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Chapter 3: Organisation of Data
Here’s a neat, exam-ready explanation for Class 11 Statistics – Chapter 3: Organisation of Data
1. Define variable. Distinguish between qualitative and quantitative variables.
• Variable: A variable is a characteristic of a unit of observation which can take different values.
Example: Height, weight, income, gender, intelligence.
Types:
Basis Qualitative Variable Quantitative Variable
Meaning Describes attributes/qualities (non-numerical). Measured in numbers/quantities.
Nature Cannot be expressed in exact numbers. Always expressed numerically.
Examples Gender, religion, honesty, literacy. Age, income, height, marks.
2. Explain the difference between discrete and continuous variables with examples.
Basis Discrete Variable Continuous Variable
Definition Takes only whole numbers (finite gaps Can take any value within a range, including
between values). fractions/decimals.
Nature Countable. Measurable.
Examples Number of children, number of books, Height, weight, income, time.
number of cars.
3. Define classification. Explain its types.
• Classification: The process of arranging data into groups or classes according to similarities is called
classification. It helps in systematic analysis.
Types of Classification:
1. Chronological Classification
o Data arranged according to time.
o Example: Population of India (1951, 1961, 1971, …).
2. Geographical (or Spatial) Classification
o Data arranged according to place/region.
o Example: Wheat production in Punjab, UP, Bihar.
3. Qualitative Classification
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o Data arranged according to attributes/qualities.
o Example: Literacy (literate/illiterate), Gender (male/female).
4. Quantitative Classification
o Data arranged according to numerical measures.
o Example: Classification of students by marks (0–20, 21–40, …).
4. What is a frequency distribution? Construct one with a suitable example.
• Frequency Distribution: A statistical table in which observations are grouped into classes and the number of
observations (frequency) falling into each class is shown.
Example: Marks of 30 students in a test:
12, 18, 24, 25, 27, 29, 31, 32, 35, 36, 37, 38, 40, 42, 43, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 55, 56, 57, 58, 60, 62, 65.
Marks (Class Interval) Frequency (No. of Students)
10 – 20 2
21 – 30 4
31 – 40 6
41 – 50 8
51 – 60 7
61 – 70 3
Total 30
This table is a frequency distribution.
5. Distinguish between exclusive and inclusive method of classification.
Basis Exclusive Method Inclusive Method
Definition Upper limit of a class is not included in that class, but Both lower and upper limits are included
included in the next. in the same class.
Class Example: 0–10, 10–20, 20–30 … (10 not included in Example: 0–9, 10–19, 20–29 … (both limits
Interval first class, but in second). included).
Usefulness Commonly used in continuous variables. Commonly used in discrete variables (like
marks, age).
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