1.

Difference between Centrifugal and Reciprocating Pump:

• Centrifugal Pump: Rotodynamic, continuous flow, low pressure, high flow rate.

• Reciprocating Pump: Positive displacement, intermittent flow, high pressure, low

flow rate.

2. Name of Safety Device in Reciprocating Pump:

• Air Vessel and Relief Valve.

• How it works:

o Air Vessel: Reduces pressure fluctuations.

o Relief Valve: Releases excess pressure to prevent damage.

3. Components of Centrifugal Pump:

• Impeller

• Casing (Volute)

• Shaft

• Bearing

• Mechanical Seal

• Suction & Delivery Pipes

4. What is HVACR?

• Heating, Ventilation, Air Conditioning, and Refrigeration.

• It’s used to control indoor air temperature, humidity, and air quality.

5. Difference between Refrigeration System and AC System:

• Refrigeration: Maintains temperature below ambient (e.g., cold storage).

• Air Conditioning: Controls temperature, humidity, and air quality for comfort.

6. Importance of Compressor:
 • Increases refrigerant pressure and temperature.

• Enables circulation of refrigerant in the system.

• It's the heart of any refrigeration or AC system.

7. Dynamic Parts in Diesel Engine:

• Piston

• Connecting Rod

• Crankshaft

• Camshaft

• Valves

• Fuel Injector (moving parts inside)

8. Stationary Parts in Diesel Engine:

• Cylinder Block

• Cylinder Head

• Crankcase

• Valve Guides

• Liner

9. Camshaft to Crankshaft Ratio:

• Four-Stroke Engine: 1:2 (Camshaft rotates once for two crankshaft revolutions)

• Two-Stroke Engine: 1:1

10. Maximum Height a Centrifugal Pump Can Lift Water:

• Theoretically around 10.3 meters (atmospheric pressure limit under ideal conditions)

• Practically, it's 7–8 meters due to losses.

11. How does fresh water come on a ship?

 • Freshwater Generator: Evaporates seawater using engine jacket water, then
condenses it.

• Reverse Osmosis Unit: Filters seawater through membranes to get fresh water.

• Shore Supply: Loaded from port when available.

12. What is a Boiler?

• A closed pressure vessel that converts water into steam using heat energy.

• Used for heating, propulsion, or power generation onboard.

13. Boiler Mountings:

Essential safety and control devices on a boiler:

• Safety Valve – prevents excessive pressure.

• Water Level Indicator – shows water level inside the boiler.

• Pressure Gauge – indicates internal steam pressure.

• Blow-off Valve – removes sediments.

• Feed Check Valve – controls feed water entry.

• Steam Stop Valve – allows/disallows steam flow to system.

14. What is 1 Ton of Refrigeration?

• The cooling effect required to freeze 1 ton (1000 kg) of water at 0°C in 24 hours.

• Equivalent to 3.5 kW or 12,000 BTU/hr.

16. What is Stress?

 • Internal resistance per unit area when a material is loaded.
Stress=Force/Area.
Unit: Pascal (Pa) or N/m²

17. What is Strain?

• Deformation per unit length when a material is subjected to stress.

Strain=Change in Length/Original Length
No unit (dimensionless).

18. What is Creep?

• Slow, continuous deformation of a material under constant stress, especially at high

temperature over time.

19. Machinery Components Onboard:

• Main Engine (Propulsion)

• Auxiliary Engines (Generators)

• Pumps (Bilge, Ballast, Fuel, etc.)

• Boiler and Economizer

• Fresh Water Generator

• Compressors (Air & Refrigeration)

• Fuel/Lube Oil Purifiers

• Sewage Treatment Plant

• Steering Gear

• Propeller Shaft & Bearings

Pumps

20. What do you know about pumps, especially centrifugal pump?

• A pump is a device that moves fluids using mechanical action.

• A centrifugal pump uses a rotating impeller to impart velocity to the fluid and
convert it into pressure.

21. What are the different types of pumps?

 • Centrifugal pump

• Reciprocating pump

• Gear pump

• Screw pump

• Diaphragm pump

• Submersible pump

22. Working of centrifugal pump:

• Fluid enters the eye of the impeller, gets accelerated outward by centrifugal force,
and exits with increased pressure and velocity.

23. Main uses of centrifugal pump:

• Water supply systems

• Cooling and heating systems

• Irrigation

• Marine and industrial fluid transfer

Refrigeration and Air Conditioning

24. Working of refrigeration system:

• Uses a closed loop with compressor, condenser, expansion valve, and evaporator.

• Heat is absorbed from the low-temperature space and released to a high-

temperature space.

25. What is VCRS? Explain.

• Vapour Compression Refrigeration System

• Compressor compresses refrigerant → condenser releases heat → expansion valve

reduces pressure → evaporator absorbs heat → cycle repeats.

Boiler

26. Types of Boilers:

• Fire tube boiler

• Water tube boiler

 • Other: Cochran, Lancashire, Babcock & Wilcox

27. Working of fire tube and water tube boiler:

• Fire Tube Boiler: Hot gases pass through tubes surrounded by water.

• Water Tube Boiler: Water flows through tubes heated by surrounding hot gases.

Fluid Mechanics

28. What is viscosity?

• Viscosity is a fluid’s resistance to flow.

• Higher viscosity = thicker fluid (e.g., honey).

• Unit: Pa·s or Ns/m²

IC Engine

29. Parts of diesel engine:

• Cylinder, piston, crankshaft, connecting rod, camshaft, valves, fuel injector, flywheel

30. What are the parts fitted at the top of the engine?

• Cylinder head, valves, fuel injector, rocker arm, glow plug (in some engines)

31. What is scavenging?

• Process of removing exhaust gases from the cylinder and replacing with fresh air (in
2-stroke engines).

32. Types of scavenging:

• Cross flow scavenging

• Loop scavenging

• Uniflow scavenging

33. Camshaft to crankshaft relation:

• 4-stroke engine: 1:2 ratio

• 2-stroke engine: 1:1 ratio

34. Why does a two-stroke engine have a bigger flywheel?

• To maintain rotational inertia, since it gets power every revolution → needs a

heavier flywheel for smoother operation.
35. Difference between two-stroke and four-stroke engine:

Feature Two-Stroke Four-Stroke

Power stroke Every revolution Every two revolutions

Efficiency Lower Higher

Maintenance More Less

Components No valves Valves present

36. Diesel engine works on which cycle? Explain.

• Diesel Cycle (Constant pressure cycle)

o 4 processes: Isentropic compression → constant pressure heat addition →

isentropic expansion → constant volume heat rejection.

37. Difference between SI and CI engine:

SI Engine (Petrol) CI Engine (Diesel)

Uses spark plug Uses compression ignition

Lower compression ratio Higher compression ratio

Faster speed More torque

38. Otto and Diesel cycle explanation:

• Otto Cycle (SI engine): Heat added at constant volume.

• Diesel Cycle (CI engine): Heat added at constant pressure.

• Otto is ideal for petrol, Diesel for diesel engines.

Electrical and Electronics

39. Working of three-phase induction motor:

• Rotating magnetic field in stator induces current in rotor → rotor starts rotating due
to electromagnetic induction.

40. What is a megger?

• Insulation resistance tester used to check the insulation of wires and motors.

41. What is capacitance?

• Ability to store electrical charge.

 • Unit: Farad (F)

42. Series vs Parallel Circuit:

• Series: One path; current same, voltage divided.

• Parallel: Multiple paths; voltage same, current divided.

43. What is a synchronized generator?

• A generator that matches frequency, voltage, and phase with the system before
connecting to the grid.

44. Functions of a motor:

• Converts electrical energy to mechanical energy for driving fans, pumps,

compressors, etc.

45. What is a motor?

• A machine that produces rotational motion from electric input.

Thermodynamics

46. Thermodynamic Laws:

• Zeroth Law: Basis of temperature measurement.

• First Law: Energy conservation.

• Second Law: Entropy always increases; heat flows from hot to cold.

• Third Law: Entropy of perfect crystal is zero at 0K.

Workshop

47. Parts of lathe machine:

• Bed, headstock, tailstock, carriage, lead screw, tool post

48. Types of welding:

• Arc welding

• Gas welding

• TIG (Tungsten Inert Gas)

• MIG (Metal Inert Gas)

• Spot welding
49. What is work and its unit?

• Work = Force × Distance

• Unit: Joule (J)

50. What is specific heat and its unit?

• Amount of heat required to raise temperature of 1 kg of substance by 1°C.

• Unit: J/kg·K

51. What is a Vernier Caliper?

• Precision measuring tool for internal, external dimensions and depth.

52. What is a Vernier scale and its least count?

• Small scale on Vernier Caliper used for fine measurement.

• Least Count = Smallest measurable value, usually 0.02 mm

53. What is least count?

• Minimum measurable value of an instrument.

Material Science

54. Two types of metal hardening processes and advantages:

• Case hardening: Hard surface, tough core

• Quenching: Increases hardness and strength

• Advantage: Improves wear resistance.

55. What is heat treatment process?

• Heating and cooling of metals to change their mechanical properties like hardness,
ductility.

56. What is annealing?

• Softens metal, increases ductility, removes internal stress.

57. What are the types of welding? (Repeated for completeness)

• Arc, Gas, TIG, MIG, Spot welding.

58. What is drilling?

• Machining process to make cylindrical holes using a drill bit.

59. Percentage of carbon in steel and cast iron:

• Steel: 0.1% to 2.0%

• Cast Iron: 2.0% to 4.0%

What is TDC and BDC?

• TDC (Top Dead Centre):

o Highest point the piston reaches in the cylinder.

o Occurs at the end of compression and exhaust strokes.

• BDC (Bottom Dead Centre):

o Lowest point the piston reaches.

o Occurs at the end of power and intake strokes.

What is Scavenge?

• Process of removing burnt exhaust gases from the cylinder and replacing with fresh
air (in two-stroke engines).

• Can be cross-flow, loop, or uniflow type.

Types of Lubrication in Marine Engines:

• Hydrodynamic lubrication (oil film separates moving parts)

• Boundary lubrication (thin oil layer under high pressure)

• Mixed lubrication (combination of both)

• Splash and pressure lubrication systems

What is Turbocharging?

• Using exhaust gas energy to drive a turbine which boosts air pressure to the engine
→ increases power and efficiency.

Purpose of Intercooler in Engine:

• Cools compressed air from turbocharger before it enters engine → increases air
density → better combustion.
Difference between 2-Stroke and 4-Stroke Engine:

Feature 2-Stroke Engine 4-Stroke Engine

Power stroke Every revolution Every 2nd revolution

Efficiency Lower Higher

Maintenance More frequent Less frequent

Ports/Valves Ports (mostly) Valves

Marine Fuels Used:

• HFO (Heavy Fuel Oil)

• MGO (Marine Gas Oil)

• MDO (Marine Diesel Oil)

• LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) – used in modern eco ships.

Type of Bearings in Ship Engines:

• Main Bearings – support crankshaft.

• Big End Bearings – connecting rod to crankshaft.

• Crosshead Bearings – large engines.

• Thrust Bearings – take axial load from propeller shaft.

What is Bunker Fuel?

• Fuel oil used on ships (mainly HFO).

• “Bunkering” is the process of fuelling a ship.

What is Shaft Power?

• Power delivered to the propeller shaft by the engine.

• Calculated using torque and rpm:

P=2πNT/60