THEORY  INTUITIVE NURSING (Primitive Times

 Composed of a group of concepts that - 16th Century):

describe a pattern of reality. o A function that belonged to women.
 A statement that explains or characterizes a o Diseases were embedded in superstition and
process, an occurrence, or an event and is based magic.
on observed facts.  APPRENTICE NURSING (16th-18th
 Can be tested, changed, or used to guide Century):
research or to provide a base for evaluation. o Western societies changed from having a
 Arrange a group of related statements or religious orientation to emphasizing warfare,
concepts so that they give meaning to a series of exploration, and expansion of knowledge.
events. o Women who had committed crimes were
 Two principal methods: recruited into nursing in lieu of serving jail
o Deductive Reasoning: One examines a sentences.
general idea and then considers specific actions  EDUCATION NURSING (18th-19th
or ideas. Century):
o Inductive Reasoning: Reverse process is o Social reforms changed the roles of nurses
used; one builds from specific ideas or actions to and of women in general.
conclusions about general ideas. o June, 1860 - Florence Nightingale School of
CONCEPT Nursing.
 An idea of what something is or how it o The outbreak of the Crimean War and a
works. request by the British to organize nursing care
PHILOSOPHY for a Military Hospital gave an opportunity for
 A particular set of ideas about knowledge, achievement.
truth, the nature, and meaning of life. o Last two decades of the 19th century is also
PHENOMENON called "awakening of nursing."
 An exceptional, unusual, or abnormal  CONTEMPORARY NURSING (18th-
occurrence. 21st Century):
PARADIGM o World War II had an enormous effect on
 A model or pattern for something that may nursing.
be copied. o Associated with scientific and technological
NURSING developments and social changes (1945).
 A unique healthcare discipline in which o Professionalization of Nursing.
nurses provide a service based on knowledge o Schools of nursing were based on
and skill.
educational objectives and were increasingly
 Has two essential aspects: a body of
developed in university and college settings,
knowledge and the application of that
leading to degrees in nursing for both men and
knowledge through clinical nursing practice.
women.
 Knowledge is an awareness of the reality
o Increased emphasis on nursing knowledge as
one acquires through learning or investigation.
the base for nursing practice has led to the
Cyclical Nature Of Theory, Research, and
growth of nursing as a professional discipline.
Practice
NURSING THEORY
It is important to understand that theory,
Attempts to describe or explain the phenomenon
research, and practice impact each other in
(process, occurrence, or event) called nursing
circular ways. Middle-range theories can be
(Barnum, 1998). Differentiates nursing from
tested in clinical practice by clinical research.
other disciplines and activities in that it serves
The research process may validate that theory,
the purposes of describing, explaining,
cause it to be modified, or invalidate it. The
predicting, and controlling desired outcomes of
more research that is conducted about a specific
nursing care practices.
theory, the more useful the theory is to practice.
 GRAND NURSING THEORY: Have the
Practice is based on the theories of the discipline
broadest scope and present general concepts and
that are validated through research. Research
propositions. Theories at this level may both
may be based on the received or perceived
reflect and provide insights useful for practice
worldview. Research view is quantitative, where
but are not designed for empirical testing.
statistical data represent empirical facts and
 MIDDLE-RANGE NURSING THEORY:
events. The methodology of the research is
Proposed by Robert Merton in the field of
based on the scientific method. Perceived view
sociology to provide theories that are both broad
research.
enough to be useful in complex situations and
SOURCES OF KNOWLEDGE
appropriate for empirical testing.
 TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE: Part of
 CRITICAL NURSING PRACTICE
nursing practice passed down from generation to
THEORY: Most limited scope and level of
generation.
abstraction and is developed for use within a
 AUTHORITATIVE KNOWLEDGE:
specific range of nursing situations. Have more
Comes from an expert and is accepted as truth
direct impact on nursing practice than do
based on the person's perceived expertise.
theories that are more abstract.
 SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE: Knowledge
FOUR COMMON CONCEPTS IN
arrived at through the scientific method.
NURSING THEORIES
BRIEF HISTORY OF NURSING
 Person
  Environment significantly to advancing nursing knowledge
 Health and practice.
 Nursing
WAYS OF KNOWING Leininger’s 5 Theoretical Works in Nursing
 EMPIRICAL KNOWING: Concerns the 1. Florence Nightingale: Environmental
science of nursing: The nurse uses empirical Theory.
knowing to access data from nursing, from 2. Hildegard Peplau: Interpersonal
related disciplines, and from the client. Is Relations Theory.
factual, descriptive, and ultimately aimed at
3. Virginia Henderson: Need Theory.
developing abstract and theoretical explanations.
 PERSONAL KNOWING: The pattern
4. Jean Watson: Theory of Human Caring.
most fundamental to understanding the meaning 5. Dorothea Orem: Self-Care Deficit
of health in terms of individual well-being Theory.
(Carper, 1975). Can be broadly described as 5 Steps in the Nursing Process (Proposed by
subjective, concrete, direct, and existential and is Ida Jean Orlando)
relational to another human being. 1. Assessment: Gathering and analyzing
 AESTHETIC KNOWING: Perception of patient information through observation
unity and resists expression into the discursive. and interviews.
Creative, such as when it is combined with 2. Diagnosis: Identifying the patient's
empirical knowing in the discovery and health problems using clinical judgment.
appreciation of theory; controlled by perception 3. Planning: Developing a care plan with
of the balance, rhythm, proportion, and unity of specific goals based on the diagnosis.
what is done in relation to the dynamic 4. Implementation: Putting the care plan
integration and articulation of the whole. into action through nursing
 ETHICAL KNOWING: Ethics in nursing interventions.
is the moral component guiding choices within 5. Evaluation: Reviewing the patient’s
the complexity of health care. Focuses on the progress and adjusting the care plan as
primary principle of obligation and what ought needed
to be done in the concept of service and respect
for human life.
10 Roles of Nurses
1. Caregiver: Nurses provide hands-on care to
meet patients' needs.
2. Advocate: They stand up for patients' rights
and ensure they receive proper care.
3. Educator: Nurses teach patients about
health, medications, and treatments.
4. Communicator: They share important
information with patients, families, and other
healthcare providers.
5. Coordinator: Nurses organize and manage
patient care, ensuring everything runs smoothly.
6. Leader: They guide healthcare teams and
set examples for best practices.
7. Researcher: Nurses use and participate in
research to improve patient care.
8. Case Manager: They oversee long-term
care plans and help patients after discharge.
9. Counselor: Nurses support patients
emotionally and provide guidance during
tough times.
10. Health Promoter: They encourage healthy
lifestyles and preventive measures.
Chinn & Kramer’s Theory Evaluation
Criteria
1. Clarity: The theory should be easily
understandable, with well-defined and consistent
concepts.
2. Simplicity: The theory should be
straightforward, avoiding unnecessary
complexity.
3. Generality: The theory should apply
broadly to various situations, patient
populations, and settings.
4. Accessibility: The theory should be
practical
and applicable in real-world nursing practice.
5. Importance: The theory should contribute