3 Vectors INTRODUCTION physical quantities having direction and obeying awe of vector algebra are called veetors. Magnitude ofa vector jealso called its modulus. Example Daplacement, velocity, acceleration, momentum, Despacmpulse, weight, thrust, torque, angular ‘eSmentum, angular velocity physical quantity “AREA’ is a vector with The,FEoion along the outward normal to ine surtace: Tess QB ita physical quantity has magnitude and direction both, then itdoes not always imply that itis a vector. Forit to be a vector the thiré condition of obeying laws of vector algebra has to be satisfied Example The physical quantity CURRENT has both magnitude ‘and direction but is stil a scalar as it disobeys the laws of vector algebra. © _ bRAIN BOOSTER 1 We can order events in time, and there is a sense of time, distinguishing past, present and future. Is therefore time a vector? SOLUTION Time always flow from past to present and then to future so a direction can be assigned to time. However as its direction is unigue itis not to be specified. As direction is not to be specified so time cannot be a vector though it has direction. Also it does not obey laws of vector algebra. VECTOR REPRESENTATION {A Girectd line segment is called a vector, denoted as 1 (read 45 AB vector). In printing we can denote 4B as AB (bold Jeter), Even if you have to write BA vector the arrow head above would always point from left to right ie. Ba Directed ine Support ‘Segment nN IntiatStart Terminating Point Tail point / Hoad Mathematically, 7B of AB 14 and | AZilis magnitude of (oF length > ROCA ‘Also note that, if wo have to compare vectors then we only ‘compare their magnitudes. So, [Al>18| and not A> EQUAL VECTORS Two vectors A and B are said to be equal when they have equal magnitudes and same direction. Geometrically if head of fone vector coincides will the head of other and so do the tails coincide then the wectors are said to be equal 1 4 =B, then 4 = B always, Butif, A'=B doesn’t always imply 7 =B RIM ‘A vector when transported parallel to itself or its original direction will not change. So, for the convenience of solving Examples a vector can be transported parallel to its initial direction. PARALLEL VECTORS ‘Two vectors A and B are said to be parallel when 1. both have same direction, 2. magnitude of one is scalar multiple of magnitude of the other Example B=2A L.., Magnitude of B is twice the magnitude of A and both have same direction,4.2 Chhupter 3 7 A, —li abn 2h In gonorntit A» kB (whoto Kis ary constant) 0. magnitude of A tk timos that of £, then both are paraltol it k > 0 ANTI-PARALLEL VECTORS wo vectors 7 and Jt are said to be antiparaltel when 1, both have opposite direetion 2. magnitude of one is sealar multiple of the magnitude of the other Example — B= -2A Magoitudo of B is twice the magnitude of A and both have opposite direction In generat A= kB (whore & Is any constant) 2. magnitude of A is k times that of B then both are antiparael i k > 0 COLLINEAR VECTORS When the vectors under consideration can share the same support or have a common support then the considered vectors are collinear. ZERO VECTOR (0) ‘A vector having zero magnitude and arbitrary known to us) is a zero vector. Properties of (6) 1. A+(-A) : 5 3 where, & is any scalar} 4 [read as zero times A equals zero vector] 5. UNIT VECTOR A.vector divided b = A=AA ‘Thus, we conclude that unit vector gives us the direction. Lacs vung av wb alate he eon, mae wey u's twee ori ver mente physical quantity ORTHOGONAL UNIT VECTORS /BASE VECTORS i,j and & are called orthogonal unit vet", These vey, inust form a Right Handed Triad. It is a coordinate ga. uch that when we Curl the fingers of right hand from x to y ,then we must get the direction of = along thy from y to z_,then we must get the direction of x along thin, from 2 to x, then we must get the direction of along thing y i h a (a) Avector of 8 unit along x axisis ¥ = 37 (b) A vector of magnitude 6 along -x axis is (c) Avvector of magnitude 5 along -2 axis is Also, (0, 0)=07+0)=6, (2, 3)=: +3}, (5, -1)=-5i —— FIXED VECTOR Fixed veetor is that vector whose initial point or tail is fixed. ts also called localised vector. e.g. position vector, displacement vector FREE VECTOR Free veetor is that vector whose initial point or tail isnot fixed Its also known as non localised vector. eg. Velocity veetor of particular moving along a straight line is a free vector. NEGATIVE VECTOR ‘A vector is said to be negative of a given vector if its magnitude is the same as that of the given vector but direction is reversed. eg. The negative vector ofa vector @ is denoted by —a 1B is negative of a, thenVectors 3.3 CO-INITIAL AND CO-TERMINUS VECTORS jors which have common Co-initial veetors are those vectors whi point ct Roaerminus vectors are those v terminating point. o “ ls (©) tangle between A and B is a, then ae oe ( angle between ~A and B is (180"-0) COPLANAR VECTOR (ii) angle between A and -B is (180°- 9) Vectors are said to be coplanar if they occur in same or common (i) angie between ~A and ~B is @ fine eg. 4 and B and C- Remember that any wo vectors Fe ein the same plane POLAR VECTOR Vectors producing straight line linear effect are called polar NSxtors e-. force, momentum, velocity, displacement. AXIAL VECTORS /PSEUDO VECTORS: (VIRTUAL, IMAGINARY) “Te rotational effet of a polar vector gives rise to a new vector called axial vector (acting along axis of rotation) Ab4+B 424 B 0080 = R=VE SR DAB COSO Direction of Resultant Vector 1f 6 isangle berween 4 and B, then \i+al= Ja? +B +24 Be0s0 If the resultant, R makes an angle B with A, then in AOBN . then <7 BN Bsin@ OA+AN ~ At Beosd Eilon egy (a) Ris maximum, when @= 0° ie. (b) Ris minimum, when @= 180° (0) $0, Pan $F S Bs ® 1 Ryo A+B. = |A-BIs|A+Bls A+B (@ So, resultant of two vectors A and must lie between JA-B| and A+B, Parallelogram Law of Vector Addition of Two Vectors Iftwo non zero vector are represented by the two adjacent sides of a parallelogram then the resultant is given by the diagonal of the parallelogram passing through the point of intersection of the two vectors, Magnitude of Resultant Vector Since, R? = ON? +CN? O4+ANY' +CN? =A? +B +2ABcosO [4 +Bl= Ja? +B? +24Bc0s0) Direction of Resultant Vector oN ON sae m Law, both aro equi, Tuangle Law and Parallolor Sinco wo know that a vactor can bo transported para! its original droction, 90 thoir equivatoncy holds good a” shown bolow. Asin 0 tan B Fane ‘0 Wd, ‘TRIANGLE LAW! PARALLELOGRAM Law D_ pram poster 3 p is 12, If resultant is at 90° with force of smaller maynity sum of magnitude of two forces (in newton) acting (is 18 and the magnitude of their resultant (in ney ay ton what are magnitudes of forces? de SOLUTION since, (# +75) is resultant of and F5, so from Triangle Law, we |g have drawn the diagram from +B late which we get BaF +144 = R-R=144 = (R+8)(A-R)= (129 ay Since, R+F, =18 Q So, (I) gives R-F =8 6 Solving (2) and (3), we get F=5N and R=13N @ BRAIN BOOSTER 4 Bie Si lig ee ee magnitude of difference of these two vectors, SOLUTION Let fi, and fi, are the two unit veetors, then the sum and Uifference of these two vectors be represented by ti, and fig =A, Ay > nl =njtn} +2mn, cos0=14+1+2cos0 Since itis given that n, is also a unit vector, therefore =1+1+2cos8 = cos@=— or O= 120°s08 0 = 141 2cos(120°) No)_BRAIN BOOSTER | Can the magnitude of the resultant of two equal vectors te equal to the magnitude of either of the vectors? Explain SOLUTION ctors be A and B inclined at an angle @, then PAB +2ABeose so. this i possible, when two vectors of equal magnitude are inclined to each other at an angle of 120°. ‘ _BRAIN BOOSTER 6 Consider two unit vectors A and B inclined at an angle 0. Prove that @ |4+Bl=200s( 2) SOLUTION (@) Since |al=12 =e 14+Bl= Ja? +B +24Bc0s0 = d+Bl= iets e080 = J\Tee050 = lisdl=2006(2) {> 1+cose=200s:(2)} VIFT— 20056 = V2 V1—cos8 dh a afore = |4-Bl=2sin( 2 la-aeaen(3) | TRIANGLE INEQUALITY Since 2 vector cannot have a resultant more than the maxinnum ‘alue and less than the leat value of the resultant, so we have Rep SRER, ie, A-BSRSATB WA>Bythen A-B Oi=ii and O=b AOAB according to Tria of Vector addition, gular Ls Now, we have Od+ AR = OB ic. AB = OR-OA PV of B)-( PV of A) = Ulta e (a) When a point Phas coordinates (x, y, 2), thon its position vector is OP = xi+yj+zk (b) When a particle moves from point (x,¥.2,) (X..¥2.22); then its displacement vector is to AF = (XV +Y WN +(2, 20K SUBTRACTION OF VECTORS Since, A-B= 4 +(-B) So, from above we conclude that subtraction of vectors is actually finding the resultant of 4 and ~B OR Band —A. Also, [4+B]= Ja? +8°+24Be0s0 and tan p, =—28i0 0 _ A+Beosd Since angle between 4 and B is @, so angle between, 4d and —B is (180-0).ges 4+ Bcosd 4 ‘sin (180-@) = 4+ Beos (180-0) put sin(180-0)=sin @ and cos(180-@)=~coso Tees Q SIGNIFICANCE OF VECTOR ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION rwovectors A and B are inclined to each other at an angle @ then Fen = A+ i9ger Diagonal of parallelogram smaller Diagonal of parallelogram (1) f2) ‘Adding (1) and (2), we get edith 105,43, B68: A a+d2) ‘Subtracting (1) and (2) wadisde (3.25 p-2c% 14,-a) y RECTANGULAR COMPONENTS LD Space Consider a vector ® inclined to the wean atangle 0. IF, and Bare the components (projections of Halong x-axis and ras then by parallelogram lave of vectors Re a) Since &, = R=Ri+R,j = R(cosdi+sin07) .Q) = Rh= R(cos6i+sin Oj) 61+ sin OF mre, we see that R w Bat Vectors _3.7 where fis angle makes with x-axis, R= A, +B, +0 Also, R, = 4, +B, +C, R= A+B, 46 COTS PROBLEM SOLVING TECHNIQUES ‘Avector inclined at an angle @ to xaxisin 1* and 4” Quadrant ‘OR at an anglo @ with -x axis in 2" and 9% Quadrant is 3D space (cos@i+sinj) 1(-coséi+sinoj) hana =i =-r(cos6i+sinej) nas ~% = (c0867~sin6j) Q__bRAIN BoosteR 7 ‘The x and y components of vector 4 are 4m and 6m respectively. The x and y components of vector +B are 10 m and 9 m respectively. Calculate for the vector B the following: (a) its x and y components, (b) its length and (© the angle its makes with x-axis. SOLUTION (a) Since, A, =4 and 4, w Also, A+B=(4,+4,3)+(8,1+8,)) = A+B=(4, +8, )i+(4,+8,)) $0, A, +B, =10 and 4, +B, =9 @ From equation sets (1) and (2), B, = 6, 8, So, B= 6i+3) V6? +3? = 3649 = VAS 5m (1a_ oi + ABYC from the di a — {Let B makeanangle @ vith yeaxis then from the d ee Oe sia(aten 1 5 oG=(-aviese adie +3V3/) 4 OC=45:1 i237) RS IN 3-D SPACE oo. oe BHR +R AR, = RIA R TARA ono Seade! je, antan" (2). ih scais , B62 ©} _BRAINBOOSTERS a com it making an angle of Construct a veotor of magnitude 6 30" with ysanis SOLUTION Angle of 30 Since, H=A(cosdi+sin ej) where, @ is the angle with ysaig =>. 60° with wanis, whieh & rakes with ma 2 B= 6(cos60i+ sin 6oj) = 3(t0+-V3)) Re R 9 BRAIN BOOSTER 9 'A particle undergoes three successive displacements in a plane, The first time it moves 4 m south-west the second time 5 m eastand the third time 6 min direction 60° north ofeast. Draw a veetor diagram and determine (otal displacement of : R particle from starting point. 4 SOLUTION OA = 4cos(180°+ 45°); +4 sin (180° + 45°) o: OA makes (180°+45*) angle with positive x-axis and the same with positive y-axis so x-component of Of = 4e0s(180°+45°) eg oes MOS g y-component of OA = 4sin (180°+ 45°) § (@) If ¢, m, n are called Direction Cosines of the vector, c then (4m? +n? =1 cos’ a +cos* B+cos*y =1 (0) In3-D space a vector of magnitude rmaking an angle a w—al 0" with x-axis, B with y-axis and 7 with z-axis can thus be writen as Any ‘6m * ; / #[(cosa)i +(cosp)}+(cosy)k ] 3m s BRAIN BOOSTER 10 0, OA = -2V2i -2NF} Ga awa Four coplanar forces act on a bod ee a aie ly at point O as shown a : . in diagram by use of rectangular component find direction Fe ecw tease and magnitude of resultant force.1008 now ‘s 160 o eon * souuTion 2 ascors and theit component Fe 3 flows ee ¥ compen eee mek eens 5 20 ° a0 N0c0s45°=71—t00sinase = 71 110 ~110c0s30°=-95 110sinsor=55 460 -16000820°= 150 _—160sin20" = 55 R, =81+71-95-150 = -94 N R,=0+71455-55=71N Magnitude of resultant is Voay ee una-Z ie, @=37° 3 R=\R+R, 118N ‘so resultant is 118 N at 180-37 = 143° BRAIN BOOSTER 11 A bird moves with velocity of 20 ms” im the direction A Dweangle 60° with eastern line and 60° with vertteally mann Represent the velocity vector in rectangular form. sowwTion Velocity vector # makes angle a, B and ¥ with x, y and z isrespectively, so a= 60° and = 60" Since, cos* a+ cos? B+cos* 7 = cos? 60°+c0s* + cos? 60° al) = F=10)+10V3} +108 DOT PRODUCT OF TWO VECTORS Mathematically, dot product or product of the may between the vectors. So, B= ABcoso ides of the vectors and cosine of Geometrical Interpretation Consider two vectors A and. i inclined to each other at an angle @ as shown, Then, ‘Acoso Bone A -B= A (Bc080) 2 B-B=A (projection of 8 along A) . aa a Similarly, B- 7 = B(A cos) = BF =H (Projection of A along B) aa = Acos9=48 B Physical Interpretation Work done is dot product of force with displacement, so we have Mss PROPERTIES OF DOT PRODUCT (@) Dot product is commutative in nature AB-B-A (©) Det product is distributive with respect to sum Fi c (©) 1 =0° ie. Vectors are parallel then A-B = ABcos0” = AB ie., when the vectors are parallel A-B is just the ‘simple product of the magnitudes of A and B (@) Dot product of vector with itself is equal to the square of the magnitude of the vectorAAx(A)(A)oos0 s RAZA (e) = 180" Le, Vest ¢ are antiparallel then 4.8 = AB(-1) . 4.B=-AB {xr (os 180°= two vectors are antiparallel thon thei dot product of magnitudes of is the negative of simple produc i.e, veetors are perpendicular o (ay{BN0)= (0? perpendicular ¢> Dot product = 0 (9) i-i=lilliicoso ia a Therefore, in general, F-T=tj-J=t Kk=t (ny 7-7 =lilijleose0" jJ=Cnano=0 Theretore, in general 1-7 =0. 7 k or ji=0. &-j=0, -=0 @ W AeATsADAR and B=8,)+8,)+8,K aro any two vectors, then AB=( JA] A8)(8,1+8,7+8.4) = Ae @ Since A So, A.B is maximum at cos@= t(i.e. 0= wm is Z between A and B AB = Then cose@= 48 where, =F where, A-B= AB cos ( (a+BE =(4+8)-(A+B) and \A-Bl =(A-B).(A-8) (m) (A+8)(A-8)=A-A-B.B+ BA-AB = (A+B) (A-B)= 4-8 { AAs a? and 6: A+8+6)(A+B+6) A+B? +094 2(A-B+8-6+6-A) (0) WA=Ai+A,]+A.k has /,,m, n, a8 direction cosines HB 8} () |A+B+ = |A+8+Eh .1+8,]-+8,R, hes f, m,,n, a8 direction cosines AB AB, AB. AB AB A , one 5 OE) fmm, h4Ms 5 cos Ae 0 vectors A= AM ATHAR ang {p) Anglo botwoon 1 B= 8,14B,/+8,K is AB, + A,B, + AB: 0080 TE ae + A (BE +B, fe hla mM) and (fp ms M4) aro dren cosing of A and B, thon cosd= (ip + MyM HMMs (A) Itwo vectors are perpendicular then (gi) 9(F)4 Cf + MM, + MM Aa (6) Aso, (AB) =A pra poster 12 _ For what value of @ are the vectors B=2ai+aj—4h perpendicular to each other? SOLUTION and are 1 to each other, so AB=0 Be (ai-2)+8).(2ai+aj-4k) = @-a-2=0 ie, @-2ata-2=0 = ala—2)+(a-2)=0 ie, (a+ 1a-2)=0 a=2 ‘Three vectors A, B and © are such that d= B+ € and their magnitude are 5, 4,3. Find angle between A and C. SOLUTION = O=cos"(0.6) 9 BRAIN BOOSTER 14 Forees acting on a particle have magnitudes 5 N, 3 N and UN and act in the directions of the vectors 67 +2/++3h B-3} 46h. 2i—3)—64 veapestively. These romain constant while the particle is displaced from the point A(2,=1, ~3) to B(5,—1,~1 +s = 1, ~ 1). Find the work done forces tun often bang meansowutiou 1 etc ames | Meee F=5N astsalong 4 =6i-+2)4 36 gu Reside s{ S284) 86s 2)s38) 3-2)+6k i 3 hae }-5¢ i -2}+68) 3j-6k afore = 3N acts along ‘Now, the resultant of these three forces is 27k) ) 3i+2k (4G)+0+(27)(2)] = i s0}+2k BRAIN BOOSTER 15 Find the component of @ i +37 along the direction of vector 7+}. SOLUTION Given component of @ in the direction of & is ROSS PRODUCT OR VECTOR PRODUCT Mathematically, 4%B = ABsin Or Direction of n is given by RIGHT HAND THUMB RULE (RHTR) according to which “Curl the fingers of RIGHT hand fom Ist vector to 2nd vector (.e ftom 4 to B in case of xB and B tod incase of BA, then the direction ofthe thumb gives direction of eros product or As a consequence of RHTR we conclude that nis @ unit vector normal tothe plane containing Vectors 3.11 (or having) A and B or we ean say that fis perpendicular to 4 and f simultancously {i indicates direction of A xB and —A indicates direction of BA AxB=-BxAd So, ross product is Non-commmutative in nature. AxB~= ABsin On = ldxBl=ABsino = lixdl-Ba sind = ldxBl=|BxAl=ABsino Also, i= 224 where, it indicates direction of A xB laxal KNOWLEDGE/PLU B (e) |AxBl =|8xAl= ABsine (0) fi is anew vector perpendicularto A as well as & A=0 (Perpendicular vectors have dot product = 0} > Hence, (Ax#) is a new vector perpendicular to A as well as 5 : fi is perpendicular to A as well as & (where A indicates direction of AxB) So, Ax@ is anew vector to A and 6. Hence (AxB)-A=0 OR (8x) (AxB)-B =0 OR (Bx A). © Geometrical Interpretation Half of magnitude of cross product equals the area of triangle swith adjacent sides A and BLC ansinO) Area of Triangle = (A) sin) = Area of Triangle = 4} 4x7] ‘Area of parallelogram = (Base )x( Height) n= Asin O) = ABisin O Area of parallelogram ; xBl = <|d, xd] Also, Area of parallelogram =| SIERO a So, half of the modulus of cross product equals the aron oft ‘A and B and magnitude of cross riangle with adjacent sides produ equals te the paraliclogram with adjacont product equals the arca of t sides A and 6. Physical Interpretation g ata point with position F, The torque due to 1. The torque due to a force Fa vector 7_about the origin is a force F acting at a point with position vector 7 about another point having position vector i is t= (7 —f, )*F (read as tu) ie, Torque (in Physics) 7 isthe distance of point of application of force from axis, of rotation (A.OR,) and F is force. + is also called the MOMENT OF FORCE. 2 Leixp i. is angular momentum (also called MOMENT OF LINEAR MOMENTUM) and p = mi is linear momentum Since, mass is a scalar therefore momentum can be read as ‘mass times velocity 3. Also, 7 «where # is the linear velocity of a particle moving in a circle of radius vector with angular velocity 6, 4. Magnetic force experienced by a charge q entering a ‘magnetic field with a velocity 7 is given by Evsune =(5%B) PROPERTIES OF VECTOR PRODUCT 1 cAOSS (@) Vector Product is Non commutative io, AxB=-BxA = (AxB)s(BxA)=6 cross products postion sensitive. (©) Cross product is distributive with respect to sum ie, Ax(B+0)=AxB+ Axe nro paraliol Lo, 00% thon Apainorne O 1s erone-product equal to. 6 100 to) WA and O Ae Voctors paraitol (0) WA and Baro antiparation 0. 0 Av = AB sin 100°) » Axtnd Vectors antiparallel ¢ Av he Asiana 6 ron pric of vootor vi ill 9 6 ) Fxin6, jx pn, hrkoO () ixjek bode], Dekel For a flight handod triad system, curl . Tingora of your right hand fran , toy, thumb givor diraction of 7 y to 7, thumb gives direction of 2 to x thumb givos diraction of y rons produat oq) (ty) WAZA TA) Ak, B= 8,1+8,)+B,k thon, jig AAA 8, 8, 8, AvB (AB, -B,A,)- AB, -AB,}+ #(AB,-8,A,) ENR eae (a) Note that, AxB+GxAz Ax(B+E Instead, AxB+ExA=AxB ) “6 = AxB+ExA=Ax(B-E) Cross Product is always position sensitive, so be careful while changing the placement of vectors (b) Also we must know that QAxB)= An, Ag Ags ob a at at at at BRAIN BOOSTER 16 Find the area of triangle formed by tips of the vectors -j-3k, = 41-3} +k and = 35 —j+2k. SOLUTION Let t ABC be ‘wiangle formed by tips of given vectors, then FA ~i-b=(i—j-3i)-(4i-3}+4) = 3349) ak Box =(3i-j42k)-(si-s}+2) js 2j+k44642) = BER Yagitaera & FIZ. nit & BRAIN BOOSTER 17 _sRAIN BO Fina tne valve of @ fOr Which the vectors 3F43} 49% and jaa} + 3h ave parallel, sowumioN Le a For 4 (|B, we have CONFUSION? Winether the vectors A and & are parallel or antiparallel, then in both the cases, we have AxB=6 HOWTO REMOVE THE CONFUSION? 1 A= KB(&> 0) then vectors are parallel and 1,J+A,k and B=B,i+8,)+8,8 =+k(k>0), then A parallel to B, k(k>0),then A antiparaltel to B Prd cose Le. angle between tno vectors cose = AB Mf cos@=1, then vectors are parallel 1 cos@=—1, then vectors are antiparallel 8 BRAIN BOOSTER 18 Ma force F- (18-2]+52) m, ind the torque '3745)—28) N acts at a point defined by Vectors 3.13 (2) about the origin, and (b) about the point (0, — 1, 0) SOLUTION (@) t=FxF where # = (71-2 + sk)-(0i +0j-+02) = 73-2) +58 i ge <2 5|--aiis29jeak 35 2 (6) tnthis ease, we have (11-2) +58) -(0i-j+08) =71-J+5k li go = t=|7 5 | =-237 + 29/+38k Bs | Ifa particle of mass m is moving y Parallel to x-axis in x-y plane as show late SOLUTION Angular momentum Since, motion isin x-» plane, so (xp, - yp.) Here x=vt, y=, p, = mv, Pp, =0 = klvex0—-bmv] =—(mbv)k From Result we can conclude that, if motion is in x-y plane angular momentum is always directed along =-axis. ie., angular ‘momentum is always perpendicular to plane of motion. = & _pRaIn BoosteR 20 Show that (4+6)x(a—6) =-2(4x5) and use this result to find the area of a parallelogram whose diagonals are ~2]-3k and 27-3) +2k. SOLUTION (a+b) x(a) =axa-axb+bxa-bxb4 Chapter 3 singe axd= Bxb <6 and bxd= ~GNP- : jp axb (g+b)x(a-B) = -xb~4 3 a(ixa) (a48)x(a—f) = 200?) alba) Since area of a parallelogram with d 3)42k is 342 DIRECTIONS The example below indicates 1 the mettxd to read and express: directions, 1. NIV OR SI OR SE OR NE means 45° with either of the axis, 2. 30°N'H" means 30° towards the north of west y 3. 35°51" means 35° towards the south of west. NNE : North of North East ENE : East of North East. ESE : East of South Es ‘SSE : South of South East. SSW : South of South West. \WSW : West of South West. WNW : West of North West. NNW : North of North West LAMI’S THEOREM, Statement In any AABC with sides @, 5, 2, if @, B and Y be the respective angles containing the sides, then @_sinB ab ¢ 10 of the sine of the ang COMtAInng constant ‘ Fa ath the i 88 Proof te whose thre For a trian i the Lami’s Theorem in the following ne onder We estab. et. For the tia : a, (f780-B Since, all three sides are in order, so we have atb+e=6 6 i = ath Pre-multiplying both sides by @, we get ax(a+5) = O+4xd xa Pre-multiplying both sides of (2) by 5, we bx(a+5)=5xe = axb (4) From (3) and (4), we get axb=bxe=6xa Taking magnitude, we get = absin(180-y (180-@) = casin (180-f) => absin y = besin = casin B Dividing throughout by abe, we have sina _ sin _ siny a b SCALAR TRIPLE PRODUCT (STP) Let G, b and & be three vectors, then the scalar triple product can be w os ie, (4 CROSS Hean also be writtenas la @ ) por é ]Vectors 3.15 Laas ‘scalar Triple Product (STP) is a id thus has. ro dit Geometrical Interpretation of Scalar Triple Product ‘ceametiealy the scala triple product (a 2] rpregents the Ge patallelopiped whose colerminus edges Band & vol it handed system of vectors Properties of Scalar Triple Product 1. Cyclic Permutation of @, and & docs not change the wale of the scalar triple product [a5 e][6 2 a)e[e a 5) 2, Anantisymmetric or acyctic permutation changes sign only ‘and not magnitude ‘The postion of dot and cross can be interchanged keoping the eyclc order same. With such combinations, 12 diferent combinations are possible, 3. Scalar Triple Product in Component Form 1°, B and @ areany three vectors, then, 3=a,)+4,j+a,k, . Forany three vectors @, B, @ anda sealar 2, we have [aa b clea a cJ-[a 5 xz]=2[a 5 e] 5. [a 5 Z]=0, then a least two ofthe three vectors are collinear, equal or parallel 6 if[@ B 2 ]=0,thenthe vectors @, B and @ are coplanar. &_aean Booster 21 Prove that the four points (4/+5)+k), —(j+h), (si+9}+4k) and 4(-3+5+2) are coplanar. SOLUTION For four points (i.e., three vectors) to be collinear, let us first find three vectors by taking one point as the origin. So, let the origin beat the first vector, then ~k)-(4i+5}+k)=—4i-6)-2k fa (3i+9)+4i)-(4i+5j+k)=-i+4j+3k ana Gu (-4i4.4j+4k)-(4i +5j+k)=-81-J+3% For these to be coplanar, we must have i (ix€)=0 + 3 Now, A(Gxé)=|-1 4 3) fs 1 3] <2 AB @) = 812+ 3)+6(-34+24)-2(1432) = A(Bx€)=-60+126-66=0 Hence, we must say that the points or the vectors are coplanar. Ene Oe ee EE Ee VECTOR TRIPLE PRODUCT (VTP) Let a, B and @ be three vectors, then vector triple product is (axb)xé or @x(5xz) and is defined as (axb)xt=(@é) OR ax(bxz PROBLEM SOLVING TECHNIQUES Mt ax(B x2) can also be witten as © x (@ xO), then itis defined as 0 (8x0) - (0.8) Le, ax(5x6)=(4-2)5-(a-5)e Read.as“a cross 5 cross € equals 2 dot ¢ times 5 minus 4 dot B times 2” o.0)e BIC tt (5x6), then 7 is a vector perpendicular to 4 and lies in the plane of Bx< BRAM BoosTER 22 Prove that ax(bxé)+5x(exa)+ex(axb. SOLUTION ax(bxz): a) Bx(exa) @ éx(axd)=(@ -G) (On adding (1), 2) and (3), we get ax(bxd)+bx(Exa)+ex(axdAto Chapter ‘This Practice Exor ‘Toplewine Que question has four options (A) (0) Introduction to Vectors 1. Pick out the only seafar quantity (A) power (i) eecttie fiekd (C) magnetic moment (D)_ average velocity 2, Pick up the avial vector (A) foree (1) awecteration (©) Tincar momentum (D) tee 3. Angular momentum is @ s (C) ananial vector (B) apolar vector () None of 4. Pick out the only veetor quantity (A) pressure (B) impulse (C) gravitational potential (D) eoeticient of ities sn vector? Which (one or more) ofthe following 4 (A) Pressure (B) Power (© Current (D) Angular momentum 6. Whenamas is rotating in a plane about a fixed point its angular momentum is directed along (A) the radius (B) the tangent tothe orbit (©) the axis of rotation (D) line at an angle of 45° to the axis of rotation 7. Angular displacement is (A) ascalar © either 18 Which one of the following statement (A) A:scalar quantity isthe one that is conserved in a process. )) A salar quantity is the one that can never take negative (B) avector (@) neither values. (© A scalar quantity is the one that does not vary from one point to another in space. (D) A scalar quantity has the same value for observers with different orientation ofthe axes. 9, Which of the following quantities isa scalar (A) electric field (B) electrostatic potential (©) magnetic moment (D) acceleration due to gravit 10, Moment of inertia is a (A) scalar (B) vector (C) scalar and veetor both (D) tensor 11. Which of the following statements is false? (A) Mass, speed and energy are scalar quantities (B) Momentum, force and torque are vector quantities ations follow cine Conta (G) anil (D), out of whol YO" Cc 8 Topicwise, MULTIPL orc QUESTION 1c inane bv nia qty bt Aapecenent jy joa by Ml have 10 80 Voctor Addition and Rosolution na 4. 15, 16. n. norloat Bawad QU0dtlony ' option(s) vod Bag and Hi oot the Gorroe! quantity sy Rect ha ony mene, WHERE ala fy, wy , inane and direction Aawo non-parallel vectors And Hane equa in yt, the veetorn (A= A) and (26 4) sll be Ho each other (A) pall ely dircetedd (1) parallel but oppor (C) perpendicular fo each other (1) inclined at an angle 0 99" ile is moving, in a cincle of radius 7 centred at O yi A re change in velocity in maving From p, natant sped v1 02700 = 40") 8 (B) 2vsinao” (A) 2ve0s40" (D) 2vsin20° (©) 2veos20° ‘There forces 9, 12 and 15 N acting at a point are in equ ‘The angle between 9 N and 15 N is oy eos°(2) @ «o'(2) 5 (© x-eos'(2) ABCD is a quadrilateral. Forces BA, BC, point. Their resultant is (A) 248 (B) 2DA ‘The sum of the magnitudes of two forces acting at point is 18 and the magnitude of their resultant is 12. If the resultant is at 90° vee force of smaller magnitude, what are the, magnitudes A) 12,5 ) x-cos'(4) and DA act at the (© 2BC — (D) 2BA (D) 10,8 sisajei (©) 5,13 i - j-kand Fs (B) 14,4 Three forces Fi = 2i +37, Fr act simultaneously on a particle. The foree F that mus b applied in order to keep particle in equilibrium should be1. a. 2 23. 26. wy rai co +4) my ws ajvk (wy Wag Ifthe sum of two Unit veetons isa unit vecton, hen Malti a fiference #9 {0 UN Yeetans is wi o8 oF ‘The sides of the triangle representing three free vector me make ratio 20001732: 1000. The angles of the Ariane (in septees) are (A) 10.68.45 KC) 90. 60,30 wy UR) 80, 55,45 (D) 90, 61,19 ‘At what angle must the two Forces (4-4) anal (4) Hel wo ay be Yer? 3) #9 a ( ) 0 58. 1an(4) thot the resultant A+ B will be : wo sun-(3) (©) 10,tan""(5) «© 2s00'(2) ‘The magnitude of a given vector with end points (4, ~4, 0) and (-2, —2, 0) must be ws (By 5J2 os «wy 20 Following set of forces act on a body. In which ease the resultant cesnnot be 2210 (A) 1ON,10N,20N —(B) TON, 10, 10. (©) 10N,20N,20N —(D) JON, 208, 40 ‘The unit vector parallel 10 the resultant of the vectors asi +3468 and B= -i+3)—i i ta) 4Gie6j-2h mH) 401+6)+2%) 1 eee iene © Leir6j-2i) wy Loi-oj+ © feivej-2 wo) y0i-6)+2h Forces of IN and 2 N act along the lines x= 0 and ‘equation ofthe line along which the resultant esis given by (A) yn2e (B) 2y-x=0 © y* (D) y=x=0 If A= 21 +4) 5h the direction of cosines of the vector A are aa ees os O Te Te Ts © Tas Ta 8 ‘ 4 Aes wo ye, Pe and ” Tas oss) A) Vas Jas Tas ta an » 30 a 2 a om 35. Youu AAD WP Om bod wr 0h Omer hich af ae fallen be wn eant8et ay [ALSO wy POP Uwe Gant Have oct ta PLO Lal P21 sunt 7404 bos To ame betel Ha Fg Have vospoetively Cn depron) (Ay 90,195,195 1) 1h 15, fy 45,90 (9) 43,109, 15 Haun the thre, wo comet that Wy as tin’ Wy God 6 hy © Os deki a (ny an fin oe an Hie voter ta sae (F579 20) a (947 4) sve walt vec aon then (ny a4 45h ©) si ja sh ‘he mumofthemapnitudevof twa vectors ia Hand the magnitude ff their resultant fv 12H the reltant is perpendicalar to one of the vecto ide tv tn Yeats? (A) 518 17M (410 ay Deaje oh ty Hpk yy 6,12 12 coplanar force (all of equal miagoiuey miata a hed in re anle hetvvcen any ton adjacent farce 4") ar Cori jak fon (A) an equi © rightangled wiangle (D) no triangle ure shove the orientation of tn weetors i and ¥ in the AF plane. 1 ni Wm ph ae Which the Fler is - y y \ ola +» (A) aan p are positive while fan are nope (8) a, p and bare positive while qin negative (C) a. and bate positive while pis nepative (D) ab, pani g ate all positive Maximum sod minimurn maynitudes of the resubiant of to vectors of magnitudes / and Q ate in the rain 31, Which of the following, relations is true?36 39, Dot Product and Cross Product 40. 41 2. 3. 44, my P=0 (0) None of these not accelerate ® we ©) PO Which of the body? : (sn WN I2N (BY SION. JON {oy aNION20N — (D) TNSNISN forces. F and F, ate acting an a body. One foree is double ved the reeuliant ix equa fo he BEET he two forces iS 1 following grou of forces wil aft | 1) wert) orld ow) wnt of A and Bis R Ont A. What is the value of RP 478? wo e-P ey 204" =) tum umber of coplanar vectors Fa be added to give zero resultant? 4 wm) 5 oe(2) reversing the vector By the The resul resultant hecomes wy P48 © 2448) saving How many minim diferent magnitudes 2 m2 @3 If a and 3 are so non-colinear unit vectors and iF |o,s-a,) = V3, then the vale of (~4)-(23~ a) 8 1 Oz w2 @F o! tn equation F= o(%B), the quantity F (A) isporpendicular to 7 only (B) is perpendicular to B only (C) isperpendicular to both ¥ and B ©) isperpendicular to q and B ‘The unit vector perpendicular to the following vectors 2+2)h and 67 -3)+2h i+10j—-188 ‘NIT =10j=188 ‘Nit “The corect expression inthe following is (A) ax(5x2)4Bx(exa)+exlaxd)=0 () a-(5-2)+5-(2-a)+2-(a-6) (© aixz2)4b-(exa)+2-(ax5)=0 D) 45 42)45-(e4a)4e-(a45) A vector C= 3B has a magnitude equal 4+ B, the angle between 4 and Bis @ 5 ay @) i+10j+18k ‘SNiT © o (A) zex0 Ge bs 46 a. 48, 50. 1 52. 53. 54. 55. ———- Aix) a hin A py xtra (ny aX PG a dt db dy (Dy © GG raltetepiped is at the point (1 a paralteley 4 atpordinates. Hf three adjacent” yg2)« Ty and (1, 4, 1, the volume gt! on ne vertex of rectangular Cartes fre at (0, 1 3}. Gs ralletepined iS (A) 400 wit (3) 80 unit (D) 120 unit (©) 4ounit geal je 2k and B=2) 2) +48 then valve of a willbe - wi ay NS OS (0) Sh point af appieaion of torce F = ~S1+37-+22 i moved Feat} 4h tof 251+) 4k, The work done wie : (A) 22 unit (1) 22 unit (©) 30 unit (D) +30 unit ‘the value of (A+ B)x(A—B) is ao (B) 2-8 (©) BxA (D) 28x A) ajesk are 10 by in vectors @=2144j—k and b= 31 perpendicular to each other, the value of x should be @2 ©3 3 A force F = (~31 + 7+ 5k) N acts at a point (7,3,1). The torgu bout the origin (0,0, 0) will be sal (a) 147-38)+16% —(B) 141 +38) -108 (D) 131 +387+168 a2 (© Mi-38)-168 ‘The volume ofa parallelepiped bounded by vectors A, B and @ can be obtained from the expression : Basle (&) (4-B)xe (@ (4xB)-€ © (4G)xB ©) (4xB)xe If Ais aunit veotor, The value 4-4 a wo B11 OF (D) A force F = Sito + 2k acting on a particle causes a displacement § = -4/ +2] - 34 in its own direction. Ifthe work done is 6 J, then the value of ¢ will be “M2 @ 6 ol (D) 0 ‘The area ofthe parallelogram whose sides are represented by the vectors +38 and 7+2)~£ is (@) Visa. unit (8) V59sq, unit (©) Visa. un (©) VBisq, unit56 57 60. a. a. 6. , Vectors 3.19 ‘The two vectors and B that are parallel to each other are 58 ix Bl 4-H is equal to (a) 4=346)49k, Bais 2jaak Gast Ga wo aha er (py 4=3746)-98, B=7-2j~36 59, | Se then | + What is the value of Tinear yeloiyy if & 674 6k; =3k (8) 6i~2}+8h (©) 4-15} +68 (©) 8 =13} 28 ~4]+i ond pro wason An 2h42}+8 cea #(0)= x(0)i + 9(0)j+ 2(0)E = 6, ea = (0) =(27-4 7) ms" where: Oe oy 210) , 0); 0), (©) -(si -2j-6k) @) (67 -2j-6k) “2 a agi eaae Consider three vectors #, @ and i, Which of the following is gies Poeilon vere etre a Ade independent of choice of coordinate system? (A) (34+83+108) m_— (B) (87+109+38) m (ay (P+ 0+) (B) (2. 4+0,+R,)i (©) (107437482) m — (D) (37 +107 +8K) m © (PI40,7+RK) (Dy Allofthese 61. Vector B = 67 + 4V2}+4V3E makes angle 8 with z-axis. Then In a wateh the average angular velocity is maximum for the O equals Sper (A) second’s hand (B) minute hand o» eo(2) (8) cos"(2V3) (C) hour's hand (D) equal for all hands 7 af 22 ‘The velocity ofa particle is 7 = 67 +2] 28. The component of © cov(22) (©) None ofthese the velocity parallel to vector a =/-+ j+ 4 in vector form is os a w ae2}eak tua 68, A= 3744) and B= 77+24), the vecior having the same aoe eee magnitude a B and parallel o is (© isjrk () 6 +2j~2k (A) 5i+20) (8) 1574107 A parce stat ffom rest at the origin with «constant (© 201415) (0) 151+20) @=2i +87-6k ms*. Its position at 1=5 s is 69. Two forces P and O, of magnitude 2F and 3F, respectively, (49 (257 4100):-756) on. (@) (257100)--758) n areatan angle @ wih cach oer Ifthe force is doubled then » (281 +100) 754) m oB) (2s -100)-758) eae ie paueerwe ie asuee (©) (100i ~25}+ 758) m () (251 -100)+758) m 30) I CO WD) 120" ‘A panicle undergoes tee succesive displacements given by 70 Theangle between the vectors + and (J+ €)is 5,= 2 m (NE), S, = 2 m (due south) and S, = 4 m@0°NW), 0B) 4s") 6 (D) 90" ‘then magnitude of net displacement is 7A. What displacement must be added to the displacen (a) Via+48 m «B) Vi4=4V3 m (251-67) m to give a displacement of 7 m pointing in the (© 2m ©) Vian ee ee (185-67 (29-13 acceleration of a partie is given by © ~I88 +6) () 251413) aja 2B cal “VE 4613+ 22 cos{ 2) ] me The inka condone 72, the vector sum otice vests dan re. a are unit vectors in the directio oF d and 5 respectively, then3.20 Chapter 3 : 5 81, The condition that (av) ~ ab 8 satisfied whey (2) # inthe plane of andj au ieee (8) & along (7x3) os ) as5 (©) & isatong? . ) Ficalong } 82, Consierthe two vectors Hand The magnitude or ya TR A. vector of magnitude SV3 unit_and another vector of ie [as Bl itl Al> lal ita 10 unit are inened to cach other at an angle af 30° (A) isequal tol dle) 1s magnitude of their vector pret s (a) cannot be fess than |] +1 BL ©) sri 0 ni Sree spate os io ae (©) cannot be greater than |] +1) : must be equal to | 4] ~| 4] A particle moves ftom point (1.0, 28) m to the point Oy) ual (2k dbmutena ince Fa (7440) N acts omit The work 82 The two vectors and Bi hat are perpendicule to each sone on itis oe joerg eae aot (w) 303 (A) da31+3}42k, B= 2-2) +h 3) 93 (o) G=2i+3)+28, B=2i-2j+k TS. The sum, dfferonee and eross product of two vectors and J faa peu 37k are matually perpendicular if j43}+28, Beal -2j4k (A) Hand B are perpendicular to each ther ae (B) Gand B ave perpendicular but their magnitudes are 84 1c product (x B)- vanishes when arbitrary ‘A, B and C are not in the same plane (©) [l=] and ahr directions are arbitrary A.B and @ are in the same plane (D) G1 Band/=18l (© Gis perpendicular to both d and B 76. Two vectors having equal magnitudes 4 make an angle @ with (D) Bis perpendicular to both A and E exch ater The mapitde and diction f he FSuaMt T° gry vector P making angles, and respectively with te» respectively Y and Z axes respectively wo 24c0o{ 2) slong bisector Then sin? a+ sin® B+ sin? y= : ao ) I ©2 (D)3 (soo) 214 fom oe ce $6 Apu sng sap tn peg 2 of 10 ms“. What is the magnitude of the change in velocity sacl @ the particle, when it moves through an angle of 60° around = © 24sin( 2), along bisector centre ofthe circle? a (A) 10 ms" (B) zex0 © 4eos{ 2) stong bisector Glee aia: 7 taCod+B then 87. The sum of two vectors and B is at right angles to shez ei : difference. Then (8) (elisainaysgreatertten| JI ae wie (B) Itis possible to have |C|<| Al and |€|emr>UnNwnOOe A c D 61. A 66. B 7. C 76. 4 si A 86. A oA 96. D 101. C 106. B ul. B 116. A 121. A 126. A ' Numerical Based Questions 128. 133. 138. 143. 3.58 1B 3 60 129. 3 134. 0.332 139. 60 144. 20 02. 67. n. 71. 82. 87. 92. 97. 102. 107. 112. 17. 122. 127. 130. 138. 140. 145. aawunanwranear 10.3 54 M 19. 24. 29. mM. 2. 44, 49. 54, 63. 68. 7B. B. 83. 88, 93. 98. 103. 108. 113. 118. 123, 131. 136. 141. goaorwuwr>wuna0e 90 79.4 55. 64, 69. 4. 9. 84, 89, 94, 99. 104. 109. 114. 119. 124, 132. 137. 142. yvuUUr> or arwsao> 120 90