Advanced English Communication Skills Lab

(Common for all branches)

B.Tech. III year I sem

MODULE - I

Activities on listening and reading comprehension

Listening: Listening is giving attention to a sound. When listening, a person hears what others
are saying and tries to understand what it means.
Examples: Paraphrasing, summarizing, questioning and clarifying are examples of active listening
techniques.

Hearing : Hearing, or auditory perception, is the ability to perceive sounds through an organ, such as
an ear,

Examples : when someone wakes up in the morning. During this time, there may be different sounds,
including birds chipping, cars honking, and an alarm beeping. However, one does not have to pay
attention to all these sounds.

Types of Listening:

Casual listening is a type of listening where you hear and try to understand what someone is saying
to relate to them. For example, when you chat with a colleague during lunch, you might use casual
listening to understand what they are saying and respond appropriately. It's also the most common
type of listening, where you listen to a sound to determine what's producing it. For example, when
you tap a closed container, the sound it makes can tell you how full it is.

Focussed Listening :

Focused listening is a strategy that involves listening closely to a speaker, paying attention to what
they are saying and how they are saying it, and setting aside your own opinions and reactions. The
goal is to understand the speaker and help them find words to express their feelings. Here are some
ways to practice focused listening

Appreciative Listening :

Appreciative listening is a type of active listening where the listener seeks out information
that they enjoy, and that meets their needs and goals. It's a way to listen for pleasure, and can

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 involve focusing on the positive aspects of what the speaker is sharing. Appreciative listening
goes beyond just hearing the words, and also acknowledges the speaker's perspective and
emotions

Gist Listening : Listening for gist is a skill that allows you to quickly understand the general
meaning of a text, such as a conversation, news report, or audio text. When listening for gist,
you focus on the overall idea of what the speaker is trying to communicate, rather than the
details. You can try these tips to improve your gist listening skills

• Show all

Active listening:

Active listening is listening to understand. This form of listening conveys a mutual understanding
between speaker and listener. it is being fully engaged while another person is talking to you. It is
listening with the intent to understand the other person fully, rather than listening to respond. Active
listening includes asking wide-eyed questions such as, "How did you feel?" or "What did you think?".

Benefits of Reading

Reading : Reading is defined as a cognitive process that involves decoding symbols to arrive at
meaning. Reading is an active process of constructing meanings of words. phonics, phonemic
awareness, vocabulary, reading comprehension and fluency. These five aspects work together to
create the reading experience.

Methods and techniques of reading

• The most productive reading techniques are SQ3R, (Survey, Question, Read, Recall and
Review). skimming, scanning, active reading, detailed reading, speed reading, and Structure-
Proposition-Evaluation reading. Reading techniques are approaches to reading that you can
employ to become a better and more accomplished reader.

Basic steps to effective reading

This four-step process guiding the reader includes:
preparing for reading;

thinking through the reading;

extracting and organizing information; and lastly,

translating the information

• Make notes to help you remember key points.

• Take regular breaks when you are reading or studying
• Read in a positive environment that is comfortable and free of distractions as this will help
improve your concentration.

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 • Use an effective reading strategy such SQ3R (Survey, Question, Read, Recall and Review).

Common Obstacles in reading

Children may struggle with reading for a variety of reasons, including limited experience with books,
speech and hearing problems, and poor phonemic awareness.

Reading Problem: Guesses, mispronounces or skips words while reading. Many struggling readers
will skip words when reading, preferring instead to read the words they recognize first and fill in the
unknown words later. Or if they can't decode the word, they will guess.

One of the biggest obstacles children face is learning to read. Reading is a fundamental skill that sets
the foundation for academic success, and if your child is struggling to keep up, it's essential to get to
the root of the problem. This blog will explore the warning signs of a learning issue and eight reasons
kids might struggle with reading.

Phonemic what?
If you've never heard of phonemic awareness, don't worry; you're not alone. Phonemic awareness is
the ability to recognize and play with speech sounds. If your child has trouble recognizing the
individual sounds in spoken words, they may struggle with reading.

Decoding difficulty
Sounding out words is a crucial skill for reading. If your child is having difficulty decoding written
words and recognizing familiar word parts, this can make reading challenging.

Comprehension confusion

Understanding what they're reading is also essential for your child's reading success. Limited
vocabulary and background knowledge can contribute to lower levels of reading comprehension.

Language barrier
Limited English language skills can also hinder your child's reading ability.
Print inexperience
Children with limited print and book experience may also need reading help.

1.6 Discourse markers or linkers

Discourse markers, also known as linking words, are words and phrases that are used to manage and
organize the structure of discourse. Discourse markers are words and phrases such as 'well', 'because',
'however'. The function of discourse markers is to make the connections between sentences and
paragraphs clear.

With discourse markers:

• I don't like milk and it's not because I'm lactose intolerant.
• I usually wouldn't go to the theatre but I'll go with you.
• She's the most experienced doctor in the surgery, so they treat her with respect.
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Without discourse markers:
• I don't like milk. I'm not lactose intolerant.
• I usually wouldn't go to the theater. I'll go with you.
• She's the most experienced doctor in the surgery. They treat her with respect.

1.7 Sub skills of reading

Reading sub skills refers to the well –planned reading approach which helps the learners to comprehend
and perceive the meaning of the text effectively. There are different kinds of reading sub skills such as
skimming, scanning intensive reading extensive reading etc
•Skimming - used to understand the "gist" or main idea

• Scanning - used to find a particular piece of information

• Extensive reading - used for pleasure and general understanding

• Intensive reading - accurate reading for detailed understanding

Skimming
Skimming is used to quickly gather the most important information, or 'gist'. Run your eyes over the
text, noting important information. Use skimming to quickly get up to speed on a current business
situation. It's not essential to understand each word when skimming.

Examples of Skimming:

• ___The Newspaper (quickly to get the general news of the day)

• ___Magazines (quickly to discover which articles you would like to read in more detail)

• ___Business and Travel Brochures (quickly to get informed)

Scanning
Scanning is used to find a particular piece of information. Run your eyes over the text looking for the
specific piece of information you need. Use scanning on schedules, meeting plans, etc. in order to find
the specific details you require. If you see words or phrases that you don't understand, don't worry
when scanning.

Examples of Scanning

• ___The "What's on TV" section of your newspaper.

• ___A train / airplane schedule

• ___A conference guide

This lesson plan focusing on scanning reading skills can be of help in practicing these skills on your
own or in printed out for in-class use.

Extensive reading
Extensive reading is used to obtain a general understanding of a subject and includes reading longer
texts for pleasure, as well as business books. Use extensive reading skills to improve your general
knowledge of business procedures. Do not worry if you understand each word.

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Examples of Extensive Reading

• ___The latest marketing strategy book

• ___A novel you read before going to bed

• ___Magazine articles that interest you

This lesson focusing on improving vocabulary through extensive reading can be of help putting these
skills into practice.

Intensive reading
Intensive reading is used on shorter texts in order to extract specific information. It includes very
close accurate reading for detail. Use intensive reading skills to grasp the details of a specific
situation. In this case, it is important that you understand each word, number or fact.

Examples of Intensive Reading

• ___A bookkeeping report

• ___An insurance claim

• ___A contract

Reading for facts

Being able to tell facts from opinions is important, because: Factual information tells the reader what
they want to know and is accurate. Reading biased texts can mean you are reading information that is
not always true. In reading someone else's views, you are really being persuaded to believe
something.

Guessing meanings from Context

Guessing the meaning of a word or phrase from context in reading is a skill that helps you understand
a text when you don't understand a word. It involves using clues from other parts of the text, such as
the title, paragraphs, and words around the unknown word, to guess its meaning.

Here are some tips for guessing meaning from context:

Look at the surrounding sentences: Consider the sentences before and after the word you don't
understand, as well as the paragraphs before and after.

Consider the title: The title of the text can give you a good idea of what a word might mean.

Determine the part of speech: Consider the word's part of speech.

Look at the grammar: Consider the immediate grammar around the word.

Consider the wider context: The wider context can include conjunction relationships.

Inferring meaning in critical reading

If you're making an inference while reading, you're making a guess about what you don't know based
on the information available—basically, you're reading between the lines. You can use your prior

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knowledge and textual information to draw conclusions, make critical judgments, and form
interpretations of the text.

Reading Comprehension - Exercise for Practice:

Reading Comprehension Practice Test 1

Questions 1 through 7 refer to the following passage:

In the 16th century, an age of great marine and terrestrial exploration, Ferdinand Magellan led the first
expedition to sail around the world. As a young Portuguese noble, he served the king of Portugal, but
he became involved in the quagmire of political intrigue at court and lost the king’s favor. After he
was dismissed from service by the king of Portugal, he offered to serve the future Emperor Charles V
of Spain.

A papal decree of 1493 had assigned all land in the New World west of 50 degrees W longitude to
Spain and all the land east of that line to Portugal. Magellan offered to prove that the East Indies fell
under Spanish authority. On September 20, 1519, Magellan set sail from Spain with five ships. More
than a year later, one of these ships was exploring the topography of South America in search of a
water route across the continent. This ship sank, but the remaining four ships searched along the
southern peninsula of South America. Finally they found the passage they sought near 50 degrees S
latitude. Magellan named this passage the Strait of All Saints, but today it is known as the Strait of
Magellan.

One ship deserted while in this passage and returned to Spain, so fewer sailors were privileged to gaze
at that first panorama of the Pacific Ocean. Those who remained crossed the meridian now known as
the International Date Line in the early spring of 1521 after 98 days on the Pacific Ocean. During
those long days at sea, many of Magellan’s men died of starvation and disease.

Later, Magellan became involved in an insular conflict in the Philippines and was killed in a tribal
battle. Only one ship and 17 sailors under the command of the Basque navigator Elcano survived to
complete the westward journey to Spain and thus prove once and for all that the world is round, with
no precipice at the edge.

1. The 16th century was an age of great ______ exploration.

a) cosmic

b) land

c) mental

d) common man

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e) None of the above

2. Magellan lost the favor of the king of Portugal when he became involved in a political ________.

a)entanglement

b)discussion

c)negotiation

d)problem

e)None of the above

3. The Pope divided New World lands between Spain and Portugal according to their location on one
side or the other of an imaginary geographical line 50 degrees west of Greenwich that extends in a
_________ direction.

a)north and south

b)crosswise

c)easterly

d)south east

e)north and west

4. One of Magellan’s ships explored the _________ of South America for a passage across the
continent.

a)coastline

b)mountain range

c)physical features

d)islands

e)None of the above

5. Four of the ships sought a passage along a southern ______.

a)coast

b)inland

c)body of land with water on three sides

d)border

e)Answer not available

6. The passage was found near 50 degrees S of ________.

a)Greenwich

b)The equator

c)Spain

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d)Portugal

Madrid

7. In the spring of 1521, the ships crossed the _______ now called the International Date Line.

a)imaginary circle passing through the poles

b)imaginary line parallel to the equator

c)area

d)land mass

e)Answer not available

MODULE- II

Activities on Writing Skills

Vocabulary for Competitive Examinations

Sample Vocabulary Words for Competitive Exams:

Tweaked – to improve (a mechanism or system) by making fine adjustments to it.

Delegates – to entrust (a task or responsibility) to another person or group.
Pristine – in its original condition; unspoiled.
Conundrum – a difficult problem or dilemma.
Inevitable – certain to happen; unavoidable.
Ample – enough or more than enough; plentiful.
Ponder – to think about carefully; to reflect upon.
Abhor – to regard with disgust or hatred; to detest.
Ubiquitous – present, appearing, or found everywhere.
Convey – to communicate or make known; to express or transfer.
Alleviate – to make (suffering, difficulty, or pain) less severe; to relieve.
Tenacious – persistent; stubborn; holding fast.
Elusive – difficult to find, catch, or understand; evasive.
Exemplify – to serve as a typical example of; to illustrate or demonstrate.
Resilient – able to recover quickly from difficulties; able to withstand challenges.
Prudent – wise; cautious; showing good judgment.
Exquisite – extremely beautiful or delicate; refined or flawless.
Profound – deep; intense; having great insight or understanding.
Ambiguous – open to more than one interpretation; unclear or vague.
Diligent – hardworking; persistent; showing careful and steady effort.

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PLANNING FOR WRITING : There are two main approaches to organising and analysing
information for academic writing.
The planning approach: spend a lot of time on different types of planning before you begin
writing. Only start writing when you know what you will write in each paragraph.

The drafting approach: start writing early, while you are still developing your ideas. Write
many drafts and gradually re-organise your text until your ideas are clear and your paragraphs
are well structured.

Both of these approaches can be successful.

However, if your writing needs to be more logical, clear or analytical, focus more on your
planning. Creating a good plan is a very positive early step towards writing a good
assignment.
Early planning:
Initially capture as many ideas as possible, without worrying about structure.
For example:
carefully read and think about the assignment or task, and its purpose
brainstorm lists of key words and topics, to give direction to your reading and research
draw mindmaps, diagrams and flowcharts
discuss your ideas with someone else
list all the readings you could use
read the abstracts for the relevant sources and make notes on how each article could be useful
for a large task like a thesis or dissertation, use End Note, or similar software, to save your references
and notes.
Activities: 1.write a paragraph about AI (Descriptive writing for cse)
2. Mobile train radio commumication
3. Paper battery
Improving Writing Skills : Skills like research, planning and outlining, editing, revising,
spelling and grammar, and organization are critical components of the writing process. In the
workplace, writing skills examples include: Documenting a process for someone else to learn
it. Summarizing a meeting in an email for all attendees.
Structure of writing: The structure of an essay is divided into an introduction that presents
your topic and thesis statement, a body containing your in-depth analysis and arguments, and
a conclusion wrapping up your ideas.

Presentation of different types of writing: What are the different types of

writing explain?

There are four different types of writing: persuasive, descriptive, narrative, and expository. Even
though they differ in their delivery, they all also include some of the same aspects. Always
remembering your audience and providing them with enough details is important with any type of
writing.

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 Persuasive writing is a form of writing where the writer attempts to convince or
persuade the audience to adopt a particular point of view or take a specific action
by presenting logical reasoning, supporting evidence, and compelling arguments.

Example: Some examples of persuasive writing include advertisement copy, editorials, book reviews,
and persuasive essays. Persuasive writing is also a common element in academic papers and magazine
articles.

Activity: Is music therapy effective.

Narrative writing is a style that allows the writer to tell a story. It can include actual events told in
chronological order or it may include imagined events told in a timeline that the author creates.
Example:Story from a story teller.
Activity: write a short story

Descriptive writing :The primary purpose of descriptive writing is to describe a person, place or thing
in such a way that a picture is formed in the reader's mind. Capturing an event through descriptive
writing involves paying close attention to the details by using all of your five senses.

Example: Giving information about how something or someone looks, sounds, etc.

Activity: Description of Exhibition

Expository writing: Expository writing is writing that aims to inform its reader. As we
mentioned above, this includes all types of factual writing, like textbooks, news stories,
technical guides, and pieces of business writing.
Examples of expository writing: academic essays, textbooks, instructional guides, and
news reports.
Free Writing and Structured Writing:
Free Writing : Free writing is a useful technique whereby you write down your thoughts as they come
to you, without regard for grammar or any other rules of writing. Free writing is similar to stream of
consciousness, where you allow your mind to go where it will, from one idea to another, while recording your
thoughts.
Activity: Describe the most beautiful place you have seen?
Structured writing: Structured writing is an approach to writing that focuses on the structure of
content and it includes evaluating and defining types of content, applying and creating rules around
the structure, validating the rules and defining styles to apply to the content so you can publish it.

Letter Writing: A letter is a written message that can be handwritten or printed on paper. It is usually
sent to the recipient via mail or post in an envelope, although this is not a requirement as such. Any
such message that is transferred via post is a letter, a written conversation between two parties.
• Writing a Letter of Application: Research the company and position, Application letters must be
unique to the company and position you're applying for. ...
• Start by expressing your interest in the position. ...
• Mention your qualifications and experience. ...
• Describe your personality. ...
• Appreciate the reader. ...
• Close the letter.

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Activity: Write a job application letter
Resume :A resume should include personal information, an objective or summary statement, work
experience, education, and hard and soft skills. If you have room left over, include languages,
achievements and awards, extracurricular activities, and hobbies and interests. Only include
references if the company asks for them.

Curriculum Vitae: The curriculum vitae, also known as a CV or vita, is a comprehensive statement
of your educational background, teaching, and research experience. It is the standard representation of
credentials within academia.

Resume vs. Curriculum Vitae: The CV presents a full history of your academic
credentials, so the length of the document is variable. In contrast, a resume presents a concise picture
of your skills and qualifications for a specific position, so length tends to be shorter and dictated by
years of experience (generally 1-2 pages)

Writing a Résumé: Follow these steps to build your resume:

1. Add your contact information
The first item on your resume should be your first and last name, a phone number and an email
address. Consider also including additional contact information so potential employers have several
ways to reach you. You may, for example, include your professional networking platform page or an
online portfolio link. You can also include your address, whether it’s the full mailing address or just
your city and state. Many companies prefer to hire local employees to reduce relocation time and
expenses.

2. Include a professional summary

Since employers may only spend a short time reviewing your resume, you want to display your
positive qualities clearly and concisely. These statements should illustrate the qualities that make you
an attractive candidate while also describing the engaging yet professional personality you bring to
work. Your summary statement should include a concise overview of your work experience. Try to
focus on your experience as it relates to the role you are seeking to stand out to hiring managers. If
you have less experience , you can provide a resume objective, which is a brief display of your skills
and qualifications as they relate to the specific position you’re seeking. As with anything on your
resume, these skills and qualities should be concrete and, where possible, quantifiable.
Related: Writing a Resume With No Experience

3. Add your work experience

The work experience section of your resume should be more than a simple list of your previous
positions. It should also effectively describe your work experience to enhance your candidacy. Some
of the information you provide in this section is self-explanatory, such as job title, company location
and dates employed. Where you can distinguish yourself in this section is with the descriptions of
your previous positions.In each description, explain your previous responsibilities, noteworthy
achievements and keywords that will make you appear the right fit for the job. List both your
responsibilities and accomplishments and emphasize items that are relevant to the prospective
employer. Rather than saying that you “worked on a team,” describe how you “coordinated with team
members to develop over 30 software updates tailored to consumer needs.” Many companies use
software to sort through large numbers of resumes and identify more promising applicants using
keyword algorithms. You can supplement your resume with keywords in the job description. If a
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company is looking for someone who can develop products that guarantee a high return on investment
(ROI), you could mention in a previous job summary that you “consistently increased ROI by
guaranteeing high productivity on my team.” How much work experience you include will depend on
your prospective position. If you are seeking your first job, for example, you may not have any
previous professional experience to include, but you can include relevant internships or volunteer
work. If you are a mid-level applicant, you may have a mixture of experience both related and
unrelated to the open position.

4. Include your education

Most jobs require at least some education, and employers seek this information on your resume. List
your highest level of education completed first, then subsequent degrees and diplomas. You may also
choose to include any active licenses or certifications. When entering a degree or diploma you are
currently completing, add the date you began pursuing it and leave the end date blank.If you are in
high school or just graduated, include this information. If you have completed a university degree,
however, it is not necessary to include information about high school. In addition to listing degrees,
include information about dean’s lists, honors recognition or academic awards. If you tailored your
coursework to a certain specialty, you may include some of the coursework relevant to this
prospective position. Typically, you don’t add your GPA unless an employer specifically requests it
or you were top of your class. Related: How To Include Relevant Coursework On a Student
Resume

5. List relevant skills

Video: Where to Include Skills on a Resume
Sinead explains the best places to include skills on a resume including how to format a “Skills” or
“Core Competencies” section.

Near the end of your resume, you should include a section for any skills that may be relevant and can
enhance your appeal as a candidate. When including your skills, choose both hard and soft skills that
relate to the role. Soft skills may be abilities such as communication or leadership while hard skills
could be computer programs or technical knowledge. To further enhance your image, you can add
your aptitude to your description of a skill such as “proficient” or “intermediate.”

6. Explain your achievements and awards

Employers may be more impressed if you can prove that your abilities have been tested and that you
have found success despite challenges. You can emphasize your victories by including a brief section
in your resume that outlines your relevant achievements and awards. Maybe you received “Employee
of the Month” three times in your previous job or received an award for generating the most sales on
your team in one quarter. These awards can set you apart from other candidates with similar
experience.

7. Use a business format

The format of your resume quickly tells an employer if you can follow directions and communicate
effectively and concisely. In a way, your resume format is the first test of your experience before a
potential employer even reviews your document. As with any writing genre, your resume’s format
should reflect the expectations of your audience. For example, most employers will expect that your
resume is one page. A professional resume format also generally includes a header with your name in
a font larger than surrounding text and the rest of your contact information nearby. You should use an
easy-to-read font, like Times New Roman, and space content so employers can clearly and quickly
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scan each section. Remember that when potential employers review your resume, they frequently scan
through it quickly, which means you should make important information stand out. Consider using
bold text for job positions and section headers.

8. Include keywords
Use words that directly relate to the position in which you’re applying. Consider reviewing the job
description for keywords and incorporating them in your resume. For example, if the posting states
the need for “excellent time management skills,” you can list time management in the skills and work
history sections of your resume. Using keywords can help you relate directly to the hiring manager,
making it more likely they will review the rest of your application materials.

9. Review samples
Reviewing other successful resumes can help you become familiar with the format, language and
sections of a professional resume. When looking for samples, take two different approaches. First,
look at samples to learn the general qualities most resumes share, such as format and standard
sections. Then, find samples of resumes in your specific field. These examples may feature optional
sections that other resumes omit, or they may use certain language or include similar skills that you
would like to include in your own document.

10. Select a template

While you can certainly draft your own resume using a word processor, you can also simplify the
resume-building process by using a resume template. These templates allow you to fill in blanks with
relevant information, offering a complete, professionally formatted document. For example, Indeed
provides a series of professional resume templates you can personalize to your industry and the
expectations of your potential employer.If you need help writing a resume, you can hire a professional
resume writer from Indeed. You can also improve your odds of finding better work by using resources
like Indeed profile, which centralizes your resume, job preferences and qualifications.

Types of Résumé:

7 types of resumes
The first step in creating a detailed resume typically involves choosing the format. The type of resume
you choose can depend on a wide range of factors, including your experience level and employment
history and the jobs to which you're applying. Here are the seven primary types of resumes to consider
before preparing your application:

1. Chronological resume
The chronological resume is a common format that can help hiring managers determine the relevancy
of previous work experiences. It allows them to review your resume quickly to determine if you have
the desired work experience. This type usually begins with a professional summary and lists your
previous employers in reverse order, beginning with your most recent positions. You can also list the
achievements and certifications you've acquired throughout your career, along with your special
skills, degrees and certifications. Consider using a chronological resume if you:

• Want to highlight career growth and development in a specific industry or

profession

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 • Want to showcase your experience working for a previous employer that
may be prestigious or well-known to the prospective company
• Have minimal or no gaps between positions and have worked in the same
industry for an extended period of time
Download Chronological Resume Template
To upload the template into Google Docs, go to File > Open > and select the correct downloaded file.

2. Functional resume
Functional resumes emphasize your skills rather than your work experience. For example, if you
studied human resources or have training in that field, a functional resume may begin by listing your
relevant human resources skills, like recruitment and communication. This resume type differs from
the traditional or chronological resume, which highlights your employment history and job
responsibilities. It may also omit specific dates related to your work experience. It offers employers
insight into what you can contribute to the company. You may want to use this resume type if you:

• Want to transition to a new industry or role and emphasize your skills to

compensate for a lack of experience
• Are a recent graduate without a lot of direct work experience in your field
yet
• Developed your skills by volunteering or completing academic work, rather
than working in a traditional role
•
Download Functional Resume Template
To upload the template into Google Docs, go to File Open and select the correct downloaded file.
Related: Functional vs. Chronological Resume: What's the Difference?
3. Combination resume
The combination resume or hybrid resume includes your functional and related skills in addition to
your reverse-chronological job history. This template allows you to emphasize your most prominent
skills while still providing hiring managers and recruiters with a timeline of your employment. Try to
keep your list of skills comprehensive and your list of job duties concise to improve reading
comprehension. In addition, organize your skills and achievements according to their significance,
starting with the most relevant ones. This type of resume can be beneficial if you:

• Are making a small career change or transitioning to a similar position

• Want to highlight your skills and accomplishments instead of just your job
duties
• Have an inconsistent employment history or gaps in your resume and want
to highlight your skills to compensate for that
Download Combination Resume Template
To upload the template into Google Docs, go to File > Open > and select the correct downloaded file.
Related: Combination Resume Tips and Examples
4. Resume profile
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A resume profile or a professional profile provides a brief one- to four-sentence overview of your
abilities, knowledge and strengths as they relate to the position to which you're applying. You can
write a resume profile either in paragraph form or bullet form. Try to keep your profile concise and
emphasize your accomplishments and skills and how you can use them in the position if hired. In
addition, consider describing what you hope to do for the company to demonstrate your dedication to
success in the position. A resume profile can be beneficial if you:

• Are applying for a more senior position that requires comprehensive knowledge and
experience
• Want to highlight specific accomplishments and achievements directly relevant to the position
• Want to relate to the hiring manager on a more personal level or personalize your resume
Download Resume Profile Template
To upload the template into Google Docs, go to File > Open > and select the correct downloaded file.
Related: How To Write a Professional Profile (With Examples)
5. Non-traditional resume
A non-traditional resume may include infographics, images, videos, portfolios or even custom web
pages. Rather than functioning as a simple document that lists your skills and work experience, this
resume type allows you to showcase your creative abilities and expertise in greater detail. Before
creating this resume, consider the industry you hope to work in and determine if it's appropriate for
the job to which you're applying. In addition, review the employer's application guidelines. Consider
adding a well-written introduction statement to your resume and instructing the employer to click on
any links you include. Use this resume if you:

• Are applying for a more creative or artistic role

• Are applying for a job that requires you to incorporate additional elements
into your application, such as work samples
• Want to display specific skills that you're unable to list in your resume
Download Two-Column Visual Resume Template
To upload the template into Google Docs, go to File > Open > and select the correct downloaded file.
Related: Free Modern Resume Templates and Examples
6. Infographic resume
An infographic resume contains different colors, typefaces and pictures and allows you to display
your design skills. You can hand out a hard-copy infographic resume during interviews, post it on
your website or social media sites or attach it to email applications. When creating
an infographic resume, make sure you still list your skills, experience and education clearly and
highlight your professional development and relevant qualifications within the job posting to
communicate your ability to handle the job's responsibilities. In addition, make sure your document is
well-organized and readable. Using simple black-and-white icons and images instead of an abundance
of striking colors ensures that employers can print your resume out easily regardless of the printer
they're using. This resume can be beneficial if you:

• Are applying for a more creative role and want to display your design skills
• Want to showcase specific achievements from previous jobs in a more
creative way
Page | 15
 • Want to create a more visually appealing resume to differentiate yourself
from other candidates
Download Minimalist Visual Resume Template
To upload the template into Google Docs, go to File > Open > and select the correct downloaded file.
Related: How To Create an Infographic Resume (With Tips)
7. Targeted resume
A targeted resume shows the relevant experience you have and the qualities you possess that are
relevant to a specific job. While you can likely reuse some sections of the resume, try to tailor it for
each job by revising it based on the specific requirements outlined in the job posting. Rewrite your
professional summary section for each job application. In addition to using keywords, consider
visiting the company's website and using its mission statement to address your career goals. Being
aware of your word choices and communication style can show employers you know what they want
in a candidate. Only include the most relevant information about your abilities to ensure your resume
doesn't exceed more than a page. Including keywords in a targeted resume can also help you ensure
that applicant tracking systems are able to read your resume and prioritize it. In addition, consider
adding a targeted single-line objective at the top of your resume that explains who you are and what
you have to offer. You can edit it to appeal specifically to the recruiter reviewing your application. A
targeted resume can be beneficial if you:

• Are applying for many jobs at once or multiple positions with different requirements
• Are applying for a specific job and want to make sure you include all relevant requirements
• Want to demonstrate why your qualifications differentiate you from other candidates with
similar backgrounds
Related: How To Tailor Your Resume to a Job Description
Upgrade your resume
Showcase your skills with help from a resume expert

Resume writing tips

Here are a few helpful tips for improving the quality of your resume, regardless of the type you
choose:

• Keep it simple. Keep your resume concise and easy to read to retain the hiring
manager or recruiter's attention. Recruiters often have a lot of resumes to review, and
long sentences or paragraphs can be distracting.
• Proofread carefully. Make sure to proofread your resume for awkward line breaks,
improper formatting or misspellings. Proofreading your resume shows employers that
you're detail-oriented and take the time to review your work.
• Edit as needed. If you're applying to multiple positions, it may be necessary to edit
your resume to meet each employer's requirements. A well-edited document shows
employers that the position is important to you.
• Include all relevant experience. Make sure to include as many relevant details as
possible to let the employer know why you're a great fit for the position. For example,
if you're an experienced accountant, be sure to include your most recent accounting
experience and leave out positions unrelated to accounting.

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 • E-correspondence: What is E-correspondence? When one firm writes an email to
another firm, and the answers thereto to the mail is given then the correspondence
between the firms is formed. Such correspondence when done through the online
means of email than it is called E-correspondence.

E-mail
What is an email?

Electronic mail, commonly shortened to “email,” is a communication method that uses

electronic devices to deliver messages across computer networks. "Email" refers to both the
delivery system and individual messages that are sent and received.

– EMAIL (N)etiquettes: Email etiquette is the use of appropriate language, conventions and
formality in an email. Business emails usually demand formal language and strict adherence
to proper grammar and spelling. Using appropriate email etiquette shows the email's recipient
that you care about your relationship with them, you value your professionalism and you
represent the company for which you work well.
Email etiquette refers to the guidelines and best practices for writing and sending emails in a
professional and respectful manner. Here are some key points to consider:
1. Clear subject line: Keep it concise and relevant to the email content.
2. Formal greeting: Use a formal greeting such as "Dear [Recipient's Name]" or "Hello
[Recipient's Name]".
3. Proper formatting: Use headings, bullet points, and white space to make the email easy to
read.
4. Clear and concise content: Be direct and to the point, avoiding unnecessary details.
5. Professional tone: Avoid using slang, jargon, or overly casual language.
6. Proofread: Check for spelling, grammar, and punctuation errors.
7. Include signature: Add a professional email signature with your name, title, and contact
information.
8. Use attachments wisely: Only attach necessary files and use clear file names.
9. Respond promptly: Reply to emails in a timely manner, ideally within 24 hours.
10. Be mindful of cultural differences: Be sensitive to cultural differences and nuances when
communicating with people from diverse backgrounds.
By following these guidelines, you can ensure that your emails are effective, respectful, and
professional.

Activity: Write a reply to the advertisement given by Infosys, Bangalore.

Report: Generally, a report will include some of the following sections: Title Page, Terms of
Reference, Summary, Table of Contents, Introduction, Methods, Results, Main body, Conclusion,
Recommendations, Appendices, and Bibliography. . Reports often involve investigating and analysing
a problem and coming up with a solution.

Report writing : Report writing is common in a number of disciplines. A report is a specific form of
writing, written concisely and clearly and typically organised around identifying and examining
issues, events, or findings from a research investigation.
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Evaluation
The importance of Report Writing can be reflected during the evaluation process. This is because
Report Writing can help you evaluate your own or others’ performance, progress, or outcomes. For
example, if you are a student, you can write a Report to assess your learning outcomes, achievements,
or challenges in a course or a project. As a teacher, you can write a Report to evaluate your students’
learning outcomes, strengths, or weaknesses in a course or an assignment.

If you are a researcher, you can write a Report to evaluate your research methods, results, or
implications in a study or an experiment. Report Writing can help you identify the gaps, strengths, or
areas for improvement in your own or others’ work.

Development of skills
Report Writing can help you develop your skills in various domains and disciplines. For example, if
you are a student, you can write a Report to improve your writing, research, analysis, or presentation
skills. If you are a teacher, you can write a Report to enhance your teaching, assessment, feedback, or
curriculum design skills.

If you are a researcher, you can write a Report to advance your knowledge, methodology, innovation,
or contribution skills. Report Writing can help you acquire new knowledge, apply existing
knowledge, or create new knowledge in your field of interest.

Investigation

The Importance of Report Writing also lies in investigating a problem or a topic in-depth and in
detail. For example, if you are a student, you can write a Report to explore a question or an issue that
interests you or relates to your course or project.

Page | 18
At the same time, if you are a teacher, you can write a Report to investigate a pedagogical or
educational problem or phenomenon that affects your teaching or learning environment. On the other
hand, if you are a researcher, you can write a Report to investigate a scientific or social problem or
phenomenon that has significance or relevance for your discipline or society. Report Writing can help
you collect, analyse, and present data in an organised and systematic way.

Quick location

Report Writing can help you locate information quickly and easily. For example, students can write a
Report to summarise the main points and findings of your course or project for future reference or
revision. If you are a teacher, you can write a Report to document the key aspects and outcomes of
your course or assignment for future use or evaluation.

At the same time, researchers can write a Report to record the essential details and implications of a
study or experiment for future dissemination or publication. Report Writing can help you create an
index, an abstract, or an executive summary that can help you access information at a glance.

Master the art of professional Email Communication with our Email Etiquette Training – boost your
online presence and productivity now!

Decision making tool

Report Writing acts as a decision-making tool that can assist you in making decisions based on facts
and evidence. For example, if you are a student, you can write a Report to support your arguments or
opinions with data and sources in an essay or a debate. If you are a teacher, you can write a Report to
justify your decisions or recommendations with data and sources in an assessment or feedback.

If you are a researcher, you can write a Report to validate your claims or hypotheses with data and
sources in a study or an experiment. Thus, Report Writing can help you use logic, reasoning, and
analysis to make informed and rational decisions.

Neutral presentation of facts

Report Writing can help you present facts in a neutral and objective manner. For example, if you are a
student, you can write a Report to avoid bias or emotion in your writing and use facts and evidence to
support your points. If you are a teacher, you can write a Report to avoid bias or emotion in your
assessment and use facts and evidence to evaluate your students.

Researchers can write a Report to avoid bias or emotion in their research and use facts and evidence
to demonstrate their findings. Report Writing can help you maintain a professional and ethical tone in
your communication.

A managerial tool : Report Writing can help you manage your work or project effectively and
efficiently. For example, if you are a student, you can write a Report to plan, organise, and monitor
your progress or outcomes in a course or a project. If you are a teacher, you can write a Report to
plan, organise, and monitor your activities or objectives in a course or an assignment.

If you are a researcher, you can write a Report to plan, organise, and monitor your methods or results
in a study or an experiment. As a result, Report Writing can help you set goals, allocate resources, and
measure performance.

Page | 19
Proper control
Report Writing helps you control your work or project effectively and efficiently. For example, if you
are a student, you can write a Report to check, review, and revise your work or project before
submission or presentation. If you are a teacher, you can write a Report to check, review, and revise
your work or project before delivery or evaluation.

If you are a researcher, you can write a Report to check, review, and revise your work or project
before dissemination or publication. Thus, Report Writing can help you ensure quality, accuracy, and
consistency in your work or project.

Professional advancement
The importance of Report Writing lies in advancing and developing your professional career. For
example, if you are a student, you can write a Report to demonstrate your competence, knowledge,
and skills in a course or a project. In contrast, if you are a teacher, you can write a Report to
demonstrate your competence, knowledge, and skills in a course or an assignment.

If you are a researcher, you can write a Report to demonstrate your competence, knowledge, and skills
in a study or an experiment. Report Writing can help you showcase your achievements, contributions,
or innovations in your field of interest.

Encountering advance and complex situation

Report Writing can help you encounter advanced and complex situations in your work or project. For
example, if you are a student, you can write a Report to deal with challenging questions or issues that
arise in your course or project. If you are a teacher, you can write a Report to deal with challenging
questions or issues that arise in your course or assignment.

If you are a researcher, you can write a Report to deal with challenging questions or issues that arise
in your study or experiment. Report Writing can help you solve problems, overcome obstacles, or
discover new possibilities in your work or project.

Types and Formats of Reports: Report Types: Top 8 Types of Reports This article throws light upon
the top eight types of report. The types are: 1. Formal or Informal Reports 2. Short or Long Reports 3.
Informational or Analytical Reports 4. Proposal Report 5. Vertical or Lateral Reports 6. Internal or
External Reports 7. Periodic Reports 8. Functional Reports.

Type 1. Formal or Informal Reports: Formal reports are carefully structured; they stress objectivity
and organization, contain much detail, and are written in a style that tends to eliminate such elements
as personal pronouns. Informal reports are usually short messages with natural, casual use of
language. The internal memorandum can generally be described as an informal report

. Type 2. Short or Long Reports: This is a confusing classification. A one-page memorandum is

obviously short, and a twenty page report is clearly long. But where is the dividing line? Bear in mind
that as a report becomes longer (or what you determine as long), it takes on more characteristics of
formal reports.

Type 3. Informational or Analytical Reports: Informational reports (annual reports, monthly

financial reports, and reports on personnel absenteeism) carry objective information from one area of
Page | 20
an organization to another. Analytical reports (scientific research, feasibility reports, and real-estate
appraisals) present attempts to solve problems.

Type 4. Proposal Report: The proposal is a variation of problem-solving reports. A proposal is a

document prepared to describe how one organization can meet the needs of another. Most
governmental agencies advertise their needs by issuing “requests for proposal” or RFPs. The RFP
specifies a need and potential suppliers prepare proposal reports telling how they can meet that need.
RFP specifies a need and potential suppliers prepare proposal reports telling how they can meet that
need.

Type 5. Vertical or Lateral Reports: This classification refers to the direction a report travels. Reports
that more upward or downward the hierarchy are referred to as vertical reports; such reports
contribute to management control. Lateral reports, on the other hand, assist in coordination in the
organization. A report traveling between units of the same organization level (production and finance
departments) is lateral.

Type 6. Internal or External Reports: Internal reports travel within the organization. External reports,
such as annual reports of companies, are prepared for distribution outside the organization.

Type 7. Periodic Reports: Periodic reports are issued on regularly scheduled dates. They are generally
upward directed and serve management control. Preprinted forms and computer-generated data
contribute to uniformity of periodic reports.

Type 8. Functional Reports: This classification includes accounting reports, marketing reports,
financial reports, and a variety of other reports that take their designation from the ultimate use of the
report. Almost all reports could be included in most of these categories. And a single report could be
included in several classifications. Although authorities have not agreed on a universal report
classification, these report categories are in common use and provide a nomenclature for the study
(and use) of reports. Reports are also classified on the basis of their format. As you read the
classification structure described below, bear in mind that it overlaps with the classification pattern
described above..

ACTIVITY: MAKE A FORMAT OF REPORT.

What is technical report writing?

A technical report is a formal report designed to convey technical information in a clear and easily
accessible format. It is divided into sections which allow different readers to access different levels of
information.

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 MODULE- III

Activities on Presentation Skills

Starting a conversation:

Conversation is interactive, communication between two or more people. The development of

conversational skills and etiquette is an important part of socialization. The development of
conversational skills in a new language is a frequent focus of language teaching and learning.

• Overcoming the fear of starting a conversation

• Understanding the context
• Body language
• What are good ways to start a conversation?
• How to start a conversation over text
• How to start a conversation with a stranger
• How to start a deep conversation
• 7 tips to start and maintain a good conversation with anyone
• Common pitfalls to avoid
• Conclusion

Responding appropriately and relevantly: After you've considered what was said to you and you've
thought about what you want to say, speak clearly and confidently. Don't use vague or contradictory
language to try to sound smarter or clever. People appreciate sincerity, so give them a genuine
response that shows them that you care and that you understand them.
Here are six examples of positive body language:

• Maintain good eye contact. Maintaining good eye contact can show you're engaged and actively
listening to what someone is telling you. ...
• Head nod. ...
• Firm handshake. ...
• Open palms. ...
• Upright and open posture. ...
• Leaning in while speaking (and listening)

What is role-play in different situations?

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Roleplay most often involves two people who act out how a conversation would—or should—look
and sound among actual people in an actual situation. Role reversal is a common practice in roleplay,
as is practicing difficult conversations in order to produce more positive outcomes.

ACTIVITY:Seeking clarification (Who is the senior most surgeon In hospital)

Making a Request

There are many ways to form an appropriate request in English depending on the context. First, look
at the following examples of requests. Can you guess which ones are very indirect, and which ones
are more direct?

a. Let me see your notes.

b. Do you think I could see your notes?
c. I seem to have lost my notes…
d. I want your notes.
e. Can I borrow your notes?
f. Please show me your notes.
g. Would it be alright if I borrowed your notes for a bit?

As you’ve probably guessed, a, d, and f are more direct (and therefore, less polite) than the
other requests. B, e, and g are more polite, and c is clearly the least direct. By describing
something negative, the speaker is inviting the listener to offer to lend her notes. As a general
rule, formal requests (such as to professors and employers) should be polite and not overly
direct. In the sections that follow, you’ll learn specific strategies for forming a variety of
requests.

Using the Past Tense

To make a request less direct (and therefore, more polite), there are a couple strategies. The
first one is to use the past tense, such as the simple past or past progressive. By phrasing
requests in the past tense, a sense of distance is created between the speaker and the thing
being requested. In this way, the request is seen as being less direct, and therefore, less
confrontational toward the speaker. Look at the following examples:

I was hoping to leave work a little early today.

I wondered if I could leave work a little early today.

Practice making the following requests more polite by changing their verb forms in the past
tense:

1. I wonder if you can review my report.

2. Can you review my report when you have the time?
3. I hope you can review my report.

You want to meet your professor after class today. You approach her before class begins.

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 Professor: “Hi, did you want something?”

1. I was, um, wondering if, uh, I could, uh, meet with you after class today.
2. Would it be at all possible to meet with you after class today?
3. Yes, I need to meet with you after class today.
4. I was hoping, if you don’t mind, to maybe, um, meet with you after class today, if that’s
okay.

ACTIVITY: How will you make a request for offer an over sea’s project.
Asking for permission to do something takes many different forms. Perhaps you need to get
permission to do something at work, or perhaps you need to ask a friend for permission to use one of
her possessions, or maybe you need to ask the teacher if you can leave room for a moment or two.
Remember to use polite forms when asking for permission to do something or use an object as you are
asking a favor of that person.
Can I + verb (very informal)
• Can I go out tonight?
• Can he have dinner with us?
NOTE: The use of "Can I do something?" is very informal, and considered incorrect by many.
However, it is used in everyday informal speech and for that reason has been included.
May I + verb
• May I have another piece of pie?
• May we go out with our friends tonight?
NOTE: Traditionally, the use of "May I do something?" has been used for asking permission. In
modern society, this form has become a little more formal and is often replaced with other forms such
as "Can I..." and "Could I ..." Many argue that "Can I ..." is incorrect because it refers to ability.
However, this form is quite common in everyday, spoken situations.
Could I please + verb
• Could I please go with Tom to the movie?
• Could we please go on trip this weekend?
Do you think I could + verb
• Do you think I could use your cell phone?
• Do you think I could borrow your car?

READ MORE

Master Asking for Information in English

By Kenneth Beare

Would it be possible for me + infinitive

• Would it be possible for me to use your computer for a few minutes?
• Would it be possible for to study in this room?

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Would you mind if I + verb in past
• Would you mind if I stayed a few more minutes?
• Would you mind if I took a five minute break?
Would you mind my + verb + ing + your + object
• Would you mind my using your cellphone?
• Would you mind my playing your piano?
How to Grant Permission in English
If you would like to say "yes" to someone who asks permission, you can give permission using these
phrases. The first three are more informal, while the fourth is formal.
• Sure.
• No problem.
• Go right ahead.
• Please feel free + infinitive
How to Politely Refuse a Favor/Deny Permission
Saying 'no', is never fun, but sometimes it's necessary. See the conversations below for some
examples.
• I'm afraid I'd prefer if you didn't / don't.
• Sorry, but I'd rather you not do that.
• Unfortunately, I need to say no.
• I'm afraid that's not possible.
When denying permission, people will sometimes instead offer to help in other ways, using the words
"how about" and "instead" to offer alternatives.
• I'm afraid I can't let you borrow my car, but I could drive you instead.
• I can't babysit your daughter. How about I call my sitter for you instead?
• I wish I could help out; maybe another time.
Sample Dialogues for Practice: Asking for Permission Which Is Given
• Jack: Hi Sam, do you think I could use your cell phone for a moment?
• Sam: Sure, no problem. Here you are.
• Jack: Thanks buddy. It will only be a minute or two.
• Sam: Take your time. No rush.
• Jack: Thanks!
• Student: Would it be possible for me to have a few more minutes to review before the quiz?
• Teacher: Please feel free to study for a few more minutes.
• Student: Thank you very much.
• Teacher: No problem. Do you have any questions in particular?
• Student: Uh, no. I just need to review things quickly.
• Teacher: OK. We'll begin in five minutes.
• Student: Thank you.
Example Situations: Asking for Permission Which Is Denied
In this example, an employee is asking for time away from work.

Page | 25
 • Employee: Would you mind if I came in late to work tomorrow?
• Boss: I'm afraid I'd prefer if you didn't.
• Employee: Hmmm. What if I work overtime tonight?
• Boss: Well, I really need you for the meeting tomorrow. Is there any way you can do
whatever it is you need to do later.
• Employee: If you put it that way, I'm sure I can figure something out.
• Boss: Thanks, I appreciate it.
This example shows a father telling his son that he can't go out because of his recent academic
performance.
• Son: Dad, can I go out tonight?
• Father: It's a school night! I'm afraid that's not possible.
• Son: Dad, all my friends are going to the game!
• Father: I'm sorry, son. Your grades haven't been the best recently. I'm going to have to say no.
• Son: Ah, Dad, come on! Let me go!
• Father: Sorry son, no is no.
ACTIVITY:

Find a partner and use these suggestions to practice asking for permission, as well as giving and
denying permission as shown in the examples. Make sure to vary the language you use when
practicing rather than using the same phrase over and over again.
Participating in a Small Talk : Small talk is light, informal conversation people use when talking to
others they don't know very well. These conversations typically happen at networking or social
events. The goal of small talk is to gently establish rapport with someone new and get to know them
better.
Oral presentations (individual and group) through JAM sessions: Communication is the key to
success. Not every individual that you meet in life will be good at communication. Anyone and
everyone can deliver prepared speeches, but that is not how you should be judging an individual’s
communication skills. The real test lies in surprises. Today, the most trending communication gauge
is the JAM session. In this article, we will be taking a deep look into the meaning of JAM sessions,
how an individual can excel in the JAM sessions, what benefits an individual generally receives by
practicing for the JAM session, and what different topics a speaker can prepare for the JAM activities.

Some Tips and Tricks to Succeed in the JAM Activities

Since you will be given the JAM topic on the stage or just 30 seconds before you have to start

speaking, it would be really helpful if you could keep some generalized points mentioned below in

mind.

• Always start with a question or quotation − While you are interviewing, keep in mind that

you are giving the interview for the first time, but that the interviewer has seen many

candidates similar to you. For them, it is a job, and they want to be out of it as soon as

possible. If you are speaking in front of an audience, you will not be the only speaker. Hence,

it is critical for you to grab their attention. Starting with a question or quotation will force

Page | 26
 them to listen to you. Questions are easy to prepare, but for the quotations, make sure you

start learning the quotations from varied fields.

• Try adding your personal experience or some anecdotes in the speech − One minute or 60

seconds is a long enough time. You can start with a quotation and question, share your view

on the topic, and it could be just the end of 30 seconds. Always include personal experiences

or anecdotes in your speeches to ensure that you stay in the game until the end. It will give

you content to speak about and something that you are comfortable with as well.

• Relate to the topic − We often see speakers drift away from the topic or just speak about half

of the topic. Well, this creates a negative impact on the audience and the evaluators. Always

ensure that you are using anecdotes, questions, or quotations that are relevant to the topic.

You could also mention your JAM topic once in the 60-second time period to show them that

you remember it.

• Use hand gestures while speaking − If you have your hands in your pocket, folded in front

of you, or behind your back, it shows that you are nervous and not confident. Always use

your hands while speaking. This also puts an emphasis on the content that you are delivering.

• Avoid long pauses and filler words; do not go blank on stage. If you cannot find the right

words or you feel like the content is exhausted, try giving examples or picking up where you

left off. In the JAM activity, giving up is the most humiliating thing you could do. Keep the

spirit up and your tongue running.

• Avoid filler words − What irritates an audience the most are the filler words that we use

while we deliver a speech. Filler words could be and, uh, um, actually, probably, basically,

and some Hinglish words as well. Be mindful of those as they add negative marks to your

portfolio.

• Start reading − The most critical root for success in JAM sessions will be reading. For

speaking in the JAM session, you need content, and this content will be provided to you

through books and newspapers.

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Some JAM Activity Topics
JAM activity topics are generally very random and abrupt, and this is what gives them beauty. The

topics could be anything under the sun, so it's better to start reading. However, to get the ball rolling,

you can start preparing on some of the topics mentioned below −

• Opinion on a particular brand or product

• Your role model and why

• State of the Indian Economy

• Your view on Ukraine and the Russian war

• How do you plan to combat air pollution?

• What are your views on climate change?

• Life is a cupcake, highlighter, pen, and others

• Your views on the social media platforms

• World War

• T-shirt

• Laughter is the best medicine.

• The citizenship amendment act

• Pandemic and the World

• Work from home or in an office model

• Happiness

The JAM session is really helpful for all corporate workers and students. It is even helpful for people

in their day-to-day activities. It helps individuals address the public and create an impression with

their content; after all, good communication is the bridge between confusion and clarity.

What is the importance of PPT in presentation?

Power Point presentation allows presenters to translate complex ideas, facts, or figures into easily
digestible visuals. Visual representations of information activate the right hemisphere of the brain,
which allows viewers to interpret, expound, and engage with what they're seeing.

Prepare a PPT on a well known topic with maximum seven slides(non – Technical concepts)

Planning :

Page | 28
 Planning is a crucial element. People decide the aim of the discussion. A group discussion that aims to

arrive at some decision cannot just have random expression of ideas. The discussion has to be planned

in such a manner that every step takes the group closer to its goal.

As such a group must have a leader or initiator. Such person or persons prepare an agenda, inform the

members about the discussion, fix the time, date, and venue for a meeting. At the discussion, they

ensure that the members do not wander from the basic agenda and purpose

Preparing :

• Prepare thoroughly.
• Initiate the discussion.
• Structure your points.
• Practise Active Listening.
• Manage time wisely.
• Effective communication.
• Body language matters.
• Moderate your tone.

Rehearsing :

You can rehearse your presentation to make sure that it fits within a certain time frame. While you
rehearse, use the Slide Timing feature to record the time that you need to present each slide, and then
use the recorded times to advance the slides automatically when you give your presentation to your
actual audience.

Making a Presentation :

Create a Dynamic Presentation

• Talk to your audience, not at them.

• Project enthusiasm for the topic without preaching. ...
• Present your material in a well-organized manner. ...
• Speak to the knowledge level of your audience. ...
• Choose your major points carefully and illustrate them with examples or stories.
Stage fear:
Stage fright tips for the day of performance

• Dispel your excess adrenaline to feel calm. When you're anxious, your body is filled with adrenaline,
so use it. ...
• Slow your breath. ...

Page | 29
• Avoid caffeine and other stimulants. ...
• Smile to make yourself feel better. ...
• Project confidence in yourself.

Understanding Nuances of Delivery

There are four main kinds of speech delivery- Impromptu, Extempore, Manuscript and
Memorized. Impromptu Speech -An Impromptu speech is delivered at the spur of the moment and is
spontaneous. It is an unprepared speech, an example of which can be a toast at a wedding or a
reception party
Activities : Presentations through Posters/Projects/Reports

Checklist for Making a Presentation

• Create a shared meaning between the you, the speaker, and your audience

• Know your audience.

• What is the purpose of the presentation?

• Create a speaking outline with appropriate content.

• Dealing with speech anxiety

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Checklist for Making a Presentation and Rubrics of Evaluation.

3.Activities on Presentation Skills - Starting a conversation – responding appropriately and

relevantly – using the right language and body language – Role Play in different situations including
Seeking Clarification, Making a Request, Asking for and Refusing Permission, Participating in a
Small Talk – Oral presentations (individual and group) through JAM sessions- PPTs – Importance
of Presentation Skills – Planning, Preparing, Rehearsing and Making a Presentation – Dealing with
Glossophobia or Stage Fear – Understanding Nuances of Delivery - Presentations through
Posters/Projects/Reports – Checklist for Making a Presentation and Rubrics of Evaluation.

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 Module - IV
Group Discussion

Group discussion: Group Discussions are a crucial aspect of the interview processes across
organizations.

But what is a group discussion? How many types of group discussions do you need to know about and
what is the process involved?

We answer all these questions in this extensive guide! Read on to learn everything you need to know
about acing the group discussions round before your next interview!

Group Discussion- Definition and What is it about?

A Group Discussion, often abbreviated as GD, is a popular evaluation technique used by employers
during the recruitment process.

It is a structured conversation involving a group of individuals, usually between 6 to 15 participants,

who gather to discuss a specific topic or problem.

The primary goal of a group discussion is to assess a candidate's ability to communicate, collaborate,
and present their ideas effectively within a group setting.

Group discussions play a crucial role in assessing not just an individual's knowledge but also their
interpersonal skills, teamwork, and ability to think on their feet.

What is a Group Discussion About?

• Testing Communication Skills

One of the key objectives of a group discussion is to evaluate a candidate's communication abilities.

Participants are expected to express their thoughts clearly, concisely, and logically.

Effective verbal communication, including listening to others and responding thoughtfully, is a

critical skill that employers seek in potential employees.
• Teamwork and Leadership

Group discussions help employers identify how well candidates can work in a team. It's not just about
presenting your views but also about listening to others, acknowledging their perspectives, and
fostering a collaborative environment.

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 Additionally, it offers a chance for employers to observe emerging leaders who can guide the
discussion and maintain order within the group.
• Problem-Solving and Decision-Making

In many group discussions, participants are presented with a problem or a case study to discuss.

This assesses their problem-solving and decision-making skills under pressure.

Employers are keen to identify candidates who can analyze situations, think critically, and propose
effective solutions in real time.
• Knowledge and Awareness

Group discussions often revolve around current affairs, social issues, or industry-related topics.

Being well-informed and having a good understanding of these subjects can give candidates an
advantage.

Employers look for candidates who can contribute meaningful insights and stay updated with relevant
information.
• Time Management

Group discussions are typically time-bound, so time management is another skill being tested.
Candidates must make their points and engage in the discussion while adhering to time constraints.
• Convincing and Persuasive Skills

Participants may need to persuade others to accept their point of view during a group discussion.
Being persuasive, yet respectful, is a valuable skill in a professional setting.
• Handling Pressure

Group discussions can be challenging, especially when participants have differing opinions and the
clock is ticking.

How candidates handle stress, maintain composure, and continue to contribute constructively is
closely observed.
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What Are The Types Of Group Discussions?
Group discussions come in various formats, each designed to assess specific skills and qualities in
participants. Different types of group discussions include:

Topic-based Group Discussion

In a topic-based GD, participants are given a specific subject or theme to discuss.

This type is often used in academic settings, where students are asked to share their views on a given
topic.

It can also be used in job interviews to evaluate the candidate's knowledge and ability to articulate
their thoughts.

Case Study Group Discussion

In this type of GD, participants are presented with a real or hypothetical scenario or case study.

They must analyze the situation, identify issues, and propose solutions. Employers use this format to
assess problem-solving abilities and decision-making skills.

Role-Play Group Discussion

Role-play GDs involve participants assuming specific roles or characters and discussing a scenario or
problem as if they were the people they're representing.

It's an effective way to evaluate empathy, creativity, and the ability to think from different
perspectives.

Structured Group Discussion

Structured GDs are more formal and controlled. Participants may take turns speaking, and the
discussion follows a predetermined agenda or set of questions.

This format is common in academic settings and research-related discussions.

Debate Group Discussion

A debate-style GD involves participants taking opposing sides on a given topic and presenting
arguments to support their position.

This type assesses participants' ability to construct logical arguments, counter opposing viewpoints,
and communicate persuasively.

Fishbowl Group Discussion

In a fishbowl discussion, a smaller group of participants sits in the center and discusses a topic while
the larger group observes.

This format is often used for training and development purposes, allowing observers to learn from the
discussion in progress.

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Group Problem-Solving Discussion
Participants work together to solve a complex problem or challenge. This type assesses teamwork,
collaboration, and the ability to collectively find solutions.

Controversial Group Discussion

In a controversial GD, participants are given a contentious or polarizing topic to discuss.

This format is designed to evaluate how well candidates can handle sensitive or provocative subjects
and communicate respectfully.

Brainstorming Group Discussion

Participants engage in a brainstorming session to generate ideas and solutions related to a specific
topic or problem.

This type assesses creativity, ideation, and the ability to contribute to a collective idea pool.

Interview Panel Group Discussion

In some job interviews, candidates are asked to participate in a group discussion with other applicants.

This format helps assess interpersonal skills, adaptability, and the ability to handle group dynamics
under interview conditions.

Online Group Discussion

With the rise of remote work and virtual interviews, online group discussions have become more
common.

Participants engage in discussions through video conferencing or text-based platforms, which may
have their unique dynamics and challenges.

These various types of group discussions allow employers and educators to evaluate a wide range of
skills and qualities, making it a versatile tool for assessing candidates and students in different
contexts.

Each type serves a specific purpose, and the choice of format depends on the goals of the evaluation.

Dynamics of GD: The social process by which people interact and behave in a group environment is
called group dynamics. Group dynamics involves the influence of personality, power, and behavior on
the group process.

Dynamics of GD: Flexibility: You must be open to other ideas as well as to the evaluation of your
That is what flexibility is all about. But first, remember. Never ever start your CA with a stand or a
conclusion. By taking a stand, you have already given your decision without discussing the topic at
hand or listening to the views of your seam members.

Assertiveness: You must put forth your point to the group in a very emphistic positive and confident
manner.

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Initiative: A general trend amongst students is to start a GD and get the initial kitty of points
earmarked for the initiator. But that is a high risk-high return strategy. Initiate a GD only if you are
well versed with the topic.

Creativity: An idea or a perspective which opens new horizons for discussion on the GD topic is
always highly appreciated. When you put across a new idea convincingly, such that it is discussed at
length by the group, it can only be positive

Team Player: It lays great emphasis on this parameter because it is essential for managers to be team
players. Management aspirants who lack team skills cannot be good managers.

Myths of GD:

Top Group Discussion Myths:

These are some of the popular myths that we follow during group discussions-

1. Sit Correctly –
The moderator is not there to see how far your spinal cord could bend. No matter how straight you sit
but if you don’t speak, you are out.
So, sit whichever way you like and speak as much as you can.

2. Be Assertive –
Let’s face the fact that if you won’t be loud to prove your point, then no one is going to listen to your
point.
Yes! Not even the moderator. Be loud enough to make your point fall on the ears of others. Make
sure not to be rude and refrain from using abusive language to attain improved performance.
3. Try to Initiate the Conversation –
The topic given to you is no less than rocket science for you, but to grab those brownie points, you
start the discussion and eventually land in a soup.
However, it’s better to wait for someone to start if you don’t know the topic’s basics.
4. Don’t Roll Like a Ball –
Remember that you are not debating but participating with people in group discussions. Don’t adhere
to a particular side right from the very beginning until the end. Switch sides and change the course of
direction to gain the attention of the moderator.
5. Be a Leader –
A leader always takes their team members in the direction that is right and essential, not only that but
the right decision at the right time.

Unless you are sure that you could take everyone in the right way, don’t take this initiative by
changing the direction of the discussion in the wrong way.
Research shows that individuals with leadership qualities are hired more, but the important part of this
is having clarity and confidence in your thoughts in order to clear the GD.
6. Start by Defining the Topic –
You are losing your precious time by defining the obvious topic. Avoid this habit and directly come to
the point.
7. Never Ask Other Candidates Questions –

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 One of the most common myths in a GD. Do it because that’s your only chance to stop those
candidates who can’t stop talking. This way, you could make the heads of other people nod in your
favor.
8. Never Cut Others Short
If you don’t do it, someone else of course will. Hence, if you want to speak, do it by hook or by crook.
9. Summarize Your Point When You Get a Chance –
If you rush in summarizing your talk and give a final judgment at the very start, then don’t expect to
roll in another direction and, in fact, don’t expect another chance to speak at all.
10. Be Clear in What You Say While You Summarize –
Be diplomatic towards the end. Ensure that those who are listening to you leave the hall with
a Question Mark on their faces.
It is a GD, not a debate. Otherwise, the interviewer could use your same “CLEAR” summary against
you in the next round, probably the Interview.
GD cannot be learned from the internet, books, or any lecture. It requires spontaneity at the last
moment, and if you succeed in doing that, you can clear it with flying colors.

INTERVENTION OF GD: Ask Permission to Enter. "May I interrupt you for a moment?" it appears
to say. When someone is already talking, a great way to speak is to ask permission to do so explicitly.
7 Phrases to Politely Interrupt Someone
• “Could I offer a different perspective?” ...
• “I'm sorry to interrupt, but…” ...
• “While we're on that topic…” ...
• “Excuse me?” ...
• “I think it's worth mentioning…” ...
• “Do you mind if I quickly share an idea?” ...
• “Just to clarify…”
Summarize the Discussion: Summarizing the whole group discussion and highlighting the most
important points will enable you to capture the attention of the interviewers. Keep your summary
relevant and short.
Voice modulation

What is voice modulation? Voice modulation or public speaking voice modulation is all about how
to control your voice when speaking. It means tuning the pitch or tone of the voice so that the
message is communicated across clearly and well understood by the audience.

How is body language used in group discussion?

One of the most important aspects of body language is to show that you are open and confident in
your team meetings. This means avoiding crossing your arms, slouching, or looking down, as these
signals can indicate that you are defensive, insecure, or uninterested.

Body language: Body language enhances and amplifies the verbal message being portrayed through
hand signals, gestures and postures. It helps us to convey emotions and intentions that may not be
adequately expressed through words alone. Body language is a type of communication in which
physical behaviors, as opposed to words, are used to express or convey information. Such behaviour
includes facial expressions, body posture, gestures, eye movement, touch and the use of space.

Here are some key points: Confidence: Maintain a relaxed, upright posture. This radiates confidence
and attentiveness. Openness: Keep your arms open and relaxed to show that you are open to others'
ideas and feedback.

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Relevance: Group discussions promote a deeper understanding of a topic and increase long-term
retention. Group discussions can also help increase participants' attention and help maintain their
focus by involving them in the learning process. Group discussions can also provide feedback to
instructors on participant comprehension.

Fluency on Group discussions (GD) allow you to prove your communication and critical thinking
skills to potential employers or university admission teams. These panels show how you interact
with other professionals and give clues about your ability to communicate with classmates,
supervisors, team
questions directed at the group.
How to organise a group discussion?
How To Start A Group Discussion?
Introduce yourself. While initiating the group discussion, try to introduce yourself before you start
speaking on the topic. ...
Communicate clearly and fluently. ...
Present the topic with an interesting take. ...
Keep the content relevant. ...
Use questions and quotes. ...
Use your time efficiently.
Do’s and Don’ts of Group Discussion:
Dos of Group Discussion:
Make sure your first entry is well planned. The first impression goes a long way in establishing your
credentials. Enter the discussion with a strategy, rather than a random input
If you are the first speaker understand the difference between starting and initiating the discussion.
Initiating is about imparting an overall direction to the discussion and panning out an agenda for the
group. Starting is merely speaking for the sake of speaking.
Establish eye contact with the key participants, but do not ignore the other participants. While the
active participants need to be acknowledged more frequently, the passive ones should not be
completely overlooked. You may follow Pareto's 80-20 rule here, with 80% of the attention being
given to the key participants and the balance 20% being given to the other lot.
Use a strong voice, clear diction and correct grammar. This gives you an operational advantage.
Try getting as many likes as possible. Eventually the discussion boils down to group dynamics and
collaboration. Creating likeability may help you to navigate more effectively through the course of
the discussion. However this doesn't imply lack of constructive arguments wherever required.
Do take counter arguments gracefully and display good listening skills, projecting you as a good
learner.
Do present yourself as a team player with an ability to balance individual excellence and group
performance. The group discussion is not just about your perspective; you have to respond to the
others' perspectives as well and enlarge the scope of the discussion.
Address group members with respect and dignity. This shows professional courtesy and etiquettes.

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When asked to conclude, summarize the main points of discussion. The conclusion is not about
what you feel about the topic; it is about what the group felt as a whole. This needs reference to the
main points which emanated in that span and the overall stand of the group.
Maintain a calm and balanced disposition throughout the discussion. This demonstrates your ability
to manage stress effectively.
Don'ts of Group Discussion:
Don't start for the sake of starting. This may project you as an impulsive person with lack of
planning and organizing skills, which totally discounts your candidature for a management program.
Don't speak randomly without a plan and structure. This may give an impression to the panel that
you are speaking and not adding any value to the discussion.
Don't be arrogant, overaggressive or vain. This may evince a negative attitude with poor
interpersonal skills.
Don't show a lack of attention or energy. This may show that you are indifferent to the task at hand.
Kindly appreciate that energy is the capacity for doing work and any compromise on adequate
energy levels will portray you as someone who is not task driven.
Don't look at only the key speakers in the discussion. It is your responsibility to respect all members
of the group. The key speakers should definitely be given more attention, but this should not imply
that the passive speakers are totally neglected.
Don't condemn or severely criticize anyone's view point. Everyone has a right to his/her opinion. It
is possible that some members of the group get aggressive while expressing themselves but they
need to be managed in a certain other way.
Don't indulge in cross discussions when the main discussion is in progress. This amounts to
transgression and does not conform to formal etiquettes.
Here are some effective strategies for group discussion:
1. Clear objectives: Establish a clear purpose and agenda for the discussion.
2. Active listening: Encourage members to listen attentively and respond thoughtfully.
3. Open-ended questions: Use open-ended questions to stimulate discussion and exploration.
4. Encourage participation: Invite all members to contribute and share their perspectives.
5. Respectful dialogue: Foster a respectful and inclusive atmosphere, where diverse views are
valued.
6. Stay focused: Keep the discussion on track and avoid tangents.
7. Build on ideas: Encourage members to build upon each other's ideas and insights.
8. Manage conflicts: Address conflicts constructively and find common ground.
9. Summarize and reflect: Periodically summarize key points and reflect on progress.
10. Follow up: Assign tasks and establish a plan for follow-up actions.
Additionally, consider using techniques like:
- Round-robin sharing: Each member shares their thoughts in a structured sequence.
- Mind mapping: Visualize ideas and connections using a mind map.

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- Breakout groups: Divide into smaller groups for focused discussions.
- Role-playing: Use role-playing to explore different scenarios and perspectives.
By incorporating these strategies, you can facilitate productive and engaging group discussions that
achieve your objectives.
4.Activities on Group Discussion (GD): Types of GD and GD as a part of a Selection Procedure -
Dynamics of Group Discussion- Myths of GD - Intervention, Summarizing - Modulation of Voice,
Body Language, Relevance, Fluency and Organization of Ideas – Do’s and Don’ts - GD Strategies
–Exercises for Practice.

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 MODULE-V

INTERVIEW SKILLS

Interview concept:

An interview is a discussion or conversation between a putential employer and a candidate. It is a

selection process designed that helps an employer understand the skills, scrutinize their personality
and character traits and check the domain knowledge.

Interview process:

The interview process is an important phase in recruitment. It helps an employer understand whether a
candidate is ideal for a job and aids the candidate in determining whether the job sams them or not. If
you are applying for jobs, you may benefit from understanding the process of joh interviews in detail.

Interview Preparation Techniques

Before An Interview

Research: Lqarn as much as you can about the position and the company beforehand-kowe the
company's products and services. Sources for this research are your Career Services Center, the
Library and the Internet

Practice: Practice interviews with a career counselor, friend, family member or by yourself in front of
a mirror.

Be prompt and prepared: Arrive 10 to 15 minutes early bring extra copies of your resume, your list of
references, a pen and paper, and the list of questions you have for the interviewer.

Be prepared to discuss both your strengths and your weaknesses: Make a list of your skills and key
assets. Then reflect on past jobs/experiences and pick out one or two instances when you used those
skills successfully. When exploring your weaknesses, be able to directes the ways in which you
addressed these weaknesses to make them urength.

During an Interview

. Introduce yourself in a courteous manner

. Have a firm handshake

Act professionally: Dress appropriately! First impressions count!

. Keep your answers brief and concise

. Ask questions

Maintain a conversational flow

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Smile, nad, give nonverbal feedback to the interviewer

Be enthusiastic: have a positive attitude

Ask about the next step in the process

Thank the interviewer

After an Interview

Ask the interview for a business card and promptly send a thank you note

Keep the thank you note brief, but reiterate your interest in the position

Review the interview process and your performance

Evaluate your interview

How to Dress For Interview Success

Men and Women

Conservative two-piece business suit/Conservative long-sleeved shirt/blouse

Make sure your shoes are clean and polished

Comb your hair: conservative style and out of your face

Trim your fingernails and make certain that they are clean

Use minimal cologne or perfume

Carry a notepad or portfolio case

Men should wear a silk tie, in an understated pattern: the colors should complement the suit

Dark shoes

Facial hair should be well groomed

Do not wear jewelry other then a wedding ring

Women

. Always wear a suit with a jacket

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.Wear low heels/pumps

. Conservative hosiery at or near skin color

. Don't carry a purse into the interview

.If you wear nail polish, choose a clear or conservative color

.Wear minimal makeup

Types of Interview Questions

An Employer's questions are designed to see whether or not you can do the job and whether or not
you will fit in with the office environment. Be prepared that several questions may bereworded
inquires of a previous question.

1. Tell me about yourself...

2. Why do you feel you are qualified for this position?

3. What is it about yourself that makes you believe that you could do a good and effective job in the
position we are discussing?

4. How would you describe yourself?

5. What qualifications do you have that will make you successful in the field?

6. Why did you choose to attend Fulton-Montgomery Community College?

7. What college subjects did you like best/least? Why?

8. Do you think your grades are a good indication of your academic achievements?

9. How much effort did you put into your course-work?

10. If you could do so, would you plan your academic study differently? How? 11. Do you have plans
for continued study? An advanced degree? Why?

12. How has you college experience prepared you for a career?

13. What have you learned from participation in extracurricular activities?

14. What are you skills (leadership, organizational, interpersonal??

15. What is your supervisory and or management style?

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16. Have you had previous experience in supervising a staff or other individuals 17. Describe the
relationship that should exist between a supervisor and an employee?

18. Why did you choose the career for which you are preparing? How did you choose it?

19. What are the most important rewards you expect in you career?

20. In your present or last position, what aspects did you like the most/least?

21. How would a previous employer, professor or friend describe you? 22. In what kind of work
environment are you most comfortable?

23. What things are most important to you in your job?

24. Why did you decide to seek a position with this firm?

25. What do you know about our organization?

26. How do you determine or evaluate success?

27. What do you think it takes to be successful in an organization like ours?

28. What contribution can you make to our organization?

29. What do you consider to be your greatest strengths/weaknesses?

30. What is your greatest accomplishment?

31. What accomplishments have given you the most satisfaction? Why?

32. What motivates you to put forth your greatest efforts?

33. What have you learned from your mistakes?

34. How do you work under pressure"

35. How do you handle criticism?

36. Talk about'a situation where you had in convince someone to see your point of view.

37. Talk about a situation where you had to deal with someone who was being difficult.

38. Tell me about a time where you had a major disagreement with an employer and how you handled
the situation.

39. If you and another co-worker are working together and you end up doing a majority of the tasks
and getting half of the credit, how would you handle it? What would you do?
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40. As you view this position, what are some of the ways you would measure accountability.

41. What are your long-range and short-range goals, personal and professional

42. What do you see yourself doing fivelten years from now?

43. If you were hiring someone for this position, what qualities would you look for?

44. What do you see as being your first gral if you take this position?

45. What do you feel this position should pay?

46. How would you emmpare us to our competitors

47. What quedion do you have about this aunpany, the position, or anything related

41. What do you do in your spare time (hobbies, imerests)

49. What additional information can you tell me, that we haven't covered so far, thit would make you
the ideal candidate for this position

50. Why should we hire you?

Pre Interview Planning

A pre-interview is a quick glance at the basic qualifications that a candidate may have. A brief
sysopels of the resome and sestie quick fire questions about basic requirements will detennine
whether the employer wants in move forward with a formal interview process

Opening strategies of Interview

The right interview strategies will help you find valuable candidates and avoid making a bad hire,
which can be a costly mistake

1. Develop a Standard Interviewing Procedure

The interview is your best clined to laut about prospective employees professional pools. sprirode,
and commendation skills the time you spend with candidates should be focused and informative. You
don't wint to spend too much time thinking shout the next steps. That's why preparing your prijs in
advance will help you host better interviews.

2. Automate Your Interview Process

With applicant tracking technology, such as applicant tracking systems (ATS) and artificial
intelligence (AI), many parts of your interview process can be automated. These interview strategies
can help you sort through hundreds of resumes and choose candidates with the required skills,
education, and work experience.

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3. Practice Effective Questioning

The interview questions you ask are the tools you will use in your interview to get the most decision-
making information out of the candidates. Put lots of thought into which will be most effective

Ask open-ended questions that make the candidate comfortable enough to answer honestly. Choose a
range of open-ended questions that will help you get to know the candidate as well aspossible in the
short amount of time you have together, such as:

Opening questions to break the ice and help the candidate feel comfortable.

Skills-based questions that will help you identify who has the relevant skills and aptitude.

Behavioral questions to understand how candidates have reacted to past circumstances. Situational
questions to decipher how the candidate might act in future scenarios.

Management-style questions that gauge their leadership ability. Closing questions that end the
interview on a positive note.

Situation: Describe a situation where the candidate experienced what you're asking.

Task: Ask them what needed to be done and why. Action: Follow this up by asking what action they
took.

Result: Have them describe the outcome of their action.

Since this is more of an in-depth form of questioning, reserve it for a couple of important skills. It can
be too much if you expect this level of explanation from the candidate for every question you have for
them.

4. Interview Conversational

Another one of the interview strategies to consider is helping candidates feel comfortable enough to
open up by fostering a relaxed conversation. When candidates feel like they are being forcefully
challenged or analyzed, it can be difficult to answer honestly.

To encourage casual conversation:

Invite candidates to ask questions and answer thoughtfully.

Listen intently and avoid interrupting.

Be friendly and allow the candidate plenty of time to think. Give lots of information about the
company and role.

* Relax and be as natural as possible. Prepare by having your questions ready and reading the resume
in advance so you can focus on the candidate and their answers.

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When you prepare for the interview, it's casier to have a casual conversation with your candidates.
Remember though, they might be nervous. Sending them as much information about the interview
process in advance, as well as doing what you can to keep them comfortable in the moment, will help.

5. Utilize Peer Interviews

Peer interviews are hosted by the candidate's prospective peers. This can help you get better
information since many candidates feel more comfortable speaking to coworkers versus potential
managers. This helps you decide who is a good fit by hosting more genuine interviews.

Rope in one or two team members that the candidate will be working with directly and have them
interview the candidate. Coordinate your questions to be sure the same ones aren't being asked
repeatedly. This way you can cover all the bases and get another perspective, too.

6. Require a Pre-Employment Test

When you're hiring for a skills-based role such as a content writer or graphic designer, use a pre-
employment test to evaluate the candidate's skills. For example, you might ask that the candidate send
in a short article or simple graphic showing specific proficiencies.

Be considerate of their time and don't require a too-heavy lift. Some companies will also pay for
candidates to complete pre-employment assessments or will have candidates complete the assessment
during the interview, so it is less time-consuming. Whichever method works for your team, a short
assignment that helps you determine relevant knowledge or skills should suffice.

7. Keep Interviews Bias-Free

Last but not least, your interview should be free from unconscious bias, which is when people
unintentionally favor candidates based on what they look like or their personality instead of their
skills and ability. It can be difficult to be aware of these biases, but by intentionally avoiding them,
you can foster a more diverse and talented work environment.

Make decisions based on competency and not who you gravitate toward socially. Also, make sure
your interview questions and job requirements are standardized and fair. It also helps to name
diversity goals that your company can work toward. You don't want to miss out on a stellar hire
because you were unintentionally biased.

Answering Strategies

Every interview question thrown your way presents an opportunity for you to make your case for why
you're the best person for the position. You want to highlight your positive qualities and avoid giving
reasons to disqualify you. That said, think about your overall response strategy for the interview.

STAR method?

Situation: Set the scene and give the necessary details of your example. Task: Describe what your
responsibility was in that situation.

Action: Explain exactly what steps you took to address it.

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Result: Share what outcomes your actions achieved.

Examples Speak Volumes

For each quality you present, make sure you're prepared to describe a situation where you
demonstrated that quality. Basically, you always want to be able to back up any claims you might
make. For example, if during the interview you say that you work well under pressure, be ready to
describe an example where you did work effectively under pressure and delivered the results required.

Steer the Interview Your Way:

One thing to guard against is getting hured into the interviewer's game of alternative or trick
questions. Be like a politician. The next time you watch a debate or press conference, notice the kind
of questions reporters ask, and then observe how the politician responds. Politicians often answer
questions indirectly by presenting information they want to convey. You can to the exact same thing
in a job interview.

Fat example, if the interviewer asks if you prefer to work alone or on a team, he may be trying to get
you to say you are one way or the other. But you don't have to play this game. The reality is that most
jobs require tus to work both independently and in teams. Your response to this question should show
that you have been successful in both studions

Your answers also need to provide the reason to hire you, and you want to avoid providing reasons
not to hire you. Before responding to any interview question, take your time, breathe and think about
your answer. Thoughtful answers delivered clearly are much better than empty answers given rapidly.
And you're not being measured by your response time.

Be Clear and Concise:

Be honest and succinct with your responses. Tell the truth in as positive a manner as possible, and
don't discuss things or events in a negative fashion. Long answers are less effective than concise
responses and tend to take interviewers suspicious. If you are talking more than 90 seconds without
interaction with the interviewer, you may be providing more detail than is needed. If you feel you may
be talking too long, just stop and ask the interviewer a question like. "Am I giving you the level of
detail you're looking for?" This prompts a response and promotes an open exchange of information.
Besides, if you're putting the interviewer to sleep with your long-winded answers, aking a question
will swake them up

Open the Conversation:

After your response, the shoes that give you whotog fter this cores you are underwhethe Interviewer is
looking for and promotes way communication.

You deserve the best, se proaction your responses to fregantly ended inerview qontioon, and prepare
to be your bost when it matters so

Interview through teleconference

A job interview via teleconference in time efficient because it can be set up at my time upon
rangements. You will got an emad en text notification about the interview Increases Productivity
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Since teleconferunce interviews levede more than two pogictpants more interviews can be conducted
within a day

Video conferencing

Video conferencing is live, visual connection between two or more remote parties over the internet
that simulates a face-to-face meeting. Video conferencing is important because it joins people who
would not normally be able to form a face-to-face connection.

At its simplest, vides conferencing provides transmission of static images and text between two
locations. At its most sophisticated, it provides transmission of full-motion video images and high-
quality audio between multiple locations.

In the business world, desktop video conferencing is a core component of unified communications
platforms that also include calling and messaging capabilities. Standalone on premises and cloud-
based video conferencing platforms are also available from numerous vendors who support desktop
and room-based vides, as well as the ability to embed video conferencing into business applications,
such as Telehealth, customer service and distance learning.

The widespread availability of cloud-based services enables organizations to implement video

conferencing with minimal upfront investment and to take advantage of rapidly emerging Al-
powered features to improve audio and video performance.

How video conferencing works

The video conferencing process can be split into two steps: compression and transfer.

During compression, the camera and microphone capture analog audiovisual (AV) input. The data
collected is in the form of continuous waves of frequencies and amplitudes. These represent the
captured sounds, colors, brightness, depth and shades. Once captured, codecs convert data into digital
packets, typically with compression to minimize bandwidth usage.

During the transfer phase, packets are sent over the actions, typically us the chaud service Videoder,
which then transmits them to other conferense participants and combines voice from multiple
participation.

Once packets reach the endpoint, the codees decompress the data. The codecs convert it back into
analog audio and videos. This enables the receiving screen and speakers to correctly view and hear
AV dana

Components of video conferencing systems

The components of a video conferencing system include the following

A network for data transfer, such as wired wireless local area network, wide area network. cellular
wireless and residential broadband

Two or more video cameras or webcams that provale video input

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Two or more microphones either an external microphone or one built into the accessing device.

A computer screen, monitor, TV or projector that can broadcast video output.

Headphones, laptop speakers or extemal speakers that can be used for audio output

Codecs, which can be hardware- or software-based, to reduce bandwidth by compressing and

decompressing AV data. They typically include acoustic echo cancellation capabilities. which reduce
audio delays to support real-time communication. Codecs may also include features like noise
cancellation and acoustic fencing to minimize background noise during conferences

Mock Interview:

A mock interview mirrors an actual job interview. It gives you an opportunity to practice what to say
and do during an interview and get feedback, Whether it's face-to-face, online, or through a webcam,
a mock interview is useful in reviewing your answers to common interview questions and assessing
other factors such as your outfit, mannerisms, and body language.

As the saying goes. "practice makes perfect." Doing a mock interview will show you your strong and
weak points and boost your self-confidence.

How to Prepare for a Mock Interview

A mock interview is a practice interview, but you need to take it seriously jok as you would an actual
job interview. Consider the mock interview as a druss rehearsal. Keep the following things in mind to
ace your mock interview

* Choose the right mock interviewer. It's cany to anke a friend or a family member, bin if you want to
get objective and honest Feedback, you may warm to ask someone with experience in interviewing
job candidates. You can also chiune a professional who works in your industry,

Choose a professional setting. You need a venue that sumulates the environment of an office.

Be early.

Arrive 15-30 minutes Early.

* Bring the necessary items. Don't forget to bring your resume and any other documents you may
need. Also, bring a notepad so that you can take notes from your mock

Interviewer's feedback. Dress smart and sharp. Wear the same kind of attire you expect to wear to the
ocnual interview.

* Prepare your answers to common interview questions, but don't memorize them You want to avoid
sounding like a robot with canned responses. Bear in mind that you're doing an interview not in take a
test but to engage in a conversation to determine if you're suitable for the joh

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Conclusion: Doing a mock imerview is a great way to practice for an actual job interview. It gives
you an idea of what you need to do and sets your expectations. Practice so that you will see areas
where you can improve. By the time the real job interview arrives, you're well- prepared.

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