1) becomes
d 2
L t sin 2t 1
ds s 2 4
2 d2 d
2
s 4 ds ds s 4 2
L t sin 2t 1 2
s2 4
0 4s
L t sin 2t 1 2
2
s 4
4s
L t sin 2t 2
s 2
4
Ex. 2. Find L {t2 cos2t|
Solution : We have
2 d2
L t2 f t 1
ds2
f s --- (1)
s
Here f t cos 2t f s 2
| By defination of L.T.|
s 4
Put above values in equation (1), we get
Unit - I 15
2 d2 s
L t2 cos 2t 1
ds 2 s 2 4
d d s
2
ds ds s 4
2 ds d
d
s 4
ds
ds
s2 4 s
2
ds
s2 4
2 2
d s 4 2s
ds 2
s2 4
d 4 s2
ds s2 4 2
2 d d 2
s 2
4 ds
4 s2 4 s2
ds
s2 4
4
s 2
4
2
s 2
4 2s 4 s2 2 s2 4 2s
4
s 4 2
s 4 2s s 4 4 s 2
2
2 2
4
s 4 2
2s s 2 12
3
s 2
4
2s 3 24s
3
s 2
4
1.5.5 Property 5 : [RTMNU S-15, S-08,09]
Division by t
f t
Statement : If L f t f s then L f s ds
t s
Solution : (Note we will proved these property from R.H.S to L.H.S)
By definition of Laplace transform, we have
16 TechnoScan - Applied Mathematics
f s e st f t dt --- (1)
0
Integrating w.r to s from s to on both side,
st
f s ds e f t dt ds
s s 0
st
e ds f t dt
0 s
| Changing the order of integration on R.H.S|
e st
f t dt
0 t s
e st
0 f t dt
0 t
f t
e st dt
0
t
f t
f s ds L t | By definition of L. T.|
s
f t
ie. L f s ds
t s
Example Based on Division by t
Find Laplace Transform of
sin t
1]
t
e 3t e 5t
2]
t
sinh 3 t
3]
t
1 e 3t
4]
t
Unit - I 17
Solution :
sin t
1] Find L
t
(Note : Identity f(t) and find f s by definition of L.T)
we have
f t
L f s ds --- (1)
t s
1
Here f t sin t f s 2
s 1
Equation (1) becomes
sin t 1
L 2 ds
t s s 1
tan 1 s
s
tan1 tan1 s
tan 1 s
2
sin t 1
L cot s
t
e 3t e 5t
2] Find L
t
By division by t property, we have
f t
L f s ds --- (1)
t s
1 1 1
Here f t e 3t e 5t f s
s3 s5
L e at
sa
Equation (1) becomes
1 1
L e 3t e 5t ds
s 3 s 5
s
log s 3 log s 5
s
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s 3
log
s 5 s
3
s 1
s
log
5
s 1
s
s
3
1
s
log
5
1
s s
3 3
1 1
s
log log
5 5
1 1
s
s 3 1
log1 log lim 0
s 5 s s
s 3
0 log
s 5
s 5 1
log log m log
s 3 m
sinh3t
3] Find L
t
we have
f t
L f s ds --- (1)
t s
3 a
Here f t sin h3t f s 2 L sinh at
s 9 s a2
2
equation (1) becomes
sinh 3t 3
L 2 ds
t ss 9
1
3 s 3 s 3 ds
s
Unit - I 19
1 16
3 6 ds | By partial fraction method|
s
s 3 s 3
1 1 1
2 s 3 s 3 ds
s
1
log s 3 log s 3 s
2
1 s 3
log
2 s 3 s
3
1 1 s
log
2 1 3
s s
3
1 1 1
s
log1 log lim 0
2 3 s s
1
s
1 s 3
0 log
2 s 3
1 s 3
log
2 s 3
1 s 3
log
2 s 3
sin 43t 1 s3
L log
t 2 s 3
1 e 3t
4] Find L t
we have division by t
f t
L f s ds --- (1)
t s
1 1 1
Here f t 1 e 3t f s
s s3
L e at sa
20 TechnoScan - Applied Mathematics
equation (1) becomes
1 e 3t 1 1
L ds
t s s s 3
log s log s 3 s
s
log
s 3 s
1
log
1 3
s s
1 1
log 1 log lim 0
3 s s
1
s
1
0 log
s 3
s
s s3
log log
s 3 s
1 e 3t s3
L log
t 3
1.5.6 Property 6 : Laplace Transform of Derivatives [RTMNU S-06]
Statement : If L f t f s then
L f t s f s f 0
L f t s 2 f s s f 0 f 0
generally L f n t sn f s s n 1f 0 s n 2 f 0 ..... f n 1 0
where (n) denotes nth derivative.
st
Solution : Given that L f t e f t dt f s
0
Unit - I 21
L f t e st f t dt
0
By integration by parts
e st f t s e
st
f t dt
0
0
0 f 0 s e st f t dt e 0
0
f 0 s e st f t dt
0
f 0 s f s By defination of L. T.
s f s f 0
L f t s f s f 0
Also L f t e st f t dt defination of L. T.
0
e st f t s e
st
f t dt
0
0
0 e 0 f 0 s e st f t dt
0
f 0 s s f s f 0 by first result
f 0 s2 f s s f 0
L f t s2 f s s f 0 f 0
In general
L f n t s n f s s n 1f 0 s n 2 f 0 s n 3f 0 ...... f n 1 0
22 TechnoScan - Applied Mathematics
1.5.7 Property 7 : Laplace Tranform of Integral [RTMNU S-11]
Statement : If L f t f s then
t
f s
L f u du
0 s
Solution : To prove
t f s
L f u du
0 s
t
Denote t = f u du --- (1)
0
then t f t --- (2)
Take t = 0 in equation (1) we get
0 0 --- (3)
Now, apply L. T. on both side of equation (2), we get
L t L f t
s s 0 f s | By property L.T. of derivative
s s 0 f s | equation 3|
s s f s
f s
s
s
f s
L t f s L f t
s
t f s
L f u du equation 1
0 s
Ex.1. Find Laplace Transform of
t
i) L sinu du
0
t
- u
ii) L e sin2u du [RTMNU W-10]
0
Unit - I 23
t
iii) L x.coshx dx [RTMNU W-11]
0
t
Solution : i) To find L sin u du
0
By using L.T. of integral, we have
t f s
L f u du --- (1)
0 s
1
Here f u sin u f s
s2 1
equation (1) becomes
t
1 1
L sin u du . 2
0 s s 1
t
(ii) To find L e u sin 2u du
0
(Hint these example based on L.T. of integral and first shifting
property)
By using laplace transform, we have
t f s
L f u du --- (1)
0 s
2
Here f u e u sin 2u f s
s 12 22
| By first shifting property|
equation (1) becomes
t 1 2
L e u sin 2u du .
0 s s 12 4
t
(iii) To find x cosh x dx
L
0
(Hint : These example based on L.T of integral and multiplication
by x)
Solution : By using L.T. of integral, we have
t f s
L f x dx --- (1)
0 s
24 TechnoScan - Applied Mathematics
Here f(x) = x.coshx
To find f s
If f x x cosh x
then by multiplication by x property, we have
1 d
L x g x 1 g s --- (2)
ds
s
Here g x cosh x g s
s2 1
then equation (2) becomes
d s
L x cosh x 1 2
ds s 1
s2 1 1 s 2s
1
2
s2 1
2
s 1 2s2
1 2
2
s 1
2
s 1
L x cosh x 2
f s
--- (3)
s 2
1
Putting equation (3) in (1) we get
t 1 s 2 1
L x cosh x .
s s2 1
2 f x x cosh x
0
1.5.8 Useful Example Based on Properties of Laplace Transform
Note : Three step to solve following example
• Firstly identify the given example depend on which property
• Secondly identity f(t) find f s by using L {f(t) = f s }
• Substituting the value of f(t) and f s in the corresponding property
Unit - I 25
1
1 -s
-t
Ex.1. Evaluate L e f t if L f t = s
e
1
1 -s
Solution : Given that L f t = e f s --- (1)
s
Find L {e- t f(t)}
we have
L e- at f t f s a --- (2)
1
Here 1 s
a 1 and f s e given
s
1
1 - +a
f s + a = e s
s+a
1
-
1
f s + a = e s +1
s +1
equation (2) becomes
1
1
L e -t
f t
s 1
e s 1
s2 - s + 1
Ex.2. If L f t = Find L { f (2t) }
2s + 12 s - 1
s2 - s + 1
Solution : Given that L f t = f s --- (1)
2s + 12 s - 1
Find L{f(2t)}
By change of scale property
1 s
L f at f --- (2)
a a
Here f at f 2t a 2 and
s2 s 1
f s (given)
2s 12 s 1
2
s s
1
s a a
f 2
a s s
2 1 1
a a
26 TechnoScan - Applied Mathematics
2
s s
s 1 s 2 2s 4
2 2
f 2
a s
s 12 1 2 s 1 s 2
2
equation (2) becomes
1 s 2 2s 4
L f 2t 2
2 2 s 1 s 2
s2 2s 4
L f 2t 2
4 s 1 s 2
Ex.3. Evaluate L e- 2t sin4t
Solution : By using shifting property
L e at f t f s a --- (1)
4
Here a 2 and f t sin 4t f s 2
s 16
4
f s a
s a 2 16
4
f s a
s 22 16 | a = 2
equation (1) becomes
4
L e 2t sin 4t s 22 16
Ex.4. Evaluate L e3t t7 2
Solution : By using shifting property
L eat f t f s a --- (1)
7 2! n!
Here a 3 and f t t7 2 f s
s9 2
L tn
s n 1
7 !
f s a 2
9
s a 2
Unit - I 27
7 !
2
9
s 3 2
equation (1) becomes
7 !
L e3t t
7
2
2
s 3
9
2
n! n 1 !
L e3t t
7
2
105
16 s 3
9
2
Ex.5. Show that
2as
1] L t sinat = 2
s 2
+ a2
s 2 - a2
2] L t cosat = 2
s 2
+ a2
1] Find L {t sin at}
By using multiplication by t property, we have
1 d
L t f t 1 f s --- (1)
ds
a
Here f t = sinat f s =
s + a2
2
d 1
L t sin at a
ds s a 2
2
2 2 d d
2
s a ds 1 1 ds s a
2
a 2
s2 a 2
0 2s 2as
a
2 2
2
s a
2
s a2
2
2) Find L { t cosat }
By using multiplication by t property, we have
d
L t f t 1 f s --- (1)
ds
28 TechnoScan - Applied Mathematics
s
Here f t cos at f s
s a2
2
d s
L t cos at 1
ds s a 2
2
s2 a 2 1 s 2s
1
2
s2 a 2
2
s a 2 2s2
1 2
2
s a
2
s2 a 2
L t cos at 2
s 2
a2
sin3t
Ex.6. Find L
t
Solution : By division by t property, we have
f t
L f s ds --- (1)
t s
L f t f s
3
Here f t sin 3t f s 2 3
s 9 L sin 3t
s2 9
equation (1) becomes
sin 3t 3
L ds
t s s2 9
1
3 2 2
ds
s s 3
1 s 1 1 x
3 tan 1 x 2 a2 dx a tan
1
3 3 s a
s
tan 1
3 s
s
tan 1 tan 1
3
Unit - I 29
s
tan1
2 3
s
cot1
3
Thus
sin 3t 1 s
L cot
t 3
t
sint
Ex.7. Find Laplace Transform of dt
0
t
(Note : These example based on L.T. of integration and division
by t property)
t sin t
Solution : Find L
0 t
By defination of L.T. of integral, we have
t f s
L f t dt --- (1)
0 s
sint
Here f t --- (2)
t
sin t
To find L
t
g t
we have L g s ds --- (2)
t s
1
Here g t sin t g s
s2 1
equation (2) becomes
sin t 1
L 2 ds
t s s 1
s
tan1
1 s
tan 1 tan 1 s
tan 1 s
2
30 TechnoScan - Applied Mathematics
sin t 1
L cot s f s --- (3)
t
Put the value from equation (2) and (3) in equation (1), we get
t sin t cot 1 s
L dt
0 t s
t
1 - e- x
Ex.8. Find the laplace transform of dx [RTMNU S-05]
0 x
t 1 - e- x
Solution : Find L dx
0 x
we have
t f s
L f x dx | By L. T of integral| --- (1)
0 s
1 e x
Here f x
x
1 - e- x
To find L
x
1 e x
As f x
x
g x
we have L g s ds --- (2)
x s
1 1
Here g x 1 e x g s
s sa
equation (2) becomes
1 e x 1 1
L ds
x s s s a
log s log s a
s
s
log
s a s
1
log
1 a
s s
Unit - I 31
1
log 1 log
1 a
s
s
0 log
s a
1 e x s a
L log f s
x s
1 - e- x s+a
As f x = f s = log
x s
equation (1) becomes
s a
t x log
1 e s
L dx
0 x s
t sint
Ex.9. Find L e- t dt
0 t
Solution : (Note : These example based on L.T. of integral and First
shifting property and division by t property)
we know that L. T. of integral
t
f s
L f t dt --- (1)
0 s
sin t
Here f t e t
t
sin t
To find L e t
t
we have first shifting property
L e at g t g s a --- (2)
sin t
Here a 1 , g t
t
sin t
To find L g t L
t
we have
32 TechnoScan - Applied Mathematics
h t
L h s ds --- (3)
t s
1
Here h t sin t h s
s2 1
equation (3) becomes
sin t 1
L 2
ds
t s s 1
tan1 s
s
tan1 tan1 s
tan 1 s
2
sin t 1
L cot s g s
t
As g s cot1 s g s a cot1 s a
equation (2) becomes
sin t
L e t 1
cot s a f s
t
sin t
If f t et f s cot 1 s a
t
equation (1) becomes
t 1
sin t cot s a
L e t dt
0 t s
Ex.10. Find Laplace Transform of
i) d sin t
L
dt t
d sinh t
ii) L [RTMNU S-11]
dt t
Solution : (Hint : These problem is based on Laplace transform of
derivative and division by t property)
d sin t
(i) To find L
dt t
we have L f t s f s f 0
Unit - I 33
d
i.e L f t s f s f 0 --- (1)
dt
sint
Here f t f s cot1 s
t
and f 0 lim f t (Formula)
t0
sin t
f 0 lim 1 f 0 1
t
t0
equation (1) becomes by putting all above values, we get
d sin t 1
L s. cot s 1
dt t
d sinh t
(ii) To find L
dt t
d
we have L f t s f s f 0 --- (1)
dt
sinh t
Here f t
t
To find f s
g t
As L g s ds
t s
1
Here g t sinh t g s 2
s 1
g t 1
1
L 2 ds ds equation (2) becomes
s
t s s 1 s 1 s 1
1 1 1
2
ds | By partial fraction method|
s s 1 s 1
1
log s 1 log s 1 s
2
1
log
s 1
2 s 1 s
1
1 1 s
log
2 1 1
s s
34 TechnoScan - Applied Mathematics
1
1 1 s
log 1 log
2 1 1
s
1 s 1 1 log s 1
0 log
2 s 1 2 s 1
sinh t 1 s 1 f s
L log --- (3)
t 2 s 1
sinht
and f 0 xlim 1 --- (4)
0 t
Putting equation (3), (4) in equation (1), we get
d sinh t s s 1
L log 1
dt t 2 s 1
Ex.11. Find Laplace Transform of function whose graph is given below
Solution : According to graph
0 t 1, f t t t 0 t 1
1 t 2, f t 1 i.e f t 1 1 t 2
and 2 t , f t 0 0 otherwised
By defination of L.T. we have
1 2
L f t e st f t dt e st f t dt e st f t dt e st f t dt
0 0 1 2
1 2
e st t dt e st 1 dt e st 0 dt
0 1 2
1 2
t e st dt e st dt 0
0 1
Unit - I 35
1 2
e st e st e st
t. 1 dt
s s 0 s 1
1
e st 1 e 2s e s
t 2 e st
s s 0 s s
e s 1 s 1 e
s
e 2s
2 e 0 2 e0
s s s s s
e s e s 1 e s e 2s
2 2
s s s s s
1 e s s e 2s
L f t
s2
1 - cost
Ex.12. Find L [RTMNU W-10]
t2
Solution : By division by t property, we have
f t
L f s ds --- (1)
t s
1 s
Here f t 1 cos t f s
s s2 1
Equation (1) becomes
1 cos t 1 s
L 2 ds
t s s s 1
log s log s 2 1
s
s
I s2 1 ds
put s 2 1 t
2s ds dt
dt
s ds 2
dt
2 1 log t 1 log s 2 1
I t 2 2
log s 2 1
36 TechnoScan - Applied Mathematics
s
log
s 2 1 s
1
log
1
1 2
s s
1
log 1 log
1
1 2
s s
1
0 log
1
1 2
s
1 cos t s2 1
L log
t s
1 cos t s2 1
L log --- (2)
t s2
Now to find
1 cos t
1 cos t t
L 2 L
t t
Again by division by t, we have
f t
L f s ds --- (3)
t s
Here 1 cos t s2 1 | equation 2|
f t f s log
t s2
equation (3) becomes
1 cos t s2 1
L 2 log ds
t s s2
1
1 cos t s2 1 2
L log
s2 ds
t2 s
Unit - I 37
1 s2 1
log 2 ds
2 s s
1 s2 1 s2
log 2 ds log 2 .1 ds
2 s s 1 2s s 1
1 s2
log 2
s2
.s 2 .
s2 1 . 2s s2 2s
.s ds
2 2
s 1 s 1 s 2
1
s
1 s2 1
s. log 2 2 2 ds
2 s 1 s 1 s
1 s2 1
s. log 2 2 tan s
2 s 1 s
1 s2 1
0 2. s. log 2 2 tan s
2 2 s 1
1 cos t s s2 1
L 2 . log 2 tan s
t 2 2 s 1
Check Your Progress
1) Find L.T. of following
4s
i) t.sin2t Ans : 2
s 2
4
(Hint multiplication by t property)
2s3 6s
ii) t2.cost Ans : 3
s 2
1
8 2s 2 12s
iii) t.{3sin2t - 2cos2t} Ans :
2
s 2
4
2) Find L.T. of following
3.s
i) e 2t sin2t cos 2t Ans :
2 s s2 1
4
(Hint : sin2t = 2 sintcost and use first shifting property)
1 5s
ii) e-t(3 sin h2t - 5cosh2t) Ans : 2
s 2s 3
38 TechnoScan - Applied Mathematics
s4
iii) e- 4t cosh2t Ans : 2
s 8s 12
3) Find L.T of following (Use multiplication by t)
3 1 1
i) t sin3t Ans : 2 2
4 s 1 s a
ii) t e -4t sin23t Ans :
1 1
s 42 36
2
2 s 4 2 2
s 4 36
4) Using L.T (Use L.T of integral)
t
2
i) L x 2 e x dx Ans : 3
0 s s 1
t u
1 e 1 1
ii) L du Ans : log 1
0 u s s
2t t s 2 4s 5
iii) e
L u cos 3u du Ans : 2
0 s 2 s2 4s 13
1.5.9 Evaluate Integration by Using Laplace Tranform Method
sin 2t t sin 2t
1) Find L and hence evaluate e dt [RTMNU S-09]
t 0
t
2) Evaluate t2 e4t sin 2t dt
0
cos 6t cos 4t
3) Evaluate dt
0
t
Solution :
sin 2t
1) Find L
t
we have, division by t property
f t
L f s ds --- (1)
t s
2
Here f t sin 2t f s 2
s 4
equation (1) becomes
sin 2t 2
L 2 ds
t ss 4
Unit - I 39
1
2 22
ds
ss 2
1 s
2 tan1
2 2 s
s
tan1
2 s
sin 2t 1 1 s
L tan tan
t 2
s
tan1
2 2
sin 2t 1 s
L cot --- (1)
t 2
-t sin2t
Second part : To evaluate e . dt
0
t
we have by definition of L.T,
st
e f t dt L f t where s s
0
sin 2t sin 2t sin 2t
e
t
dt L where s 1 f t --- (2)
t t t
0
t sin 2t s
e dt cot 1 | equation (1)|
0
t 2
But s = 1
t sin 2t 1
e dt cot 1
0
t 2
cos6t - cos4t
2] Evaluate dt
0
t
Solution : we have defination of Laplace Transform
st
e f t dt L f t where s = s
0
40 TechnoScan - Applied Mathematics
cos 6t cos 4t cos 6t cos 4t cos 6t cos 4t
dt e0t dt L
0
t 0 t t
where s0
cos 6t cos 4t cos 6t cos 4t
ie dt L --- (2)
0 t t
cos6t - cos4t
To find L
t
By division by t property, we have
f t
L f s ds --- (3)
t s
s s
Here f t cos 6t cos 4t f s 2
2
s 36 s 16
equation (3) becomes
cos 6t cos 4t s s
L 2 2
t s s 36 s 16
1
2
log s 2 36 log s 2 16
s
1 s2 36
log 2
2 s 16 s
36
1 1 s2
log
2 1 16
s2 s
36
1 1 s2
log 1 log
2 1 16
s2
36
1 1 s2
0 log
2 1 16
s2
Unit - I 41
1 s2 36
log 2
2 s 16
cos 6t cos 4t 1 s 2 16
L log 2
t 2 s 36
But s0
cos 6t cos 4t 1 16 16
L log log
t 2 36 36
cos 6t cos 4t 4
L log
t 6
2
3] Evaluate t . e- 4t . sin2t dt
0
Solution : we have by definition of Laplace Transform
st
e f t dt L f t where s = s
0
e
4t
t2 sin t dt L t2 sin 2t where s4 --- (1)
0
To find L{t2 sin2t}
By multiplication by t, we have
2 d2
L t2 f t 1
ds2
f s --- (2)
2
Here f t sin 2t f s
s2 4
equation (2) becomes
d2 2
L t2 sin 2t
ds 2 s2 4
d d 1
2 2
ds ds s 4
2 d d
d s 4
ds
1
ds
s2 4
2
L t sin 2t 2
ds
2
s2 4
42 TechnoScan - Applied Mathematics
d 0 2s
L t2 sin 2t 2 ds s2 4 2
d s
4 2
ds s 4
2
2 2 d
2
s 4 .1 s ds s 4
2
4 4
s2 4
s2 4 2
s. 2 s 2 4 . 2s
4 4
s2 4
s2 4 2 4s2 s2 4
4
4
s2 4
s2 4 4s 2
4
3
2
s 4
4 3 s2
4 3
2
s 4
12s 2 16
L t 2 sin 2t 3
--- (3)
s 2
4
From equation (1) and (3) we get
4t 12s2 16 3 s2 4
e t sin t dt 3
4 3
0 s 2
4 2
s 4
But s 4
4t 2 44 11
e t sin t dt 4
8000 500
0
Unit - I 43
Check Your Progress
Evaluate by Laplace Transform Method
2t 42
1] e t3 cos t dt Ans :
0
625
4t 17
2] e t cos 4t dt Ans :
225
0
3
3] t e t sin t dt Ans : 0
0
e3t e6t
4] Prove that dt log 2
0
t
5) Using L.T. evaluate
2t sinh t 1
i) e .
t
dt Ans :
2
log 3
0
t sin2 t 1
ii) e . dt Ans : log 5
0
t 4
3t 1 cosh2t dt log
5
iii) e . Ans :
0
t 3
1.6 Inverse Laplace Transform
If L f t f s where L denote Laplace Transform operator then
f t L1 f s
The function f(t) is called as Inverse Laplace Transform of function of
f s . where L-1 denote Inverse Laplace Transform operator.
44 TechnoScan - Applied Mathematics
For Example
Sr. No. L f t = f s L-1 f s = f t
1. 1 1
L 1 L 1 1
s s
2. a a
L sin at L 1 2 sin at
s a2 2 2
s a
3. s s
L cos at L-1 2 cos at
s 2 a2 2
s a
4. 1 -1 1
L e at sa
L e
at
s a
5. 1 1
L eat
s a
L 1 e
at
s a
6. n! n
s
L t
n
n 1
1 t
L 1 n 1
s n!
7. a 1 sinhat
L sinhat L 1 2
2
2 2
s a a
s a
8. s s
L cosh at L 1 2 cosh at
2
s a 2 2
s a
Ex. 1. Find the inverse laplace transform of following
3 1 1
(i) f s = - +
s s+5 s-3
5 7 3
(ii) f s = - + .
s + 3 s3 s2 + 4
Solution : i] By definition of inverse laplace transform
L-1 f s f t
3 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1
L1 L L L
s s 5 s 3 s
s 5 s 3
|Linearity property|
1 1 1 1
3L1 L1 L
s
s 5 s 3
3.1 e5t e3t
Unit - I 45
1
L 1
s
1
L eat
sa
= 3 - e- 5t + e3t = f(t)
(ii) Given that
5 7 3
f s
s 3 s3 s2 4
Applying inverse laplace transform
5 1 7 1
3
L1 f s L1 L 3 L 2
s 3 s s 4
1 7 1 2! 3 1 2
f t 51L L 3 L 2 2
s 3 2 s 2 s 2
7 2 3 n!
5 e 3t
2
t sin2t
2
L tn
s n 1
n!
L1 n 1 t n
s
1.6.1 Method of finding Inverse Laplace Transform
Following method are used to find Inverse Laplace Transform
1] Find inverse by using property
2] Partial fraction method
3] Convolution theorem
1] Using Properties to find Inverse Laplace transform
S + 1
Ex.1. Find the inverse laplace transform of log [RTMNU S-09]
S -1
-1 S 1
Solution : To find L log
S 1
we have multiplication by t property
d
L t f t 1 f s --- (1)
ds
s 1
given that f s log
s 1
46 TechnoScan - Applied Mathematics
f s log S 1 log S 1
Differentiating w. r. to s, we get
d 1 1
f s --- (2)
ds S 1 S 1
From equation (1) and (2), we get
1 1
L t f t 1
s 1 s 1
1 1
L t f t
s 1 s 1
L f t f s
1 1
t f t L1
s 1 s 1
f t L1 f s
1 1 1
t f t L1 L
s 1 s 1
t f t et e t
et e t
f t
t
s 1 e t e t
L1 log
s 1 t
1
Ex.2. Find L- 1 log 1 + 2 . [RTMNU W-13]
s
Solution : we have by defination of inverse Laplace Transform.
L1 f s f t --- (1)
1
Here f s log 1 2
s
s2 1
i.e. f s log 2 --- (2)
s
To find f(t)
By using multiplication by t property
d
L t f t 1 f s --- (3)
ds
Unit - I 47
d s2 1
L t f t 1 log 2
ds s
d
L t f t 1 log s 2 1 log s 2
ds
2s 2s
1 2 2
s 1 s
1 s
L t f t 2. 2. 2
s s 1
1 L f t f s
S
t f t 2 L1 2
S S 1
f t L1 f s
t f(t) = 2 [1 - cos t]
2 2 cos t
f t --- (4)
t
Usi ng e quation (2) and (4) in e quation (1), we get
1 2 2 cos t
L1 log 1 2
s t
1 s 2 + b2
Ex.3. Find f(t), if f s = log 2 2
. [RTMNU S-10]
2 s +a
Solution : We have by defination of inverse Laplace Transform,
L1 f s f t --- (1)
1 s 2 b2
Here f s log 2 2
--- (2)
2 s a
Using multiplication by t property
d
L t.f t 1 f s --- (3)
ds
d 1 s2 b2
L t.f t 1 log 2 2
ds 2 s a
1 d
log s 2 b2 log s 2 a 2
2 ds
m
log log m log n
n
48 TechnoScan - Applied Mathematics
1 2s 2s
2
2
2 s b 2
s a 2
s s
L t f t 2 2
2
s a s b2
s s As L f t f s
t f t L1 2 2
L1 s 2 b2
s a
f t L1 f s
t f(t) = cos at - cos bt
cos at cos bt
f t --- (4)
t
Put the value of equation (2) and (4) in equation (1),
1 s 2 a 2 cos at cos bt
L1 log 2 2
2 s b t
Ex.4. A] Find L-1 {cot-1 (1 + s) }
2
B] Find L-1 tan-1 2
S
s b
C] Find L-1 cot-1 + tan-1 [RTMNU S-06]
a
s
Solution : A] We have by defination of inverse Laplace Transform
L-1 f s f t --- (1)
Here f s cot 1 1 S --- (2)
To find f(t)
Using multiplication by t property,
d
L t f t 1 f s --- (3)
ds
d
L t f t 1 cot 1 1 s
ds
1 d 1
L t f t 1 cot 1 s
1 s 1
2
ds 1 s2
1
L t f t
1 s2 1
Unit - I 49
1
L t f t 2
s 2s 1 1
1
L t f t
s 12 1
1
t f t L1 2 2
s 1 1
1
t f t e t sin t L e t sin t
s 12 12
sin t
f t e t --- (4)
t
Using equation (2) and (4) in equation (1), we get
sin t
L1 cot1 1 s e t
t
2
B] Find L-1 tan -1 2
s
Solution : We have by defination of inverse Laplace Transform
L-1 f s f t --- (1)
2
Here f s tan1 2 --- (2)
s
To find f(t)
Using multiplication by t property,
d
L t f t 1 f s --- (3)
ds
d 2
L t f t 1 tan1 2
ds s
1 d 2
1 2
2
2 ds s
1 2
s
1
4
1 3
4
1 4 s
s
1 4
. 3
s4 4 s
s4
50 TechnoScan - Applied Mathematics
4s
4
s 4
4s
2 2
s 2
2
4s
2
2 2 a 2 b2 a b 2ab
s 2 2s
2
4s
a 2 b2 a b a b
s 2
2 2s s2 2 2s
4s
s 12 1 s 12 1
1 1
L t f t
s 1 1 2 2
s 12 1 | By partial fraction method
1 1
t f t L1 2 2
L1 2
s 1 1 s 1 1
t f t e t sin t et sin t
f t
e t
et
sin t --- (4)
t
Putting the values of equation (2) and (4) in (1), we get
1 1 2
L tan 2
e t e t sin t
s t
sin t
et e t
t
e t e t sin t
2
2 t
2
L1 tan1 2 2 sinht sin t
s
s b
C] Find L-1 cot-1 + tan -1 [RTMNU W-13]
a s
Solution : By defination of inverse Laplace Transform
L1 f s f t --- (1)
Unit - I 51
s
Here f s cot 1 tan1
b --- (2)
s
a
To find f(t)
Using multiplication by t property, we have
d
L t f t 1 f s --- (3)
ds
d 1 s 1 b
L t f t 1 cot a tan s
ds
1 d s 1 d b
2 2
s ds a b ds s
1 1
a s
1a b s2
2 2
2
s a s b2
a2 s 2
a b
L t f t
s 2 a 2 s 2 b2
a b
t f t L1 2 2
L1 2 2
s a s b
t f(t) = sin at + sinbt
sin at sin bt
f t --- (4)
t
Putting values of equation (2) and (4) in equation (1), we get
s b sin at cos bt
L1 cot 1 tan 1
a s t
s
Ex.5. Find L-1 2 2
ds
s s - a
f t
Solution : We have L f s ds
t s
Here
f t s
L1 2 2
ds --- (1)
t s s a
52 TechnoScan - Applied Mathematics
s
Here f s f t cosh at
s2 a 2
equation (1) becomes
cosh at s
L1 2 2
ds
t s s a
s cos hat
L 1 ds
2
s s a
2
t
Check Your Progress
s 2 sin3t
1) Find L1 cot 1 Ans : e2t
3 t
1
s2 a
2) Find L s log 2
s 4
2
Ans : cos 3t 3t sin 3t cos 2t 2t sin 2t
t2
sin t
3) Find L1 tan1 s Ans :
t
sin t
4) Find L1 tan1 s 1 Ans : e t
t
1.6.2 Using Partial Equation Method to find inverse Laplace Transform
P s
Consider rational function , where P(s) and Q(s) are polynomial in
Q s
s. when the degree of P(s) in the numerator is smaller than the denominator
P s
of polynomial Q(s), then the rational function is called Proper Fraction
Q s
P s
then the rational function can be written as the sum of simpler
Q s
rational function is called Partial Fraction.
Cases of Partial Fractions
A] when denominator contain Non-Repeated Linear Factor
(s - a), (s - b).... etc are linear factor.
Examples
Unit - I 53
(i) f s A B
s a s b s a
sb
Non repeated linear factor
B] when denominator contain repeated linear factor
f s A B C
2
s a s b s a s b s b 2
C] when denominator contains quadratic factor
f s A Bs c
s a ps 2
qs r 2
s a ps qs r
Ex. Find inverse Laplace Transform of
3s 1
1]
s 1 s2 1
5s 3
2)
s 1 s2 2s 5
s
3)
s 2
2s 2 s2 2s 2
s
4) [RTMNU W-12]
s 4a 4
4
3s + 1
-1
1) Find L
s - 1 s + 1
2
Solution : we can write
3s +1 A Bs c
2 | By partial fraction method --- (1)
s - 1 s 1 s 1 s 1
2
We have to find the values of A, B, C
3s 1 A s 2 1 s 1 Bs c
s 1 s2 1 s 1 s 2 1
| Taking L.C.M on R.H.S|
3s 1 As 2 A Bs 2 Cs Bs C
s 1 s2 1 s 1 s2 1
54 TechnoScan - Applied Mathematics
3s 1
A B s2 C B s A C
s 1 s2 1 s 1 s2 1
i.e. 3s + 1 = (A + B) s2 + (C - B) s + A - C
On equating coefficients of like power of S, we get
A+B=0 --- (2)
C-B=3 --- (3)
A-C=1 --- (4)
Solving equation (2), (3) and (4), we get
A = 2, B = - 2, C = 1
equation (1) becomes
3s 1 2 2s 1
2
s 1 s 1
2
s 1 s 1
3s 1 1 s 1
2. 2 2 2
s 1 s 1
2
s 1 s 1 s 1
Taking inverse Laplace Transform of both sides, we get
1
3s 1 1 s 1
L1 2 L1 2L 2 2
L1 2
s 1 s 1
2
s 1 s 1 s 1
3s 1
L1 2 e t 2 cos t sin t
s 1 s 2
1
5s + 3
-1
2] Find L
s - 1 s + 2s + 5
2
Solution : We can write
5s 3 A Bs C
2
s 1 s 2s 5 s 1 s 2s 5
2 --- (1)
To find the value A, B, C
5s 3 A s 2 2s 5 s 1 Bs C
s 1 s2 2s 5 s 1 s 2 2s 5
| Taking L.C.M. on R.H.S|
5s 3 As 2 2As 5A Bs 2 Cs Bs C
s 1 s 2s 5
2
s 1 s2 2s 5
5s + 3 = (A + B) s2 + (2A + C - B) s + 5A - C
Unit - I 55
Equating coefficient of like power of s, we get
A+B=0 --- (2)
2A + C - B = 5 --- (3)
5A - C = 3 --- (4)
Solving above equation, we get
A = 1, B = - 1, C = 2
Putting above values in equation (1), we get
5s 3 1 s 2
2
s 1 s 2
2s 5 s 1 s 2s 5
1
s 2
s 1 s 2 2s 5
1 s 2
2 2
s 1 s 2s 5 s 2s 5
1 s 2
s 1 s 1 4 s 12 4
2
1 s 2
s 1 s 1 4 s 12 22
2
1 s 1 1 2
s 1 s 12 4 s 12 22
1 s 1 1 2
2
s 1 s 1 2 2
s 1 2 s 12 22
2 2
5s 3 1 s 1 3
s 1 s 2s 5 s 1 s 1 2 s 12 22
2 2 2
Taking inverse Laplace Transform on b.s, we get
5s 3 1 s 1 1
L1 L1 1
L 3 L1
s 1 s 2s 5
2 2 2 2 2
s 1 s 1 2 s 1 2
5s 3 3
L1 e t e t cos 2t e t sin 2t
s 1 s 2s 5
2
2
s
3] Find L-1 2
s - 2s + 2 s + 2s + 2
2
Solution : we can write by using partial fraction method
56 TechnoScan - Applied Mathematics
s As B Cs D
2 --- (1)
s 2
2s 2 s 2s 2
2 2
s 2s 2 s 2s 2
To find A, B, C, D
s As B s2 2s 2 Cs D s 2 2s 2
s 2
2s 2 s 2 2s 2 s 2
2s 2 s 2 2s 2
| Taking L.C.M. on R.H.S|
3 2
S = (A + c) s + (2A + B - 2c + D) s + (2A + 2B + 2C - 2D)s + (2B + 2D)
on equating coefficient of like power of s, we get
A+c=0 --- (2)
2A - B - 2C + D = 0 --- (3)
2A + 2B + 2C - 2D = 0 --- (4)
2B + 2D = 0 --- (5)
Solving above equations, we get
1 1
A 0, B , C 0, D
4 4
equation (1) becomes
s 1 1 1 1
s 2
2s 2 s 2s 2
2 2 2
4 s 2s 2 4 s 2s 2
s 1 1 1 1
s 2
2s 2 s 2
2s 2
4 s 1
2
1
2
4 s 1
2
1
2
Taking inverse laplace transform on both sides, we get
s 1 1 1 1 1
L1 2 L1 2
L 2
s 2s 2 s 2s 2 4
2 2 2
s 1 1 4 s 1 1
s 1 1
L1 2 e t sin t e t sin t
s 2s 2 s 2s 2
2
4 4
s
4] Find L-1 4 4
s + 4 a
Solution : we can write above term by using partial fraction method
s s
s 4 4 a 4 s 2 2 2a 2 2
s s
2
s 4 4 a 4 s 2 2a 2 2 2. s 2. 2a 2 a 2 b2 a b 2ab
Unit - I 57
s s
4 4
2
s 4a s 2a 2 as 2
2 2
s s
2
s 2as 2a s2 2as 2a 2 a b a b a b
2 2
4 4 2
s 4a
s 1 1 1
s 4 4a 4 4a s 2 2as 2a 2 s 2 2as 2a 2
| By partial fraction method|
s 1 1 1 1
2
4
s 4a 4
4a s a a 2
4a s a 2 a 2
Taking inverse Laplace Transform we get
s 1 1 1 1 1 1
L1 4 4
L 2 2
L 2 2
s 4a 4a s a a 4a s a a
1 1 a 1 a
L L1
s a a
2 2 2 2 2 2
4a s a a 4a
1 1 at
eat sinat e sinat
4a 2 4a 2
1
sin at e at e at
4a 2
1 e at e at
sin at
2a 2 2
s 1
L1 4 4
2
sin at sinh at
s 4a 2a
Check Your Progress
s 2 2s 3
1
1) Find L 2 (Hint : take s2 + 2s = P)
s 2s 2 s 2s 5
2
1 t
Ans : e sin t sin 2t
3
s
2) L1 4 2 (Hint : s4 + s2 + 1 = (s2 + s + 1) (s2 - s + 1)
s s 1
2 3 t
Ans : sin t sin 4
3 2 2
58 TechnoScan - Applied Mathematics
s2 6
L1 2 1
3)
s 1 s 4
2 Ans : 5 sin t sin 2t
3
21s 33 3 2 2t
4) L1 3 Ans : 2 e t 2e 2t 6t e 2t t e
s 1 s 2 2
2s 1 1
5) L1 2 2 Ans : t e t e 2t
s 2 s 1 3
1.6.3 Convolution theorem (Statement Only)
Statement :
If f(t) and g(t) be piecewise continuous function on [0, ] and be of
exponential order and
If L1 f s f t and L1 g s g t then
t
L-1 f s . g s = f u g t - u du = f t * g t
0
where * denote convolution operator
we have by defination of Laplace Transform
f s . g s e su f u du . e sv g v dv
0 0
s u v
e f u g v du dv
0 0
f u du es u v g v dv --- (1)
0 0
Unit - I 59
Take u + v = t where u is fixe
then v = t - u and limit of t : t = u and t =
Equation (1) becomes
f s g s f u du e st g t u dt
0 u
According to figure, the region of integration is 0 u < , v t <
By changing the order of integration,
we have the region of integration as 0 t < , 0 u < t
t
f s g s e st dt . f u g t u du
0 0
t
est f u g t u du dt
0 0
f s g s e st f t * g t dt L f t * g t
0
Remember
sin A B sin A B
1) sin A cos B
2
sin A B sin A B
2) cos A sin B
2
cos A B cos A B
3) cos A cos B
2
cos A B cos A B
4) sin A sin B
2
Example based on Convolution Theorem
Apply convolution theorem to evaluate
s
1) L1 [RTMNU S-13]
s 2 a 2 2
s2
2) L1 2 [RTMNU S-11]
s a s b
2 2 2
60 TechnoScan - Applied Mathematics
1
3) L1 [RTMNU W-08]
s 2 s 2
2
4) 8 [RTMNU S-06]
L1
s 2 13
1
5) L1 2
s 2 s 3
1
6) L1
s 1 s 1
2
s
1) Evaluate L-1
s 2 + a 2 2
s 1
i.e. L1 2 . 2
s a s a
2 2
by convolution theorem, we have
t
L1 f s . g s f u g t u du --- (1)
0
s
Here f s f t cos at f u cos au
s2 a 2
1 1 1
and g s 2 2
g t sin at g u sin a u
s a a a
1
g t u sin at au
a
Putting an above values in equation (1), we get
s 1 t
L1 2 2
. 2 2
cos at.sin a t u du
s a s a 0
t
1
cos at .sin at au du
0
a
t
1
cos at sin at au du
a 0
t
1 1
a 2 sin at sin 2au at du
0
Unit - I 61
1
sin A cos B sin A B sin A B
2
t t
1 1
sin at du sin 2 au at du
2a 0 2a 0
t t
1 1
sin at du sin 2 au at du
2a 0
2a 0
t
1 t 1 cos 2 au at
sin at u0
2a 2a 2a 0
1 1
sin at t 0 cos 2at at cos 0 at
2a 4a 2
1 1
t sin at cos at cos at cos x cos x
2a 4a 2
1
t sin at
2a
s t sin at
L1 2
s a
2 2 2a
s2
2] Evaluate L-1 2
s + a s + b
2 2 2
Solution : Consider
s2 s s
L1 2 L1 2 . 2
s a s b s a s b
2 2 2 2 2
By convolution theorem, we have
t
L1 f s . g s f u g t u du --- (1)
0
s
Here f s f t cos at f u cos au
s2 a 2
s
and g s g t cos bt g u cos bu
s 2 b2
g t u cos b t u
i.e. g t u cos bt bu
62 TechnoScan - Applied Mathematics
equation (1) becomes
t
s s
L1 2 2
. 2 2
cos au. cos bt bu du
s a s b 0
t
cos au bu bt co au bu bt
du
0
2
cos A B cos A B
cos A cos B
2
t
1
2 cos a b u bt cos a b u bt du
0
t t
1 1
cos a b u bt du cos a b u bt du
2 0 20
t t
1 sin a - b u + bt 1 sin a + b u - bt
= +
2 a - b 0 2 a + b 0
1 sin at sin bt 1 sin at sin bt
a b a b 2 a b a b
2
1 sin at sin bt 1 sin at sin bt
2 ab 2 a b sin x sin x
1 a sin at b sin bt a sin at bsin bt
2 a b a b
1 2 a sin at bsin bt a sin at bsin bt
2 a b a b
1 2a sin at 2b sin bt
2
a 2 b2
s2 a sin at b sin bt
L1 2
s a s b a 2 b2
2 2 2
1
3] Evaluate L-1 2
s - 2 s + 2
1 1 1
Solution : As L1 2
L1 . 2
s 2 s 2 s 2 s 2
Unit - I 63
By convolution theorem, we have
t
L1 f s . g s f u g t u du --- (1)
0
1
Here f s f t e 2t f u e 2u
s 2
1 2 t u
and g s 2
g t t e 2t g t u t u e
s 2
1
L t e 2t
s 2 2
Putting all above values in equation (1), we get
1 1 t 2u
L1 . 2
e t u e 2t 2u du
s 2 s 2 0
t
e 2t e 4u t u du
0
t
e 2t t u e
4u
du
0
t
2t e4u e4u
e t u 4 16
0
| By integration by parts|
e 4t t 1
e 2t
16 4 6
1 e 2t 4t
L1 2
e 4t 1
s 2 s 2 16
1 1 1
5] L-1 2
= L-1 2
.
s - 2 s - 3 s - 3 s - 2
Solution : We have by convolution theorem
t
L1 f s . g s f u g t . u du --- (1)
0
1
Here f s 2
f t e 3t .t f u e3u .u
s 3
64 TechnoScan - Applied Mathematics
1
g t e2t g t u e
2 tu
and g s
s 2
equation (1) becomes
1 1
t
e3u . u e du
2 tu
L1 2
.
s 3 s 2 0
1 t
L1 2
e2t u eu du
s 2 s 3 0
t
e 2t u e u eu du
0
t
e2t u eu eu
0
e 2t t e t e t 1
1
L1 2
t e 3t e 3t e 2t t 1 e 3t e2t
s 2 s 3
1
6] L-1
s + 1 s + 1
2
1 1
i.e. L1 2 .
s 1 s 1
we have by convolution theorem
t
L1 f s . g s f u g t u du --- (1)
0
1
Here f s f t sin t f u sin u
s2 1
1
g t e t g t u e
tu
and g s
s 1
Putting all above values in equation (1), we get
t
1 1
L1 2 . sin u e t u du
s 1 s 1 0
t
sin u e t e u du
0
Unit - I 65
t
1 1
L1 2 . e
t
sin u e u du --- (2)
s 1 s 1 0
Consider I sin u e u du --- (3)
0
t
t
I sin u e u cos u e u du | By integration by part|
0
0
t
t
sin t e t 0 cos u e u sin t e
u
du
0
0
t
I sint.et cos t et 1 sint. eu du
0
I sin t.et cos t e t
1 I equation 3
I sin t.e t cos t e t 1 I
I I sin t.e t cos t e t 1
2I sin t cos t .et 1
I
sin t cos t .et 1
2
t
u 1
sin u e du sin t cos t .e t 1 --- (4)
0
2
Putting equation (4) in equation (2), we get
1 e t
L1 sin t cos t .e t 1
s 1 s 1
2
2
1 1
L1 sin t cos t e t
s 1 s 1 2
2
Check Your Progress
Use convolution theorem to find.
1
1 sin t t cos t
1] L1 [RTMNU S-08] Ans :
2
s 2 1 2
1
2] L1 2
Ans : e3t (t - 1) + e2t
s 2 s 3
66 TechnoScan - Applied Mathematics
1
3] L1 2 2
Ans : te-t + 2e-t + t - 2.
s s 1
1 e t
4] L1 2 Ans : 10 e t 3 sin 2t 4 cos 2t
2 50
s 4 s 1
1 1
5] L1 Ans : e2t 4t 1 e 2t
2
s 2 s 1 16
1
s2 sin 2t 2t cos 2t
6] L1 Ans :
s 2 4 2 4
s2 1
7] L1 4 4
Ans : sin 4at sin at
2a
s a
1.7 Laplace Transform of Some useful Function
A) Unit step function or (Heaviside unit function)
B) Periodic function
1.7.1 A) Unit Step Function (or Heaviside Unit Function)
1) Defination : The unit step function or Heaviside function is defined
and denoted by
1 , t 0, i.e t 0,1, 2, ....
u t or H t
0 , t0
Laplace transform of unit step function
By defination of Laplace Transform,
L u t e st u t dt
0
e st 1 dt u t 1, t 0
0
Unit - I 67
e st e e0 1
0
s 0 s s s
1
L u t
s
2) Unit displaced function [u(t - a) or H(t - a)]
The unit displaced function is defined and denoted by
1, t a 0
u t a or H t a
0, t a 0
1, t a
i.e u t a or H t a
0, ta
Laplace Transform of unit displace function
By defination of Laplace Transform
L u t a e st u t a dt
0
a
L u t a e st u t a dt e st u t a dt
0 a
a
1, t a
e st 0 dt e st 1 dt ut a
0 a 0, t0
e st e sa 1 as
e st dt 0 .e
a sa s s
1 as
L u t a .e
s
68 TechnoScan - Applied Mathematics
3) when function f(t) is multiplied by u(t)
f t , t0
i.e f t . u t
0 t0
: f t u t L f t f s
1, t 0
ut
0, t 0
when function f(t) is multiplied by u(t - a)
f t t a
f t u t a
0 ta
Second shifting theorem
If L f t f s then L f t u t a e as . f s
5) When function f(t - a) is multiplied by u(t - a)
f t a , t a
then f t a ut a
0 ta
then L f t a u t a e as . L f t a
1.7.2 Express the given function f(t) in unit step function
Consider
f1 t , a1 < t < a2
f t = f2 t , a2 < t < a 3
f t , a3 < t < a 4
3
then the function f(t) can be express in unit step function is given
by
f t = f1 t u t - a1 - u t - a 2 + f 2 t u t - a 2 - u t - a 3
Unit - I 69
+ f3 t u t - a 3 - u t - a 4
Important Result
If L f(t) f(s)
1 L f(t).u(t) f (s)
2 L f(t a) . u(t a) e as f s
3 L f(t) . u(t a) e as L f t a
Find the Laplace Transform of
1) (t - 1)2 u(t - 1)
2) sin t u(t - )
3) e-3t u (t - 2)
4) H(t - 3) sin (t - 3)
5) e- 2t.costu(t - )
Solution : 1) Find L{(t - 1)2 u(t - 1)}
We have
L f t a . u t a e as f s --- (1)
2
Here f t a t 1 , a 1
2!
f t t2 f s
s3
Equation (1) becomes
2!
L t 1 2
u t 1 e s .
s3
2) Find L{sint.u(t - )}
Solution : we have
L f t u t a e as .L f t a --- (1)
Here f t sin t , u t a u t a
As f t sin t f t a sin t a
f t a sin t cos a sin a cos t
70 TechnoScan - Applied Mathematics
Putting all above values in equation (1), we get
L sint u t e sL sint.cos a sin a.cos t
e s L cos a.sint L sina.cos t
1 s
e s cos a. 2 sina. 2
s 1 s 1
cos a s sin a
L sin t u t e s 2 2
s 1 s 1
3) Find L{e-3t.u(t - 2)}
we have
L f t .u t a e as L f t a --- (1)
3 t a
Here f t e 3t f t a e
and u t 2 u t a a 2
equation (1) becomes
L e 3t u t 2 e 2s L e 3 t a
e 2s L e 3t L e 3a
1 1
L e 3t u t 2 e 2s
s 3
e 3a
s
4) Find L{sin(t - 3).H(t - 3)}
Solution : we have L f t a . H t a e as f s --- (1)
Here f t a sin t 3 , H t a h t 3 a 3
1
f t sin t f s
s 1 and
2
equation (1) becomes
1
L sin t 3 H t 3 e 3s . 2
s 1
5) Fi nd L{ e-2t.cost.u(t - ) }
we have L f t u t a e as .L f t a --- (1)
Unit - I 71
Here f t e 2t cos t and u t a u t a
2 t a
f t a e cos t a
f t a e 2a e 2t cos t a
f t a e 2 e 2t cos t a a
equation (1)
L e 2t cos t u t e s L e 2 e 2t cos t a
e s e 2 L e 2t cos t
e
s 2
L e 2t cos t
cos t cos t
e
s 2
L e 2t cos t
e
s 2 s 2
| First shifting property
s 2 2 1
2
Ex.2. Express f t = t , 0 < t < 2 in the term of unit step function
4t, t>2
and hence find its laplace transform. [RTMNU W-06]
Solution : Given,
t2 , 0 < t < 2
f t =
4t, t>2
The given function can be written in the term of unit step function
as follows
f t t 2 u t 0 u t 2 4t.u t 2
f t t 2 u t u t 2 4t.u t 2
f t t 2 u t t 2u t 2 4t.u t 2
Taking laplace transform on both side
L f t L t 2.u t L t 2.u t 2 4L t.u t 2
L t L t .u t 2 L t.u t 2
2 2
72 TechnoScan - Applied Mathematics
2 2
3
e 2s L t 2 e 2s L t 2
s
L f t u t a e as L f t a
2
s 3
e 2s L t2 4t 4 e 2s L t 2
2 2! 4 4 1 2
e 2s 3 2 e 2s 2
3 s s s s s
2 1 2 2 4 4
3
e 2s 2 3 2
s s s s s s
2 3 2 2
3
e 2s 2 3
s s s s
2 3 2 2
e 2s 2 3
s3 s s s
cost 0<t<
Ex.3. Express f t = cos2t < t < 2 in terms of unit step function
cos3t t > 2
and hence find its laplace transform. [RTMNU W-07,10]
cos t 0t
Solution : Given f t cos 2t t 2
cos 3t t 2
The given function can be written in the term of unit step function
as follows
L f t s 1 f s f 0 , L f t s 2 f s s f 0 f 0
cos t u t cos t.u t cos 2t.u t
cos 2t.u t 2 cos 3t.u t 2
f t cos t u t cos 2t cos t . u t cos 3t cos 2t .u t 2
Applying Laplace transform on both side, we get
L f t L cos t.u t L cos 2t cos t u t
L cos 3t cos 2t u t 2
L f t L cos t e s L cos 2 t cos t
e 2s L cos 3 t cos 2 t
Unit - I 73
L f t u t a e asL f t a
L cos t e s L cos 2t cos t e 2sL cos 3t cos 2t
cos 2 t 2
cos 2t 4
cos 2t cos 4 sin 2t sin 4
4
cos 2t 1 sin 2t 0
cos 2t
s s s 2s s s
f s 2
e s 2 2 e 2 2
s 1 s 4 s 1 s 9 s 4
Ex.4. Express the following function in the term of unit step function
and find its laplace transform.
cost 0 < t <
f t = [RTMNU S-07]
sint t>
cos t 0 t
Solution : Given f t
sin t t
The given function can be written in the term of unit step function
as follows
f t cos t u t u t sin t u t
f t cos t.u t cos t.u t sin t.u t
Taking laplace transform on both side
L f t L cos.u t L cos t.u t L sin t.u t
L f t L cos t e s L cos t e s L sin t
L f t u t a e as L f t a
f s L cos t e s L cos t e s L sin t
s s 1 sin t sin t cos
f s 2
es 2 es 2
s 1 s 1 s 1 cos t sin
sin t 1 0
sin t
s e s
f s s 1
s2 1 s2 1
74 TechnoScan - Applied Mathematics
1.7.2 B) Laplace Transform of Periodic Function.
Periodic Function
In mathematics a periodic function is a function that repeats its values
in regular interval.
A function f(t) is said to be periodic function of period T > o if
f(t) = f(t + T) = f(t + 2T) = ------
Theroem (Statement only)
Statement : If f(t) is periodic function with period T > o then
T
1
L f t e
st
f t dt .
1 e sT 0
Solution : By defination of Laplace Transform we have
L f t e st f t dt
0
T
e st f t dt e st f t dt
0 T
In second integral Put t = x + T
dt = dx
Limit : As t T then x 0
As t then x
T
L f t e st f t dt e s x T f x T dx
0 0
T
e st f t dt e ST e sx f x dx
0 0
T
L f t e st f t dt e ST L f t | By defination of L.T.|
0
Unit - I 75
T
L f t e sT L f t e ST f t dt
0
T
1 e L f t e
ST st
f t dt
0
T
1
L f t e
st
f t dt
1 e ST 0
Remember
If f(t) is periodic function with period T > 0 then Laplace Transform
of f(t) is defined and denoted by
T
1
L f t = e
- st
f t dt
1 - e - ST 0
1, 0 < t < 2
Ex.1. Find the Laplace Tranform of f t = where
- 1, 2 < t < 4
f(t + 4) = f(t).
1 0t2
Solution : Given that f t --- (1)
1 2 t 4
and f(t) = f(t + 4)
f(t) is periodic function with period T = 4
Laplace Transform of Periodic Function f(t) is given by
T
1
L f t e
ST
f t dt
1 e ST 0
4
1
L f t e
st
f t dt T4
1 e 4s 0
1 2 st 4
L f t 4s
e f t dt e st f t dt
1 e 0 2
1 2 st 4
4s e 1 dt e st 1 dt | equation 1|
1e 0 2
1 e st 2 e st 4
1 e 4s s 0 s 2
1 e 2s 1 e 4s e 2s
s s s s
1 e 4s
76 TechnoScan - Applied Mathematics
1 1 e 4s 2 e 2s
| Taking L.C.M|
1 e 4s s
2s 2
L f t
1 e
1 e 4s 1 e 2s 1 e 2s
s 1 e 1 e
2s 2s
1 e
2s
s 1 e
2s
1 e e
s s
| Multiply by e s|
s es e s
1 es - e- s
tan hs tanhs =
s es + e- s
1
L f t tanhs
s
Ex.2. Find Laplace transform of the triangular wave with a period 2a.
[RTMNU S-13]
Unit - I 77
t o<t<a
OR Find Laplace Transform of f t = where
2a - t a < t < 2a
f(t) = f(t +2a).
Solution : (Note : If only figure is given then use following step)
Given that the triangular wave with period 2a
T 2a
we have two line segment OA and AB in internal (o, 2a)
where o (o, o), A (a, a) and B (2a, o)
The equation of line segment oA is f1(t) = t, o < t< a and
the equation of line segment AB is f2 (t) = 2a - t, a < t < 2a.
t ota
Hence f t with period T = 2a.
2a t a t 2a
By defination of Laplace Transform of periodic function, we have
T
1
L f t e
st
f t dt --- (1)
1 e ST 0
1 2a st
L f t 2as
e f t dt T 2a
1e 0
1 a st 2a
2as
e f t dt e st f t dt
1e 0 a
1 a st 2a
L f t 2as
e t dt e st 2a t dt --- (2)
1e 0 a
a 2a
1 e st e st e st e st
L f t t. 1. 2a t . 1 .
1 e 2as s s2 0 s s2 a
1 a as 1 as 1 1 2as a as e as
L f t e e e e 2
1 e 2as s s2 s 2 s2 s s
1 1 2 1
2as 2
2 e as 2 e 2as
1e s s s
1 1
1 2 e as e 2as
1 e s2
2 as
1 2
2as
1 e as
s 1 e
2
78 TechnoScan - Applied Mathematics
2
1 e as
2
s 2 1 e as
2
1 1 e as
s2 1 e as
1 eas 2 1 e as
. (adjustment)
s 2 eas 2 1 e as
1 e as 2 e as 2
e as 2 e as 2
s2
1 as e x e x
tan 4 tan 4x .
s2 2 ex e x
Ex.3. Define Laplace transform of periodic function of period T. Hence
find L sint .
Solution : The given function f t sin t is periodic function with period
T=
By defination of Laplace Transform of periodic function is given by
T
1 st
L f t e f t dt
1 e sT 0
1 st
1 e s e sin t dt T and f t sin t
0
1 e st
2 s sin t cos t
1 e s s 1 0
1 e st
s 2 s sin t cos t
1e s 1 0
Unit - I 79
1
1 e s
1 e s
1 1 es
L sin t .
s 2
1 1 e s
Check Your Progress
Find L.T of period function
cos wt, 0 t w
s
1) f t Ans : x
2
0
w
t
w
s 2 w 2 1 e w
Hint : T w
t2 0 t 2
2) f t and f t 3 f t
4 2 t 3
2
Ans : 1 e 2s
2s e 2s 2s2e 3s
s 1 e 3s
3
t 0 t 1
3) f t and f t 2 f t
0 1 t 2
1
Ans : 1 e s 1 s .
2
s 1 e 2s
1.8 Application of Laplace Transform to Solution of Linear
Differential Equation with Constant Coefficient
Laplace transform is useful device to obtain solution of linear
differential equation with constant coefficient
d2 y dy
i.e. P1 P2 y r t
dx 2
dt
Provided all boundary condition are specified for the unknown function
(i.e. y (t = 0) = K0, y (t = 0) = K1)
where P1, P2, K0, K1 are constant and r(t) is function of t.
80 TechnoScan - Applied Mathematics
Working Rule to Solve L.D.E. by Lapalce Transform
Step I : Write given differential equation
Step II : Apply Laplace tranform on both side of given equation
Step III : Using defination and properties of laplace transform as
well use initial condition bring the equation in S-domain
(i.e f (s))
Step IV : Solve algebric equation to get y (s) in term of s.
Step V : Applying inverse laplace transform, we get required
solution as a function of t
Remember : L f t s1 f s f 0 , L f t s 2 f s s f 0 f 0
Ex.1. Solve using laplace transform method,
dy
y - 2y - 8y = 0, y = 3, =6
dt
Solution : Given y - 2y - 8y = 0, y 0 3 and y 0 6
i.e. y t 2y t 8 y t 0
Applying laplace transform on both side, we get
L y t 2L y t 8 L y t 0
s 2 y s s y 0 y 0 2 s y s y 0 8 y s 0
i.e s 2 y s s y 0 y 0 2s y s 2y 0 8 y s 0
L f t s2 f s s f 0 f 0
Laplace transform of derivative property
given that y(0) = 3 and y 0 = 6
s 2 y s 3s 6 2s y s 6 8 y s 0
s 2
2s 8 y s 3s 0
3s
y s 2
s 2s 8
Unit - I 81
3s
i.e y s
s 4 s 2
By using partial fraction method,
2 1
y s
s4 s2
Applying inverse laplace transform
1 1 1
L1 y s 2 L1 L
s 4
s 2
1
y t 2 e4t e 2t
L eat
s a
d2 y
Ex.2. Solve + y = 1 , given y(0) = 1, y = 0 by using laplace
dt2 2
transform. [RTMNU S-11]
Solution : Given differential equation
d2 y
y 1
dt2
i.e y t y t 1
Applying Laplace transform on both side, we get
L y t L y t L 1
1
s2 y s s y 0 y 0 y s
s
given that y(0) = 1, and let y 0 = a (constant) assume
1
s2 y s s a y s
s
1
s 2
1 y s
s
s a
1 s a
y s 2 2
2
s s 1 s 1 s 1
1 s s a
y s 2 2 2
s s 1 s 1 s 1
By u sin g partial
fraction method
1 1 s
2
s s 12
s s 1
82 TechnoScan - Applied Mathematics
1 a
y s 2
s s 1
Applying inverse laplace transform on both sides, we get
1 1
L1 y s L1 a L1 2
s s 1
y(t) = 1 + a sin t --- (3)
To find a
Put t in equation (1)
2
we have y 1 a sin
2 2
0 = 1 + a | given|
a 1
equation (3) becomes
y t 1 sin t
Ex.3. Solve (D2 + 2D + 5)y = e-t sint, y(0) = 0, y 0 = 1 [RTMNU S-13]
d2 y dy
Solution : Given D. E is 2 5y e t sint
dt2 dt
y t 2y t 5y e t sin t --- (1)
Applying Laplace Transform on both sides of (1), we get
L y t 2L y t 5 L y t L e t sin t
1
s 2 y s s y 0 y 0 2 s y s y 0 5 y s
s 12 1
given that y 0 0, y 0 1
1
s 2 y s 0 1 2s y s 5 y s
s 12 1
1
s 2
2s 5 y s 1
s 12 1
1
s 2
2s 5 y s
s 12 1
1
Unit - I 83
1 1
y s
s 2
2
2s 2 s 2s 5 2
s 2s 5
1 1 1 1
2 2 2
3 s 2s 2 s 2s 5 s 2s 5
By partial fraction method
1 1 1 1 1
y s
3 s2 2s 2 3 s2 2s 5 s2 2s 5
1 1 2 1
y s 2
2
3 s 2s 2 3 s 2s 5
1 1 2 1
y s
3 s 1 1 3 s 1 2 2
2 2 2
Applying inverse laplace transform on b. s, we get
1 -1 1 2 1
L-1 y s = 3
L 2 2
+ L-1 2 2
s + 1 + 1 3 s + 1 + 2
1 -1 1 1
-1 2
= L 2 2 + L 2 2
3 s + 1 + 1 3 s + 1 + 2
1 t 1
e sin t e t sin 2t | By first shifting property|
3 3
1 t
y t e sin t sin 2t is required solution of given D.E.
3
d2 y
Ex.4. Solve + y = t.cos2t , given y = 0, y = 0 at t = 0 by using
dt
Laplace Transform. [RTMNU S-11]
Solution : Given D.E. is
d2 y
y t.cos 2t
dt 2
y t y t t cos 2t --- (1)
Taking Laplace Transform on both side of equation (1), we get
L y t L y t L t.cos 2t --- (2)
A] To find L t. cos2t (by multiplication by t property)
d
we have L t f t 1 f s
ds
84 TechnoScan - Applied Mathematics
d s
L t cos 2t 1 s2 4
ds
s2 4
L t cos 2t
s 2
4
2
| By quotient rule|
B] To find L y t
L y t s 2 y s s y 0 y 0 | By L.T. of derivative|
equation (2) becomes
s2 4
s2 y s s y 0 y 0 y s 2 L y t y s
s 2
4
s2 4
s2 y s y s 2 given that y 0 y 0 0
s 2
4
s2 4
s 2
1 y s 2
s 2
4
s2 4
y s 2 --- (3)
s 2
1 s 2 4
s2 4 As B Cs D Es F
Now consider 2
2 --- (4)
s 2
1 s 4 2 s2 1 s 4 s 2 4 2
| By partial fraction method|
To find A, B, C, D
s2 - 4 = (As + B) (s2 + 4)2 + (Cs + D) (s2 + 1) (s2 + 4) + (Es + F) (s2 + 1)
| By L.C.M|
equating like coefficient of s, and solving, we get
5 5 8
A 0, B , C 0, D , E 0, F
9 9 3
equation (4)
s2 4 5 1 5 1 8 1
2
9 s 2 1 9 s 2 4 3 s 2 4 2 --- (5)
s 2
1 s 4
2
From equation (3) and equation (5) we get
5 1 5 1 8 1
y s
9 s 1 9 s 4 3 s 4 2
2 2 2
Unit - I 85
Taking inverse Laplace Tranform on both side
5 1 1 5 1 1 8 1 1
L1 y s L 2 L 2 L 2 2
9 s 1 9 s 4 3 s 4
5 51 8 1
sin t sin 2t . sin 2t 2t cos 2t
9 92 3 2 2 3
5 5 1 t
sin t sin 2t sin 2t cos 2t
9 18 6 3
4 5 t
y t sin 2t sin t cos 3t
9 9 3
Ex.5. A volt age Ee-at is applied at t = 0 to a circuit of inductance L and
resistance R. Show by laplae tranform method that the current
E
at time t is
R - aL
- Rt
e- at - e L .
Solution : Let i be current in circuit
di
then voltage drop across inductance L is L
dt
voltage drop across resistance R is Ri
By Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (ie. the algebraic sum of the voltage drop
around any closed circut equal to the resultant electromotive force)
The required differential equation is
di
L Ri E e at with i(0) = 0 --- (1)
dt
di R E
i e at
dt L L
Taking Laplace Tranform on b.s. we get
di R E
L L i t L e at
dt L L
R E 1
s i s i 0 i s
L L sa
R E 1
s i s i 0 0
L L sa
E 1
i s
L R
s a s
L
86 TechnoScan - Applied Mathematics
Taking inverse Laplace Transform on b.s, we get
E 1
L1 i s L1
L s a s R --- (2)
L
Consider
1 A B
R
s a s s a s L
R |By partial fraction method|
L
R
s A s a B
1 L
R R
s a s s a s
L L
R
As A Bs Ba
1 L
R R
s a s s a Cs
L
L
R
1 A B s A aB
L
A+B=0
R
A aB 0
L
Solving above equation
1 1
we get A and B
R R
a a
L L
1 1 1 1
R R R
s a s a s a s
L L L
1 1 1 1 1
L1 L
1
L
s a s R R s a R
a s
L L L
1 1 at
R
t
L1 e e L
s a s R R a --- (3)
L L
Put equation (3) in equation (2), we get
Unit - I 87
R
E 1 at t
i t . e e
L
L R a L1 i s i t
L
R
E at t
i t e e
L
R aL
Ex.6. Using Laplace Transform find the solution of the initial value
d2 y
problem + 4y = u t - 2 , where u is the unit step function,
dt2
y(0) = 0, y 0 = 1 .
Solution : Given D. E. is y t 4 y t u t 2 --- (1)
Taking Laplace Transform on both sides, we get
L y t 4 L y t L u t 2
1 2s 1
s2 y s s y 0 y 0 4 y s e L u t a e as
s s
given that y(0) = 0 and y 0 1
e 2s
s 2
4 y s 1
s
e 2s
s 2
4 y s 1
s
1 1
y s e 2s
s2 4 s2 4 s
1 1
2 e 2s
s 4 s 4 s
2 | By Partial Fraction Method|
1 1 1 2s 1 s
y s .e . e 2s
s2 4 4 s 4 s2 4
Taking inverse Laplace Transform
1 1 1 1 2s 1 1 s 2s
L1 V s L1 2 L s e 4 L s2 4 . e
s 4 4
sin 2t 1 1
u t 2 cos t 2 .u t 2
2 4 4
| By defination of unit step functions|
88 TechnoScan - Applied Mathematics
d2 y dy
Ex.7. Solve 2
+4 + 5y = 5 u t , where u is unit step function,
dt dt
subject to initial condition y(0) = 1, y 0 = 2 .
d2 y dy
Solution : We have D.E 4 5y 5 u t
dt 2 dt
i.e y t 4 y t 5 y t 5 u t
Taking Laplace Transform on both side
L y t 4 L y t 5 L y t 5 L u t
5
s2 y s s y 0 y 0 4s y s 4 y 0 5 y s
s
given y(0) = 1, y 0 2
5
s 2
4s 5 y s
s
s 6
5 s6
y s 2
s. s 4s 5
2
s 4s 5
1 s4 s6
2 2 | By Partial Fraction Method|
s s 4s 5 s 4s 5
1 s4 s24
s s 2 1 s 22 1
2
1 s4 2 s4
s s 2 1 s 2 1 s 2 2 1
2 2
1 2 ab a b
y s
s s 2 2 12 c c c
Taking inverse Laplace Transform, we get
1 1
L1 y s L1 2 L1 2 2
s s 2 1
y t 1 2 e 2t sin t | By first shifting property|
Ex.8. Solve the initial value problem.
d2 x dx
+2 + x = 3t e- t , where x(0) = 4, x 0 = 2 .
dt2 dt
Solution : We have
Unit - I 89
x t 2x t x t 3 t e t
Taking Laplace Transform on b.s. we get
L x t 2L x t L x t 3 L t e t
1
s 2 x s s x 0 x 0 2s x s 2x 0 x s 3 2
s 1
given that x(0) = 4 and x 0 = 2 , we get
3
s 2
2s 1 x s 4s 10 2
s 1
3
s 2
2s 1 x s 2
4s 10
s 1
3 4s 10
x s
s 1
2
s 2
2s 1 s 2s 1
2
3 4s 10
2 2
2
s 1 s 1 s 1
3 4s 4 6
x s 4
2
s 1 s 1
3 4 s 1 6
4
2
s 1 s 1
3 4 6
x s 4
s 1 s 1 s 12
Taking inverse Laplace Transform on b.s. we get
1 1 1
L1 x s 3 L1 4
4 L1 1
6L 2
s 1 s 1 s 1
e t t3
x t 3 4e t 6t e t
3!
t3
x t 4 6t e t
2
90 TechnoScan - Applied Mathematics
Check Your Progress
Using Laplace Transform Method solve following D. E
d2 y dy
1. 2
4 5y 5 u t , y(0) = 1, y 0 2 .
dt dt
Ans : y(t) = 1 + 2e- 2t sint.
d2 y
2. 9y cos 2t , subject to boundary condition y(0) = 1 and
dt 2
y 1. [RTMNU W-10]
2
4 4 1
Ans : y t sin 3t cos 3t cos 2t .
5 5 5
3. y t 9y t 18t , given that y(0) = 0, y 0 .
2
Ans : y(t) = 2t + sin 3t.
d2x dx dx
4. 3 2 x 4t e 3t subject to x = 1, 1 when t = 0. [W-13]
dt 2 dt dt
1 3t
Ans : x t 2t
2
e et 2 e2t 3
d2 y dy
5. y H t H t 2 subject to condition y = 0, 0 at
dt 2 dt
t=0
Ans : y t 1 cos t H t 1 cos t H t 2 .
d2x
6. 9x sin t , if x(0) = 0 and x 1
dt 2
2
9 1
Ans : x t sin3t sin t cos 3t .
8 8
d2x dx 0, 0t
2
7. 3 2x f t where f t
dt 2 dt sin t,
t
2
(Hint: Express f(t) into unit step function and then apply L.T.)
1 t
Ans : x t e t 2t 2
sin t 4e e 3cos t 5 e . e h t .
10 2
d2 y
8. 4y t t subject to y 0 y 0 0 (Hint : L{(t)} = 1)
dt 2
1
Ans : y t sin 2t
2
Unit - I 91
1.9 Application of Laplace Transform to Solve Integral Equation
A] Convolution type integral equation :
The integral equation of the type
t
y t f t y u g t u du is called convolution type integral
0
equation.
B] Abel’s integral equation :
The integral equation of type
t
y u
t u a du f t , 0 < a < 1 is called Abe’s integral equation
0
C] Integro-Differential equation
t
dy
a y t y t dt f t
dt 0
Ex.1. Solve the integral equation using Laplace Transform Method.
t
f t = t2 + f u .sin t - u du [RTMNU S-10]
0
Solution : The given integral equation is
t
f t t 2 f u.sin t u du
0
Taking Laplace Transform on both side, we get
t
L f t L t2 L f u .sin t u du
0
2! 1 By convolution theorem
f s 3
f s . 2
s s 1 t
L f u g t u du
0
f s g s
t
1 2! L f u sin t u du
1 2
s 1 .f s s3 0
1
f s . 2
s 1
92 TechnoScan - Applied Mathematics
s2 2
2 f s 3
s 1 s
f s 2
s 2
1
s5
1 1
f s 2 3 5
s s
2 1
f s 3
2. 5
s s
2! 1 4!
f s 3
2.
s 4! s5
Taking inverse Laplace Transform
2! 1 1 4! n!
L1 f s L1 3 L 5 L t n
s 12 s sn 1
t4
f t t2
12
t
Ex.2. Solve f t = sin5t - 6 f t - u .cos5u du .
0
Solution : The given integral equation is
t
f t sin 5t 6 f t u cos 5u du
0
Taking laplace tranform on both side, we get
t
L f t L sin5t 6 L f t u cos 5u du
0
5 s
f s 2
6 . f s . 2
s 25 s 25
By convolution theroem
t
L f u g t u du f s * g s
0
6s 5
f s f s 2
s2 25 s 25
6s 5
1 s 2 25 f s s 2 25
Unit - I 93
s 2 6s 25 5
f s 2
s 2
25 25
s
s 2 25 5
f s .
s 2 6s 25 s 2 25
5
f s 2
s 6s 25
1
f s 5 2
s 3 16
5 4
f s | Adjustment
4 s 3 2 4
Taking inverse Laplace Transform
5 1 4
L1 f s L 2 2
4 s 3 4
5 3t
f t e sin 4t
4
Ex.3. Solve the integral equation by using Laplace Transform
t
dy
+ 2y + y dt = sint given y(0) = 1 .
dt 0
Solution : Given integro-differential equation is
t
y t 2y y dt sin t
0
Taking Laplace Transform on both side, we get
t
L y t 2L y t L y dt L sin t
0
t
1 1 f s
s y s y 0 2 y s y s 2 L f t dt
s s 1 0 s
1 1
s 2 y s 1 2 y 0 1
s s 1
s 2 2s 1 1
y s 2 1
s s 1
94 TechnoScan - Applied Mathematics
s 1 y s
1
1
2
s s 1
s s
y s 2
2
s 2
1 s 1 s 1
1 1 1 s
2 2
2 | By partial fraction method|
2 s 1 s 1 s 1
1 1 1 1 s 1 1
2 s 2 1 2 s 12 s 1
2
1 1 1 1 s 1 1
y s . 2 2
2 s 1 2 s 1 s 1 s 12
2
1 1 3 1 1
y s . 2 . 2
2 s 1 2 s 1 s 1
Taking inverse Laplace Transform on b.s, we get
1 1 1 3 1 1 1
L1 y s L 2 L 2
L1
2 s 1 2 s 1 s 1
1 3 t
y t . sint e . t e t
2 2
t
dy
Ex.4. Solve + y dt = t H t - 2 given y(0) = 1.
dt 0
Solution : The given integro-differential equation is
t
y t y dt t H t 2
0
Taking Laplace Transform on b.s, we get
t
L y t L y dt L t.H t 2
0
y s
s y s y 0 e 2s L t 2
s
1 2s 1! 2
s s y s 1 e 2
L f t H t a e as L f t a
s s
Unit - I 95
s2 1 2s 1 s 1
y s e . 2 2 e 1 L t.H t 2 e 2s L t 2
s s s
1 1 s
y s e2s . 2e2s . 2
s s 1
2 2
s 1 s 1
1 s 1 s
e 2s 2 2 e 2s . 2 2
s s 1 s 1 s 1
| By partial fraction method|
1 s 1 s
y s e2s . e 2s . 2 2e 2s . 2
s s 1 s 1 s2 1
Taking inverse L.T. we get
1 s 1 s
L1 y s L1 e 2s . L e 2s 2 2 L1 e 2s . 2 L1 2 --(1)
s s 1 s 1 s 1
we have
1
L H t a e as . (Heaviside function)
s
1
L1 e as . H t a
s
1
L1 e 2s . H t 2 --- (2)
s
Also L f t a h t a e as f s
L1 e as f s f t a H t a
s
L1 e 2s 2 cos t 2 H t 2 --- (3)
s 1
1
L1 e 2s . 2 sin t 2 H t 2 --- (4)
s 1
Using (2), (3) and (4) in (1), we get
y(t) = u(t - 2) - cos(t - 2) H(t - 2) + 2 sin(t - 2) H(t - 2) + cost
y(t) = cost + [1 + 2 sin (t - 2) - cos (t - 2)] H(t - 2)
96 TechnoScan - Applied Mathematics
Check Your Progress
Using Laplace Transform Method Solve
t
dx
1. 3x 2 x dt t , given x(0) = 0
dt 0
t
dy
2. 4y 5 y dt e t given that y(0) = 0
dt 0
3. f t sin t f t u cos u du, f 0 0
0
4. f t 4t 3 f u sin t u du
0
5. y t e t 2 y u cos t u du
0
1
Ans : 1. x t
2
1 e 2t 2 et
1 2t
2. y t e cos t 3 sin t e t
2
1 2
3. f t t
2
3
4. f t t sin 2t
2
5. y t e t 1 2t t 2
1.10 Application of Laplace Transform to solve simutaneous
differential equation.
dx dy
Ex.1. Solve - y = et , + x = sint , Given x(0) = 1, y(0) = 0 by Laplace
dt dt
Transform.
Solution : Given simultaneous equation
dx
y et
dt
dy
x sin t
dt
ie. x t y t e t --- (1)
Unit - I 97
y t x t sin t --- (2)
Taking Laplace Transform of both side we get
L x t y t L et
L y t x t L sin t
1
s x s x 0 y s
s 1
1
s y s y 0 x s 2
s 1
1
s x s 1 y s x 0 1 and y 0 0
s 1
1
s y s 0 x s 2
s 1
1
s x s y s 1 --- (3)
s 1
1
s x s s y s 2 --- (4)
s 1
multiple equation (3) by s, we get
s
s2 x s s y s s
s 1
1
x s s y s 2
s 1
Adding above equation, we get
s 1
s 2
1 x s s 2
s 1 s 1
s s 1
x s
s 2
s
1 2
1 s 1 s 2
1
2
s 1 s
s 2
1 s 2
1 s
2 2
1 s 1
s4 s2 s 1
x s 2
s 1 s2 1
1 1 1 s 1 1
x s
2 s 1 2 s2 1 s 1 | Partial fraction method --(5)
2
2
98 TechnoScan - Applied Mathematics
Applying inverse L.T. we get
1 1 1 1 1 s 1 1 1 1
L1 x s L L 2 L 2
1
L 2
2 s 1 2 s 1 2 s 1
s 12
1 t 1 1 1
x t e cos t sin t sin t t cos t
2 2 2 2
1 t
x t e cos 2t 2sin t t cos t
2
Also from equation (3) and equation (4) (eliminate x s
we get
s 3 s 2 2s
y s 2
s 1 s2 1
1 1 1 s 1 s
.
s2 1 | By partial fraction method|
2 2
2 s 1 2 s 1
1 1 1 s 1 1 s
y s 2
2
2
2 s 1 2 s 1 2 s 1 s2 1
Taking inverse L.T, we get
1 1 1 1 1 s 1 1 1 1 s
L1
y s L
2
L 2
s 1 2
L 2
s 1 2
L
s 1
2
s2 1
we get
1 t 1 1 1
y t e cos t sin t t sin t
2 2 2 2
1
y t e t sin t cos t t sint
2
Check Your Progress
Solve using L.T. method
di1
1) 2i1 6i2 0
dt
di2
i1 3i2 0 given i1 = 1, i2 = 0 when t = 0
dt
6 3t 1 4t
Ans : i1 e e ; i2 e3t e 4t
7 7
Unit - I 99
di1 di
2) wi2 a cos Pt ; 2 wi1 a sin Pt
dt dt
Find the current i1 and i2 by L.T, if i1 = i2 = 0 at t = 0
a P w a w P
Ans : i1 2 2
sin Pt sinh wt ;
P w P 2 w2
aP P w a w P a
i2 cos Pt cosh wt cos Pt
w P w2 2
2
P w 2
w
Check Your Progress
dx dy
1) y 0, x 0 given x (0) = 1, y(0) = 0
dt dt
Ans : x = cost, y sint
2
d2x dy t and d y 4 dx 3y 15 sin 2t
2) 3 x 15 e
dt2 dt dt2 dt
given x(0) = 35 and x 0 48
y(0) = 27 and y 0 55
Ans : x 30 cos t 15 sin3t 3 e t 2cos 2t
y 30 cos 3t 3e t sin2t
100 TechnoScan - Applied Mathematics
1.11 Multiple Choice Question (For GATE Preparation)
1) If f(t) is finite and continuous function for t 0 the laplace
transformation is given by F est f t dt then for f(t) = coshmt,
0
the laplace transformation is.
s m s m
(a) (b) (c) (d)
s m2
2
s a2
2
s m2
2
s a2
2
2) The laplace transform of et cost is equal to
s s 1
(a) (b) 2 (c) (d) None
s 2
2
s 2
s 2
3) The laplace tansform of a unit step function u a(t), defined as
0 for t a
ua t is
1 for t a
e as
(a) (b) s e- as (c) s - u(0) (d) se-as - 1
s
2
4) Solve the initial value problem d y 4 dy 3y 0 with y = 3 and
dx 2 dx
dy
7 when x = 0.
dx
(a) e 2t 6e 3t (b) e t 6 e 3t (c) e 4t e t (d) e 2t t 2
1
5) The inverse laplace transform of 2
is
s s
(a) 1 + et (b) 1 - et (c) 1 - e- t (d) 1 + e-t
6) u(t) represent the unit step function. The laplace transform of
u(t - a) is
1 1 e sa
(a) (b) (c) (d) e-sa
sa sa s
2 s 1
7) If L f t 2
then f(0) and f() is given by
s 2s s
2
(a) 2, 0 respectively (b) , 0 respectively
5
(c) 0, 1 respectively (d) 0, 2 respectively
Unit - I 101
w
8) The laplace transform of f(t) is F(s). Given F s the final
s w2
2
value of f(t) is
(a) Initially (b) One (c) Zero (d) None
9) The dirac delta function (t) is defined as
1 , t 0
(a) t
0, otherwise
1 , t 0
(b) t and t dt 1
0, otherwise
, t 0
(c) t
0, otherwise
, t 0
(d) t and t dt 1
0, otherwise
10) Laplace transform of 8t3 is
8 16 24 48
(a) (b) (c) (d)
s4 s4 s4 s4
1
11) The unilateral laplace transform of f(t) is . The unilateral
s2 s 1
laplace transform of t f(t) is
2s 1 2s 1
(a) 2 (b) 2
s 2
s 1 s 2
s 1
s s
(c) 2 (d) 2
s 2
s 1 s 2
s 1
12) If F(s) is the laplace transform of the function f(t) then laplace
t
transform of f x dx is
0
1 F s
(a) F s f 0 (b) s F(s) - f(0) (c) (d) F s ds
s s
2
13) The laplace transform of i(t) is given by I s as t , the
s 1 s
value of i(t) tend to
(a) 1 (b) 0 (c) (d) 2
102 TechnoScan - Applied Mathematics
1
14) The inverse laplace transform of 2
is
s 2s
1 e2t 1 e 2t
(a) (b) 1 e 2t (d) 1 - e- 2t
(c)
2 2
15) The laplace transform of the following function is
sin t for 0 t
f t
0 for t
1 1
(a) for all s 0 (b) for all s
1 s 2
1 s 2
(c)
1 e for all s 0
s
(d)
e s
for all s 0
1 s 2
1 s 2
Q.No. Ans. Explanation
1. (c) s
L cos h at
s a2
2
2. (a) s 1
If L cos t 2
s 2
and L et s
s
L et cos t
s 2 2
3. (a) a
L ua t e stu a t dt e stu a t dt est ua t dt
0 0 a
a sa
e
e st 0 dt st
e 1 dt s
0 a
4. (b) Given y 4y 3y 0 , also y(0) = 3, y 0 7
Applying Laplace Transform
S 2 y s S y 0 4 S y s y 0 3 y s 0
S 2y s 3s 7 4 S y s 3 3 y s 0
S 2
4s 3 y s 7s 9 0
7s 9 7s 9 1 6
y s 2
s 4s 3 s 1 s 3 s 1 s 3
y t et 6 e3t
5. (c) 1
1 1 1 1 1
L 1 2 L L 1 e
t
s s S s 1 S S 1
Unit - I 103
6. (c) We have
0 t a 0 i.e t a
ut a
1 t a 0 i.e t 0
L u t a e st u t a dt
0
a
st st
e u t a dt e u t a dt
0 a
a
est 0 dt e
st
dt
0 a
e st e s a
s a
s
7. (a) We have
2 s 1
f 0 lim s f s lim S.
s s s2 2s s
1
2s2 1
s
lim
s 2 1
s2 1
s s
1
2 1
s
lim 2
s 2 1
1 s s
1
lim lim 0
s s s
and f lim f s 0
s
8. (c) sw
Final value lim S F s lim 0
s 0 s0 s w2
2
9. (d)
10. (d) 3! 8.6 48
L 8t3 8. L t 3 8.
s 4
s 4
s4
11. (b) Here
1
f t 2
s s 1
d d 1 2s 1
L t f t f s 2 2
ds ds s s 1 s2 s 1
104 TechnoScan - Applied Mathematics
12. (c) We have
t f s
L f t dt (Laplace transform of integral)
0 s
13. (d) We have
2
lim i t lim s I s lim s. 2
t0 s 0 s0 s 1 s
14. (c) 1 1 1 1 1 1
1
L1 2 L L
s 2s S s 2 2 s s 2
1
1 e 2t
2
15. (c) We have
L f t est sin t dt
0
e st
2 s sin t cos t
s 1 0
e s 1 1 e s
s2 1 s2 1 s2 1
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