DEFENSE GUIDE:

Δ
WE multiply by Δ 10,000 even when using meters in the formula because the EI is in N·mm², not in N·m² — and
that creates a hidden unit mismatch.
Multiplying by 10,000 compensates for that and expresses sidesway or drift in engineering-scale values (like
mm/m or %).

TWO WAY TRIBUTARY

This confirms that our use of a uniform load is conservative, overestimating the moments — which is acceptable
for a 3-story regular structure and compliant with NSCP 2015 strength design standards.”

The use of fixed-end moment formulas for rectangular loading is based on the principle of equivalent load
transformation, where we idealize the actual load shape but maintain the same total load effect. This is common in
practice for small buildings, and results still satisfy NSCP 2015 strength and serviceability requirements

NO LATERAL FORCES UNDERGROUND:

“Lateral forces are not considered in underground tie beams because their main purpose is to provide axial restraint
between footings to control differential settlement and footing movement. According to NSCP 2015 Section 418.6.2,
tie beams are required only when necessary for stability — not for resisting lateral loads. Since these beams are
confined by soil, passive earth pressure resists lateral movement, making lateral load effects negligible. Lateral
forces from wind or earthquakes are transferred through the structural system (like shear walls or frames) and
resisted by the foundation and soil, not the tie beams themselves. This is consistent with ACI 318-14 and SEAOC
provisions, which classify tie beams as axial members, not lateral load-resisting elements.”

NO SIDESWAY CASE 4:

According to NSCP 2015 Section 208.4.1, the Equivalent Static Force Procedure is applicable for buildings 15 meters
or less in height with regular configuration — which applies to our 3-story rectangular building. This supports a
simplified and predictable lateral load path through columns and walls, allowing us to confidently exclude lateral
load design for underground tie beams, which serve only to control footing settlement per Section 418.6.2.

TWO WAY SLAB:

Although different rooms (e.g., residential units vs. hallway exits) have different live load values as per NSCP Table
205-1, we opted to use the most critical slab reinforcement spacing across similar two-way slabs in the same
floor.

This standardization:

 Ensures code compliance for the highest loading case

 Simplifies bar fabrication and installation
 Minimizes construction errors
 Still satisfies strength and serviceability per NSCP 2015 Section 423.7.4 (‘Minimum reinforcement’)
Therefore, as long as the chosen spacing meets the strength requirement for the most demanding area — such as
the exit hallway at 4.8 kPa live load — it is safe and efficient to apply the same spacing to adjacent rooms with
lower demands (e.g., 1.9 kPa for bedrooms).”

CLASSICAL BEAM METHOD:

“For the analysis of my One-span continuous beam, I used the approximate coefficients from NSCP 2015 Table
418.6.2.2, which is permitted under §418.6.2.2 for continuous beams with equal spans and uniformly distributed
loads.”

Justification for Uniform Load Approximation in Elevator Beam

Design
While elevator loads are technically transferred to the structure via guide rail brackets or support points, these
loads are distributed over multiple points along the height of the shaft — not concentrated at a single location. In
this analysis, the elevator load was idealized as a uniformly distributed load (UDL) across the full span of the
supporting beam. This simplification is commonly accepted in structural design for preliminary sizing and is
considered conservative, especially for fixed-fixed beams, since it produces higher bending moments than a single
midspan point load. Additionally, the actual transmission of forces from elevator systems through base plates or
brackets tends to spread the load over a finite beam length, further supporting the use of a uniform
distribution. This approach aligns with standard engineering practice, and is consistent with principles found in
classical beam theory, design handbooks, and code-based analysis frameworks such as the NSCP 2015, ACI,
and Roark’s Formulas for Stress and Strain.
NOT DEEP BEAMS.

FOOTING UNIT WEIGHT OF SOIL

“I used 19 kN/m³ as the unit weight of soil, which is within the standard range provided in geotechnical engineering
literature such as Braja Das. Since our soil report includes allowable bearing capacity (200 kPa) but lacks direct unit
weight data, I referred to conservative values for moist granular soil or compacted fill. This assumption is
acceptable and typical in design where lab-specific unit weights are not provided.”
ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN

NBCP Summary: Room and Space Standards for Hotels and Casinos
1. Minimum Room Size & Dimensions
- Habitable Room (e.g. guest room / hotel room): Minimum area: 6.00 m², Least horizontal dimension: 2.00 m
- Kitchens: Minimum area: 3.00 m², Least dimension: 1.50 m
- Toilet/Bathroom: Minimum area: 1.20 m², Least dimension: 0.90 m

2. Ceiling Height Requirements

- Habitable rooms with artificial ventilation (upper floors): ≥ 2.40 m
- First storey (multi-storey): ≥ 2.70 m
- Succeeding storeys above second: Minimum 2.10 m
- Naturally ventilated rooms: ≥ 2.70 m

3. Minimum Air Space per Person

- Habitable rooms must have at least 14 m³ of air space per adult occupant

4. Window/Ventilation Requirements
- Rooms without mechanical ventilation: Window area ≥ 10% of floor area, not less than 1.00 m²
- Bathrooms/laundry: Window area ≥ 1/20 of floor area, not less than 240 mm²
- Windows must open to light court, yard, alley, or street

Summary Table
Requirement Standard Compliance Note
Room area ≥ 6.00 m² Guest room minimum
Least room dimension ≥ 2.00 m —
Ceiling height (upper floors) ≥ 2.40 m ≥ 2.70 m if naturally ventilated
Ventilation volume (air space) 14 m³/person —
Window free area ≥ 10% of floor area (min 1 m²) ≥ 240 mm² for bathrooms

References: NBCP 1977 Sections 806–807, Rule VIII, IRR of P.D. 1096

CAR CLEARANCES
Follow general safe practice and aim for 2.1 to 2.4 meters vertical clearance inside covered parking. This
range covers most standard vehicles and supports safety and ventilation.
🔹 1. What “Critical Days” Mean

 In PERT/CPM scheduling, critical days are those that lie on the Critical Path.
 The Critical Path = the sequence of activities that determines the longest duration of the project.
 Any delay in a critical activity = delays the whole project.
 Activities not on the critical path have float/slack (they can be delayed without delaying the project).

🔹 2. Reading from Your Schedule

Looking at your table:

 Some activities (like Admin & Site Management, Safety, Temp Facilities) span the entire project duration → but they don’t
control the finish (supporting/parallel).
 The activities with continuous dark blue shading (percent allocations) that connect across months without gaps are critical
activities.
 Specifically in your schedule, the Civil Works (Formworks, Concrete, Rebar) and Architectural Works (Masonry,
Finishes) stretch in sequence — these are likely your critical path.

🔹 3. Where the Critical Days Are

 From September 2025 until around May–June 2026, the continuous bar of Civil → Architectural → Paint/Finishes shows no
float.
 The critical days are therefore during these months, because:
o If Formworks or Rebar is delayed → Concrete is delayed → Masonry is delayed → Finishes are delayed → Project
completion is delayed.
🔹 4. Why They Are Critical

 These activities are sequential and dependent (one cannot start until the previous finishes).
 They consume the full project timeline without slack.
 That’s why they form the critical path and define the critical days.

✅ In summary:

 The critical days are those tied to Civil Works (Formworks → Concrete → Rebar → Masonry → Finishes)extending
through Sept 2025 – May/June 2026.
 They are critical because any delay here directly extends the project completion date, unlike General Requirements (Admin,
Safety, Temp Facilities) which run parallel and have float.

✅ Summary for Hotels (per floor):

 Occupant load: 18.6 m²/person for guest rooms

 Exits: minimum 2, more if >500 occupants
 Exit width: ≥1.1 m stair/corridor, ≥0.8 m door
 Travel distance: ≤30 m (no sprinklers), ≤45 m (with sprinklers)

EARTHQUAKE
TWO WAY SLAB

ELEVATOR SHAFT
STRUCTURAL POINT REFERENCE
Wc > Wu condition meets

For footing Braja M Das. Reference

Choose for the maximum loads applied on A6-A8
Punching shear
Beam shear