JOINS in SQL - How they work?
with examples
What is a JOIN?
A JOIN is used to combine rows from two or more tables, based on a related column between them.
Why do we need JOINs?
The purpose of JOINs in SQL is to access data from multiple tables based on logical relationships between them.
Types of JOIN
INNER JOIN LEFT JOIN RIGHT JOIN
[email protected]
FIPB5OK4QG
Examples Concept
Example-1 Inner Join
Example-2 Left Join
Example-3 Right Join
Example-4 Self Join
Example-5 Union
Example-6 Union All
Example-7 Cross Join
This file is meant for personal use by [email protected] only.
Sharing or publishing the contents in part or full is liable for legal action.
The fundamentals for mapping
Understanding how mapping works is essential to understand the different kinds of joins that can be done in SQL
Types of Mapping
i. One to One mapping (1:1)
table_A table_B
column_1 column_2 column_3 column_4
1 x 1 a
2 y 2 b
3 z 3 c
4 w 4 d
5 o 5 e
join result
column_1 column_2 column_3 column_4
1 x 1 a
2 y 2 b
3 z 3 c
4 w 4 d
[email protected]
FIPB5OK4QG 5 o 5 e
ii. One to Many mapping (1:*)
table_A table_B
column_1 column_2 column_3 column_4
1 x 1 a
2 y 1 b
3 z 3 c
4 w 3 d
5 o 5 e
join result
column_1 column_2 column_3 column_4
1 x 1 a
1 x 1 b
3 z 3 c
3 z 3 d
5 o 5 e
This file is meant for personal use by [email protected] only.
Sharing or publishing the contents in part or full is liable for legal action.
iii. Many to One mapping (*:1)
table_A table_B
column_1 column_2 column_3 column_4
1 x 1 a
1 y 2 b
2 z 3 c
2 w 4 d
5 o 5 e
column_1 column_2 column_3 column_4
1 x 1 a
1 y 1 a
2 z 2 b
2 w 2 b
5 o 5 e
iv. Many to Many mapping (*:*)
table_A table_B
[email protected]
FIPB5OK4QG column_1 column_2 column_3 column_4
1 x 1 a
1 y 1 b
2 z 1 c
2 w 5 d
5 o 5 e
column_1 column_2 column_3 column_4
1 x 1 a
1 x 1 b
1 x 1 c
1 y 1 a
1 y 1 b
1 y 1 c
5 o 5 d
5 o 5 e
This file is meant for personal use by [email protected] only.
Sharing or publishing the contents in part or full is liable for legal action.
1 Find all the students who have football and cricket as their hobby.
stud_details hobby_details
stud_id name hobby_id hobby_id hobby
1001 John 1 1 Cycling
1002 Marcus 4 2 Swimming
1003 Robert 0 3 Running
1004 Luke 5 4 Cricket
1005 Ryan 5 5 Football
Let's first find the matching records using the common column - hobby_id
stud_details hobby_details
stud_id name hobby_id hobby_id hobby
[email protected] 1001 John 1 1 Cycling
FIPB5OK4QG
1002 Marcus 4 2 Swimming
1003 Robert 0 3 Running
1004 Luke 5 4 Cricket
1005 Ryan 5 5 Football
Retrieve the matching records from both tables.
stud_id name hobby_id hobby
1001 John 1 Cycling
1002 Marcus 4 Cricket
1004 Luke 5 Football
1005 Ryan 5 Football
Now, let's find the students with cricket and footbal as hobby INNER JOIN gets the common records from both tables
This file is meant for personal use by [email protected] only.
Sharing or publishing the contents in part or full is liable for legal action.
stud_id name hobby_id hobby
1002 Marcus 4 Cricket
1004 Luke 5 Football
1005 Ryan 5 Football
How can I write a query to get this answer programmatically?
SELECT stu.*, hob.hobby
FROM
stud_details as stu INNER JOIN hobby_details as hob
ON stu.hobby_id = hob.hobby_id
WHERE hob.hobby IN ('Cricket', 'Football');
[email protected]
FIPB5OK4QG
This file is meant for personal use by [email protected] only.
Sharing or publishing the contents in part or full is liable for legal action.
2 Find the total number of hobbies each student has
stud_details hobby_details
stud_id name age stud_id hobby
1001 John 10 1001 Cycling
1002 Marcus 11 1001 Painting
1003 Robert 9 1002 Swimming
1004 Luke 10 1000 Running
1005 Ryan 11 1004 Football
1006 Shaw 9 1005 Football
1005 Rugby
Let's combine the two tables to find out more about the students and their interests.
[email protected]
FIPB5OK4QG
stud_details hobby_details
stud_id name age stud_id hobby
1001 John 10 1001 Cycling
1002 Marcus 11 1001 Painting
1003 Robert 9 1002 Swimming
1004 Luke 10 1000 Running
1005 Ryan 11 1004 Football
1006 Shaw 9 1005 Football
1005 Rugby
stud_id name age hobby
1001 John 10 Cycling
1001 John 10 Painting
This file is meant for personal use by [email protected] only.
Sharing or publishing the contents in part or full is liable for legal action.
1002 Marcus 11 Swimming
1003 Robert 9 Null
1004 Luke 10 Football
1005 Ryan 11 Football
1005 Ryan 11 Rugby
1006 Shaw 9 Null
Now let's find the number of hobbies for each student.
stud_id name age no_of_hobbies
1001 John 10 2
1002 Marcus 4 1
1003 Robert 3 0
1004 Luke 6 1
[email protected]
FIPB5OK4QG 1005 Ryan 6 1
1006 Chris 5 0
How can I write a query to get this answer programmatically?
SELECT stu.*, count(hob.hobby) as no_of_hobbies
FROM
stud_details as stu LEFT JOIN hobby_details as hob
ON stu.stud_id=hob.stud_id
GROUP BY stu.stud_id, stu.name, stu.age;
This file is meant for personal use by [email protected] only.
Sharing or publishing the contents in part or full is liable for legal action.
3 Find the total number of students for each hobby.
stud_details hobby_details
stud_id name hobby_id hobby_id hobby
1001 John 1 1 Cycling
1001 John 2 2 Painting
1002 Marcus 10 3 Swimming
1003 Robert 6 4 Running
1003 Robert 5 5 Cricket
1004 Luke 6 6 Football
1005 Ryan 6 7 Rugby
Let's join the two tables to find the number of students for each hobby.
stud_id name hobby_id hobby_id hobby
1001
[email protected] John 1 1 Cycling
FIPB5OK4QG 1001 John 2 2 Painting
1002 Marcus 10 3 Swimming
1003 Robert 6 4 Running
1003 Robert 5 5 Cricket
1004 Luke 6 6 Football
1005 Ryan 6 7 Rugby
stud_id name hobby_id hobby
1001 John 1 Cycling
1001 John 2 Painting
Null Null 3 Swimming
Null Null 4 Running
1003 Robert 5 Cricket
1003 Robert 6 Football
1004 Luke 6 Football
1005 Ryan 6 Football
This file is meant for personal use by [email protected] only.
Sharing or publishing the contents in part or full is liable for legal action.
Null Null 7 Rugby
Now, let's find the number of students for each hobby.
hobby_id hobby no_of_students
1 Cycling 1
2 Painting 1
3 Swimming 0
4 Running 0
5 Cricket 1
6 Football 3
7 Rugby 0
NOTE:
How can I write a query to get this answer programmatically?
SELECT hob.hobby_id, hob.hobby, COUNT(hob.hobby) as no_of_students
FROM
[email protected]FIPB5OK4QG hobby_details as hob RIGHT JOIN stud_details as stu
ON hob.hobby_id=stu.hobby_id
GROUP BY hob.hobby_id;
This file is meant for personal use by [email protected] only.
Sharing or publishing the contents in part or full is liable for legal action.
4 Write a query to find the representative details of each student.
stud_details stud_details
id name age representative_id id name age representative_id
1001 John 18 1003 1001 John 18 1003
1002 Marcus 20 1003 1002 Marcus 20 1003
1003 Robert 50 Null 1003 Robert 50 Null
1004 Luke 15 1005 1004 Luke 15 1005
1005 Ryan 45 Null 1005 Ryan 45 Null
1006 Chris 19 1003 1006 Chris 19 1003
Now, let's find the representative's details by referring to the same table.
stud_details stud_details
[email protected]
FIPB5OK4QG id name age representative_id id name age representative_id
1001 John 18 1003 1001 John 18 1003
1002 Marcus 20 1003 1002 Marcus 20 1003
1003 Robert 50 Null 1003 Robert 50 Null
1004 Luke 15 1005 1004 Luke 15 1005
1005 Ryan 45 Null 1005 Ryan 45 Null
1006 Chris 19 1003 1006 Chris 19 1003
Let's use the above reference to find the representative details of each student.
name age rep_name rep_age
John 18 Robert 50
Marcus 20 Robert 50
Luke 15 Ryan 45
This file is meant for personal use by [email protected] only.
Sharing or publishing the contents in part or full is liable for legal action.
Chris 19 Robert 50
Each occurrence of the table must be given a different alias.
Each column reference must be preceded with an appropriate table alias.
How can I write a query to get this answer programmatically?
SELECT stu.name , stu.age, rep.name AS rep_name, rep.age AS rep_age
FROM
student_details AS stu INNER JOIN student_details AS rep
ON stu.representative_id = rep.id;
[email protected]
FIPB5OK4QG
This file is meant for personal use by [email protected] only.
Sharing or publishing the contents in part or full is liable for legal action.
5 Find all the products that are in stock.
truck_accessories car_accessories
product_id name quantity cost_per_unit product_id name quantity cost_per_unit
1001 Gear box 5 3000 1001 Horn 20 250
1002 Tyre 10 800 1002 Wheel 10 1100
1003 Windshield 20 500 1003 Steering 0 1200
1004 Steering 10 1500 1004 Pedal 8 600
1005 Tank 0 2000 1005 Gear box 12 2000
Let's find all the accessories that are in stock for the truck.
name
[email protected]
FIPB5OK4QG Gear box
Tyre
Windshield
Steering
Let's find all the accessories that are in stock for the car.
name
Horn
Wheel
Pedal
Gear box
Now, let's merge the data to find all the available accessories.
This file is meant for personal use by [email protected] only.
Sharing or publishing the contents in part or full is liable for legal action.
name
Gear box
Tyre
Windshield
Steering
Horn
Wheel
Pedal
How can I write a query to get this answer programmatically?
SELECT name FROM truck_accessories WHERE quantity >= 1
UNION
[email protected]FIPB5OK4QG SELECT name FROM car_accessories WHERE quantity >= 1;
name
Tyre
Windshield
Steering
Tank
Horn
Wheel
Pedal
Gear box
This file is meant for personal use by [email protected] only.
Sharing or publishing the contents in part or full is liable for legal action.
6 Find out which products cost more than $1,000 per unit.
truck_accessories car_accessories
product_id name quantity cost_per_unit product_id name quantity cost_per_unit
1001 Gear box 5 3000 1001 Horn 20 250
1002 Tyre 10 800 1002 Wheel 10 1100
1003 Windshield 20 500 1003 Steering 0 1200
1004 Steering 10 1500 1004 Pedal 8 600
1005 Tank 0 2000 1005 Gear box 12 2000
Let's look for all the truck accessories that cost more than $1,000.
name
[email protected]
FIPB5OK4QG Gear box
Steering
Tank
Let's look for all the car accessories that cost more than $1,000.
name
Wheel
Steering
Gear box
Now, let's merge the data to find all the available accessories.
name
This file is meant for personal use by [email protected] only.
Sharing or publishing the contents in part or full is liable for legal action.
Gear box
Steering
Tank
Wheel
Steering
Gear box
How can I write a query to get this answer programmatically?
SELECT name FROM truck_accessories WHERE cost_per_unit > 1000
UNION ALL
SELECT name FROM car_accessories WHERE cost_per_unit > 1000;
name
Gear box
[email protected]
FIPB5OK4QG Steering
Tank
Wheel
Steering
Gear box
This file is meant for personal use by [email protected] only.
Sharing or publishing the contents in part or full is liable for legal action.
7 Find all of the possible car and colour combinations.
car_details color_details
car_id name color_id color_id color
1001 Toyota 1 1 Black
1002 Honda 2 2 Red
1003 Renault 3 3 Blue
1004 Hyundai 4 4 Silver
Let's find all the possible combinations.
car_id name color_id color_id color
1001 Toyota 1 1 Black Note:
1002 Honda 2 1 Black
1003 Renault 3 1 Black
1004 Hyundai 4 1 Black
[email protected]FIPB5OK4QG 1001 Toyota 1 2 Red
1002 Honda 2 2 Red
1003 Renault 3 2 Red
1004 Hyundai 4 2 Red
1001 Toyota 1 3 Blue
1002 Honda 2 3 Blue
1003 Renault 3 3 Blue
1004 Hyundai 4 3 Blue
1001 Toyota 1 4 Silver
1002 Honda 2 4 Silver
1003 Renault 3 4 Silver
1004 Hyundai 4 4 Silver
How can I write a query to get this answer programmatically?
This file is meant for personal use by [email protected] only.
Sharing or publishing the contents in part or full is liable for legal action.
SELECT *
FROM
car_details CROSS JOIN color_details ;
[email protected]
FIPB5OK4QG
This file is meant for personal use by [email protected] only.
Sharing or publishing the contents in part or full is liable for legal action.
