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CRENOTES
FORM4S
IMPLI
FIEDTUTORI
AL
TABLEOFCONTENTS
CHAPTER1 5
I
NTRODUCTI
ON TOCHRI
STI
ANETHI
CS 5
Chr
ist
ianet
hics 5
Basi
sofChr
ist
ianet
hics/
Sour
cesofChr
ist
ianset
hics 5
Chr
ist
ianv
aluest
hatenhancet
hecr
eat
ionofaj
ustsoci
ety 7
Li
feSki
l
ls 7
I
mpor
tanceofl
i
feski
l
ls 8
CHAPTER2 9
HUMAN SEXUALI
TY 9
Def
ini
ti
onofHumansex
ual
i
ty 9
Chr
ist
iant
eachi
ngonhumansexual
i
ty 9
Tr
adi
ti
onal
Afr
icanunder
standi
ngofhumansexual
i
ty 9
Af
ri
cant
eachi
ngsonmal
e-f
emal
erel
ati
onshi
ps 10
Chr
ist
iant
eachi
ngonmal
e-f
emal
erel
ati
onshi
ps 10
CHAPTER3 11
RESPONSI
BLESEXUALBEHAVI
OUR 11
Chr
ist
iant
eachi
ngonr
esponsi
blehumansexual
i
ty 11
Chr
ist
iant
eachi
ngoni
rr
esponsi
blesexual
behav
iour 11
I
ncest 11
Rape 11
For
nicat
ion 12
Pr
ost
it
uti
on 13
Homosexual
i
ty/Gay
/Lesbi
ani
sm 13

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Di
vor
ce 13
Abor
ti
on 14
Sexual
l
ytr
ansmi
tt
edDi
seases(
STDs) 15
HI
V/AI
DS 15
Gonor
rhoea 15
Syphi
l
is 16
Her
pesgeni
tal 16
Hepat
it
isB 16
CHAPTER4 17
MARRI
AGE 17
Meani
ngofmar
ri
age 17
Tr
adi
ti
onal
Afr
icanunder
standi
ngofmar
ri
age. 17
Chr
ist
ianTeachi
ngaboutMar
ri
age 18
Secul
arappr
oachest
omar
ri
age 18
Chr
ist
ianspr
epar
ati
onandappr
oacht
omar
ri
age 18
Pr
epar
ati
onandappr
oacht
omar
ri
agei
ntheAf
ri
canTr
adi
ti
onal
soci
ety 19
Cel
i
bacyasanal
ter
nat
ivet
omar
ri
age 19
CHAPTER5 20
THEFAMI
LY 20
Meani
ngoff
ami
l
y 20
Chr
ist
ianunder
standi
ngoff
ami
l
y 21
Responsi
blepar
ent
hood 22
Pr
obl
emsr
elat
edt
ofami
l
yli
fet
oday 22
CHAPTER6 24
CHRI
STI
ANAPPROACHESTOWORK 24
Def
ini
ti
onoft
erms 24
Tr
adi
ti
onal
Afr
icanat
ti
tudet
owor
k 25
Secul
arat
ti
tudest
owor
k 25

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Chr
ist
iant
eachi
ngonwor
k 25
Rol
esofpr
ofessi
onal
ethos,
ethi
csandcodesi
nthesoci
ety 26
Vi
rt
uesr
elat
edt
owor
k 26
Mor
aldut
iesandr
esponsi
bil
i
tiesofempl
oyer
sandempl
oyees 27
Chr
ist
iansappr
oachestoi
ssuesr
elat
edt
oempl
oyment 28
CHAPTER7 31
CHRI
STI
ANSAPPROACHESTOLEI
SURE 31
Def
ini
ti
onofl
eisur
e 31
Tr
adi
ti
onal
Afr
icanunder
standi
ngofl
eisur
e 31
Chr
ist
iant
eachi
ngonl
eisur
e 32
Mi
suseofl
eisur
etoday 33
Dr
ugabuseandi
tsef
fect
s-al
cohol
,sof
tandhar
ddr
ugs 33
Reasonswhypeopl
eabuseal
cohol
anddr
ugs 36
Chr
ist
iancr
it
eri
aforeval
uat
ingt
heuseofl
eisur
e 37
CHAPTER8 38
CHRI
STI
ANSAPPROACHESTOWEALTH,MONEYANDPOVERTY 38
Def
ini
ti
onoft
heconcept
sweal
th,moneyandpover
ty 38
Thet
radi
ti
onal
Afr
icanunder
standi
ngofweal
thandpover
ty 39
I
mpact
soft
hei
ntr
oduct
ionofmoneyeconomyi
ntr
adi
ti
onal
Afr
icansoci
ety 39
TheChr
ist
iant
eachi
ngonweal
th,money,
pover
ty 40
Chr
ist
ianappr
oaches/
responset
oissuesr
elat
edt
oweal
thandmoney. 41
Br
iber
yandcor
rupt
ion 42
CHAPTER9 44
CHRI
STI
ANAPPROACHESTOLAW,ORDERANDJUSTI
CE 44
Def
ini
ti
onoft
erms 44
I
mpor
tanceofl
aw,or
derandj
ust
ice 44
Ri
ght
sanddut
iesofci
ti
zens 45
Tr
adi
ti
onal
Afr
icanpr
act
icest
hatpr
omot
elaw,or
der
,just
ice 45

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Bi
bli
calt
eachi
ngonl
aw,or
derandj
ust
ice 46
Causesofsoci
aldi
sor
derandt
hei
rremedi
es 46
Remedi
est
osoci
aldi
sor
der 47
Rol
eofChr
ist
iansi
ntr
ansf
ormi
ngt
hesoci
al,economi
c,pol
it
icall
i
feoft
hesoci
ety 47
Thechur
ch — st
ater
elat
ionshi
p 48
CHAPTER10 49
CHRI
STI
ANAPPROACHESTO SELECTEDI
SSUESRELATEDTOMODERNSCI
ENCE,TECHNOLOGY
ANDENVIRONMENT 49
Def
ini
ti
ons 49
Chr
ist
ianvi
ew oni
ssuesr
elat
edt
osci
enceandt
echnol
ogy. 50
Bl
oodt
ransf
usi
on 50
Or
gant
ranspl
ant 51
Genet
icengi
neer
ing 51
Humancl
oni
ng 51
Pl
ast
icsur
ger
y 52
TheChr i
stianv i
ewont heef
fect
sofmoder
nsci
enceandt
echnol
ogyont
heenvi
ronment
(
pol
lut
ion,deser
ti
fi
cat
ion) 52
Pol
l
uti
onandi
tsef
fect
s 53
Deser
ti
fi
cat
ion 54

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CHAPTER1
I
NTRODUCTI
ONTOCHRI
STI
ANETHI
CS
Chr
ist
ianet
hics
 Thewor dethi
cscomesf r om aGr eekTerm Ethi
cswhichmeanscust om,orconduct.
 Ethi
csaremor alpri
ncipl
es, whichinfluenceapersonsbehavior.
 Ethi
csaredefinedast hesy st
emat icstudyofhumanact i
onsandbehav i
or.
 Weuseet hicstojudge,det ermineandassesst heri
ghtandwr ongofhumanbehav ior
.
 Moralsrefertohumanc har act
er,whi chist
heincli
nat
iontobehav einone-wayor
another.
 Ethi
csisthestudyofmor alsandt heydetermineandinfl
uenceper sonalandsoci
etal
behavior
 Chri
stianethi
csisthest udyofhumanconductorbehav iorfrom aChrist
ianpoi
ntof
vi
ew.
Basi
sofChr
ist
ianet
hics/Sour
cesofChr
ist
ianset
hics

1.Humanr
easonandexper
ience
 The sear einternalt
houghtst hatgui
deuswhenwear emaki ngdeci
sionsandt
aki
ng
act
ions.
 Weuseourmi ndsandt houghtswhenconfr
ontedbysituat
ions.
 Theyal sorelyoni nt
ernalthoughtsint
hei
rli
feexper
iences.
I
nternalguides
 Theyi nclude;
a. Consci
ence
 Thi
sisourinnersel
fthatt
ell
susandl
etsusknowwhati
sri
ghtandwr
ong.
 Therear
ef ourt
ypesofconsci
ences;
doubt
ful
,sensi
ti
ve,
cer
tai
nandper
plexed
consci
ence..
b. HumanExperi
ences
 Thesearei
nter
nalandext
ernalgui
des
 Whenconfr
ontedbysi
tuati
ons,
Christ
iansuset
hei
rmi
ndsi
.
e.humanr
easonandt
hei
r
l
if
eexperi
encesinmak i
ngdeci
sions.
 Theyrel
yonint
ernalgui
des,
(Humanr
eason)andex
per
ience(
ext
ernalgui
des)
I
nternalgui
des
 Consci
enceMind,aspectofknowi
ngr
ightorwr
ong.Whenr
ight
,ther
esappr
oval
whenwrongitregi
stersgui
lt
.
 Whendoubt
fuloft
hemor
ali
tyofanact
ionweshoul
dnotdoi
t

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 I
fconsci
encei
sperpl
exed,t
henmakeusdeci
sion.
Adeci
sionshoul
dbebasedona
cer
tai
nconsci
ence.
c. Knowl
edgeandf
reewil
l
 Tomakeadecisi
ononeshoul
dhav
e

 Fact
saboutt
heact
,it
sai
ms,
cir
cumst
anc
es.

 Oneshoul
dbef
reet
oper
for
m

 Adeci
sionoughtt
obet
hought
ful
d. I
ntui
ti
on— i nnerfeel
ing,
insi
ght
 It
sanint
ernalmoralsensetodogoodoravoi
devil
.Int
uit
ionisi
mport
anti
nsit
uat
ions
thatr
equirequi
ckandi mmediatethatr
equi
resqui
ckandi mmedi
ateact
ion.
 Feeli
ngsaresubj
ecti
vee.
g.itfeel
sgoodtodosothi
s,hencewil
ldo…”i
tcanbe
dangeroustomak edeci
sionspurel
ybasedonf
eeli
ngsespeci
all
yinmarr
iage
fr
iendshi
pe t
c.
Et
ernalguides
 Experience,Gui
desher
eincludeauthor
it
ati
veper
sonssuchaspar
ent
s,t
eacher
s,
poli
ce, ci
vi
ll
eadersandrel
i
giousleaders.
 Rul
esf
rom secul
ar,
rel
i
gions,
andAf
ri
cant
radi
ti
onal
cul
tur
ear
epar
tofext
ernal
gui
des.

2.TheBi
ble
 TheBibl
egui
desChr
ist
ianbehav
iour
.Godcommuni
cat
est
ohi
speopl
ethr
ought
he
Bi
ble.
 TheBi
bleof
fer
sanswer
stoquest
ionsi
nrel
ati
ont
othel
i
feofaChr
ist
ian.
 Theyar
emost
lyf
oundi
nthet
eachi
ngsofJesusandt
het
encommandment
s,ser
mon
onthemount
ain
 Chri
stiansar
ealsoencouragedt ohav eFai
thThev ir
tuesencour
agedincl
ude
generosit
y,l
ove,
kindness,f
ait
hfulness,pat
ience,humili
ty,
peace,mer
cy,l
oyal
tyet
c.
 Today,t
hereareethicali
ssuesnotfoundinthebibl
ee.g.HI
V/ AI
DS,sexualand
repr
oducti
vehealthr i
ght
s,contr
acepti
ves,abor
ti
on,global
izati
on,cloning,
envi
ronmentaldegradati
on,geneti
cal
lymodif
iedfoods,t
err
orism,internati
onalt
rade
etc.
 Thi
sgi
vesr
easonandot
hersour
cesbasi
sofChr
ist
ianet
hicsi
naddi
ti
ont
otheBi
ble.

3.Chr
ist
iancommuni
ty— chur
ch
 Churchl
eadershipcanmakedecisions,whi
chtouchont hei
rfol
l
owers.Theygui
de
peopleonethicali
ssuese.
g.pol
i
tics,l
and,j
ust
ice,abor
ti
on,contr
acept
ione t
c.

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 Chur
chor
gani
zat
ionsgi
ver
ulesont
hoseconductoft
hei
rmember
s.

4.Nat
urall
aw
 Theawar
enesst
hatonehast
ochoosegoodandav
oidevi
l
 I
fonest
udieshumannat
ureandr
efl
ect
suponi
t he/
shewi
l
ldi
scov
ernat
urall
awsof
humanbehavi
our
 Nat
urall
aw,naturalr
ight
ssuchasr
ightt
oeducat
ion,l
i
feownpr
oper
tymanyet
c.ar
e
i
ncor
poratedintotheconst
it
uti
onofanynat
ion.
 Theconsti
tut
iont
hengui
desthebehavi
ourofl
istci
ti
zens;Chr
ist
iansbei
ngci
ti
zensof
acountr
ya regui
dedi
nthei
rbehavi
ourbytheconsti
tuti
on.

5.Si
tuat
ionet
hics
 Oneshouldreasonoutt
her i
ght
nessorwrongnessofanact
.Theright
nessor
wrongnessofanactdependsonitsuni
queness,t
hecir
cumstances
 Chri
sti
ansarewarnedagainstmak i
ngdeci
si
onsbasedonci
rcumst
ancesorthe
si
tuati
one.g.apregnantstudentseeki
ngabor
ti
onastheopti
onsoastoconti
nue
wit
he ducati
on.

6.Godsr
evel
ati
on
 Godr evealshimselft
opeoplethr
oughprophets,nat
uralevent
s,thelaw,dreamsand
vi
sions.Throughsuchway sGodguidesChri
sti
anonhowt heyshouldapproach
cer
taini ssues.Godsrev
elat
iondoesnotcontr
adictwiththeBibl
e .

Chr
ist
ianv
aluest
hatenhancet
hecr
eat
ionofaj
ustsoci
ety
 Thev
aluest
hatenhancet
hecr
eat
ionofaj
ustsoci
etyi
ncl
ude;

a.Lov
e
 Lov
eisani
mpor
tantv
aluei
ncr
eat
ingaj
ustsoci
ety
 Goddemonstr
atedHi
ssel
fl
essl
ovebygi
vi
ngHi
sonl
ysont
odi
efort
he
sakeofmanki
nd

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 Chr
ist
iansshoul
dsacri
fi
cethei
rlov
ebyhelpi
ngthedi
sadv
ant
aged
membe rsi
nthesoci
etywit
houtseeki
ngf
orreward

b.Honest
y/r
eli
abi
li
tyf
ait
hful
ness
 Honest
yisani
mpor
tantmor
alv
aluebecausei
tmakesusdependabl
eand
t
rust
ed
 Godcommandust
obehonestwi
thour
sel
vesandi
nourdeal
i
ngswi
th
ot
herpeopl
e
 Whenwear
ehonest
,wear
eal
sor
eli
abl
eanddependabl
e

c.Just
ice/
fai
rness
 Just
icei
sani
mpor
tantmor
alv
alue.
 Chri
sti
ansshoul
dfol
lowGodsteachi
ngsonj
usti
cebytreat
ingal
lpeopl
eas
equalsi
nceal
larecr
eatedi
nGodsimageandli
keness.

d.Respect
 Chr
ist
iansar
eexpect
edt
oshowr
espectt
othei
rfel
lowhumanbei
ngs
 Theyar
eexpect
edt
orespectGodandt
hemsel
vest
hrought
het
hingst
hey
do.
 Theyar
eexpect
edt
orespectt
hei
rwor
kandr
esour
cesundert
hei
rcar
e.

e.Humi
l
ity
 Chr
ist
iansshoul
duphol
dthemor
alv
alueofhumi
l
ity
 Theyshoul
dnott
hinkhi
ghl
yoft
hemsel
ves
 Theyshoul
dhumbl
ethemsel
vesbyser
vingot
her
swi
thoutr
eser
vat
ion.

f
.Per
sev
erance/
per
sist
ence
 Chr
ist
iansshoul
dbeper
sist
enti
nthei
rfai
thi
nJesusChr
ist
 Theyshoul
dendur
eper
secut
ionsandsuf
fer
ingonaccountoft
hei
rfai
thi
n
God.
 Theyshoul
dbepersi
stenti
nthei
rresponsi
bil
i
tiesbywor
kinghar
dfor
JesusChri
standt
hei
rcommuni t
ies.

g.Chast
it
y
 Chr
isti
ansshoul
dremai
nchast
ebynotengagi
ngi
nimmor
alsexual
act
ivi
ti
es
 Theyshoul
dhonourGodf
ort
hei
rbodi
esar
ethet
empl
eoft
hehol
yspi
ri
t.

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Li
feSki
ll
s
 Li
feski
l
lsar
eabi
l
iti
est
hathel
ppeopl
etodevel
opposi
ti
vebehav
iour
.
 Theyhel
ppeopl
edeal
e f
fect
ivel
ywi
tht
hedemandsandchal
l
e ngesofever
y
day
slif
e
 Li
feski
ll
senabl
eani
ndi
vi
dual
tol
i
vewi
thonesel
fandmaki
ngef
fect
ive
deci
si
ons.
 Theyi
ncl
udet
hef
oll
owi
ng;

1.Cr
it
ical
thi
nki
ng
 Cr
it
ical
thi
nki
ngi
simpor
tanti
nshapi
ngouri
ndependentt
hinki
ngand
j
udgement
 Weshoul
dappl
ycr
it
ical
thi
nki
ngi
never
ythi
ngwedo.
 Oneshoul
dreasonandwei
ght
heopt
ionsi
.e.consequencesofanact
ion
t
aken.

2.Cr
eat
ivet
hinki
ng
 Godhasgi
venust
hegi
ftofcr
eat
ivet
hinki
ng
 Weshoul
dusei
ttodevel
opour
sel
vesandl
i
feofot
her
s.
 Weshoul
dappr
oachpr
obl
emswi
thacr
it
ical
mind.

3.Deci
sionmaki
ng
 I
tinv
olv
e swei
ghi
ngt
heopt
ionsandar
ri
vi
ngatt
her
ightdeci
sion
 Weshoul
dmaker
ightdeci
si
onssot
hatwecanl
i
vef
ulf
il
ledl
i
ves
 I
tsi
mpor
tantt
ost
udyasi
tuat
ionbef
oremaki
ngadeci
sion
 Weshouldonl
ymakedeci
si
onst
hatar
ebenef
ici
alt
oourl
i
vesandt
hatof
ot
herpeopl
e

4.Sel
f-
est
eem
 Peopl
ewi
thhi
ghsel
f-
est
eem ar
econf
identandf
ocussed.
 Theyai
m atachi
evi
ngsetgoal
s,andar
ether
efor
eresul
tor
ient
ed.
 Weshoul
dwor
khar
dtobui
l
doursel
f-
est
eem andsel
f-
wor
th.

5.Asser
ti
veness
 Asser
ti
vepeopl
ehav
eahi
ghl
evelofsel
f-
est
eem,
sel
f-
wor
thandconf
idence
 Theyar
ehonestwi
tht
hemsel
vesandexpr
esst
hei
rfeel
ingsanddesi
res.

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I
mpor
tanceofl
if
eski
ll
s
 Li
feski
l
lshel
pani
ndi
vi
dual
to;
1.Theyhel
ppeopl
etol
i
veposi
ti
vel
yandact
ivel
y
2.Topr
act
iceheal
thybehav
iourandi
nterper
sonal
rel
ati
onshi
ps
3.Assessandav
oidr
iskybehav
iour
4.Av
oidr
iskybehav
iour
5.Cont
ri
but
einmaki
ngaj
ustsoci
ety
6.Setgoal
sinl
i
feandachi
evet
hem
7.Bui
l
dsel
f-
est
eem andsel
fconf
idence

CHAPTER2
HUMANSEXUALI
TY
Def
ini
ti
onofHumansexual
it
y
 Humansexual
i
tyi
sthatwhi
chmakesusmal
eorf
emal
e.
 I
t i
sourbiol
ogi
calorphy
siol
ogi
caldi
ff
erencesassoci
atedwi
tht
hest
ateofbei
ng
maleorfemale.

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 Besi
desthebiol
ogi
calmakeup,wehaveanemot
ionalsi
de,whi
chincl
udesour
at
tit
udes,andfeel
i
ngs.Femal
esaresai
dtobemoreemot i
onalandtal
kat
ivet
han
males.
 Humansexual
i
tyi
sal
soi
nourbr
ainandmi
ndandi
tiswhatmakesushumanbei
ngs.
 Genderrol
esplayagr
eatparti
nshapi
ngourhumansexual
i
ty.Ther
ear
edi
ff
erent
genderr
olesf
ormalesandfemalesi
noursoci
ety
.

Chr
ist
iant
eachi
ngonhumansexual
it
y
 Mal
esandf emal
esareGodscreation.Menandwomenwer ecreat
edformany
r
easons.Thesear
etobefrui
tf
ul andt omul
ti
plyandf
orcompani
onshi
p.
 I
nGenesiswel
earnt
hatmenandwomensharetheimageofGodbecauseGod
i
ntendedmanandwomantoplaycompl
ement
aryrol
esandbothar
eequalbef
ore
God.
 Sexinmar
ri
agei
sasignofl
oveandi
tissacr
ed.Inmarri
ageman/ andwoman
becomeonefl
esh.
Bothoft
hem hav
et heabi
li
tytocont
rolt
hei
rsexual
desi
res
.
 Chri
sti
anteachi
ngf or
bids:sexbef
oremarri
age,
adul
teryorunf
ait
hful
ness,andother
unnat
uralsexualbehaviour
slikel
esbi
ani
sm,homosexual
it
yorbeinggay,
andincest.
 Godcr eat
edhumanbodyandi
tistobekeptholy.Chast
it
yisencour
agedwhi l
e
unfai
thful
nessi
nmarr
iagei
sdi
scouraged.Husbands/ wi
vesaretorespectone
anotherandgiv
etoeachot
heri
nmut uallov
e.

Tr
adi
ti
onal
Afr
icanunder
standi
ngofhumansexual
it
y
 Humansexual
ityi
shighl
yval
uedintr
adi
ti
onal
Afr
icancommuni
ti
es.
Iti
sunder
stoodi
n
t
ermsofmar r
iageandparenthood.
 Pr
ocr
eati
onwasthesolepurposeofsex.
Sexwast
obepr
act
icedi
nmar
ri
ageandi
t
wasr
egardedasanot
hersacredduty.
 Adul
terywasdiscour
agedandof
fender
spuni
shed.I
rr
esponsi
blesexual
rel
ati
onshi
ps
wereforbi
dden.
 Vir
gini
tybefor
emar
riagewashi
ghl
yv al
ued.I
fagi
rll
osthervir
ginit
ybef
oremarr
iage,
shewast reat
edwi
thscor
nandpunishment.I
faboyimpregnatingagi
rl
,hewasfined.
 I
nt r
adit
ionalAfri
cansoci
etyitwasat
abootodi
scussopenl
ysexmat t
ers.
Grandparentstaughtsexeducati
ont
othei
rgr
andchi
ldr
en.Sexeducat
ionwast
aught
duri
nginiti
ati
onstages.
 Fr
eemixi
ngofgirl
sandboy swasnotall
owedexceptundersuper
visi
on.Gi
rlswer
e
marr
iedoffimmediat
elyaf
teri
nit
iat
iont
oavoi
dt emptati
onofengagingin
pr
e-mari
talsex
.

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 Tor ei
nforcesel
f— discipl
i
neinrelat
ionshi
psbe t
weent heopposi
tesexestheAf
ri
can
tradit
ionalsoci
etyi
nst
il
ledthefearofsupernat
uralcur
sesthr
oughmy ths,t
aboosand
rules.
 Mari
talst
atus.Husbandsandwiveswereexpect
edt orel
atet
oeachot
her
,thei
r
par
ents,andinlawsaccor
dingt
ot hecommunitycustoms.
 Confl
i
ctsbet
weenahusbandandawi
fewer
eresol
vedt
hroughi
nter
vent
ionof
rel
ati
ves.
 Ther
earespeci
fi
cchor
esanddut
iesf
orei
thermal
eorf
emal
einAf
ri
cant
radi
ti
onal
soci
eti
es.
 Rol
eswer
ether
eforeaccordi
ngtogender
.Boyswenthunt
ing,
her
ding,
whi
l
egi
rl
s
fet
chedf
ir
ewood,andhelpedincooki
ng.

Af
ri
cant
eachi
ngsonmal
e-f
emal
erel
ati
onshi
ps
 Gen
der
dif
fer
enceswereevi
den
twh
enachi
ldwasbor
n.Forexa
mpl
e,
babyboy
swe
rewe
lcome
d
byf
i
veul
ul
ati
onswhil
egir
l
swe r
ewe
lcome
dbyth
reeul
ula
tion
s.
 Atanearl
yage,gi
rl
sandboyswoul dmixfr
eelyastheypl
ayedtogether.Matur
eboys
andgir
lshowev
er,wererest
ri
ctedf r
om mixi
ngfr
eelywit
houtsuper
v i
sionbyel
der
s.
Butt
herewasgenderidenti
fi
cati
on.
 Theboysident
if
iedwitht
hei
rfather
sandothermal
eadult
s,whi
l
egi
rl
sident
if
ied
themsel
veswiththei
rmotherandotherf
emaleadul
ts.
 Attheadol
escentstage;13— 18y ear
seducat
ionwasgivent
otheadolescent
sand
i
ntensi
fi
edatini
ti
ati
onst age.Boysandgi
rl
swer
etaughtt
radi
ti
onalr
ules,
andsecret
s
ofthesoci
etydur
inginit
iat
ion.
 Lear
ningwasi
nfor
mal.Knowl
edgewascommunicatedthr
oughsongs,
stor
iesand
ri
ddl
esamongotherf
ormsofpresent
ati
ons.Al
ladult
sact
edasparent
stotheyoung
ones.
 Menwer esoci
ali
zedt
obesuperi
or,whi
lewomenweresocial
i
zedt
oacceptt
hei
r
subor
dinat
epositi
onandrol
e.Ev
eryoneknewandaccept
edwhathe/
shewas
cul
tur
all
ysupposedtodo.
 Divi
sionoflabourwasbasedonsex.Int
heAfri
cancommuniti
es,despit
et hei
r
di
f f
erences,ther
ewer emanycommoncust omaryrol
es,
rul
es,regulat
ions,t
aboos
andbel i
efsthatgov
ernedthepr
act
icesrel
atedtomale— femal erel
ati
onshipsf
rom
earl
ychildhoodtooldage.
 Thesetradi
ti
onalAfr
icanpract
icesr
elat
ingtomale— f emal
erel
ati
onshi
psexi
sted
atvar
iouslevel
s.I
nalloft
hem,manhel dsuper
iorposi
ti
onswhencomparedtot
hose
ofwomen.

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 Oldwomenandmenwer eaccor
dedrespect
.Theywer
econsul
tedf
oradv
iceand
counsel
.Ki
nshi
psy
stem wasemphasized.

Chr
ist
iant
eachi
ngonmal
e-f
emal
erel
ati
onshi
ps
 Thehusbandist
heheadofthehouseandshoul
dlovehi
swi f
eli
keChr
istl
ovedt
he
chur
ch.Onceawifei
slov
ed,
sheshoul
dsubmittoherhusband.
 Bot
hmal eandf
emaleareequalandco— cr eat
orswi
thGod.
AdamandEvewere
cr
eatedt
ocomplementeachot
her.Li
kewi
se,
menandwomenshouldl
oveeachot
her.
 Jesust
aughtt
hateachmanshoul
dhav
eonewi
feandvi
cev
ersa.
 Oncemarri
ed,t
hehusbandsbodybel
ongst
othewi
feandher
sbel
ongt
ohi
m wi
fe
andhusbandshoul
davoi
dimmorali
ty.
 Malesandf
emal
esar
etor
elat
efr
eel
y.Butt
hey
out
har
etoav
oidt
het
empt
ati
onsof
sex
.
 Ther
ear
enospeci
fi
cchor
esordut
iesf
orei
thermal
eorf
emal
e.
 Rel
ati
onshipbet
weensexesshoul
dbegov
ernedbyl
ove,
chast
it
y,r
espect
,sel
f-
cont
rol
,
andsel
f-
disci
pli
ne.
 Par
ent
sar
etol
ovet
hei
rchi
ldr
en,whi
lechi
ldr
enar
etoobeyandhonourt
hei
rpar
ent
s.
Par
ent
sar
easkedt
obri
ngupthei
rchil
dreni
naGodl
yway

CHAPTER3
RESPONSI
BLESEXUALBEHAVI
OUR
Chr
ist
iant
eachi
ngonr
esponsi
blehumansexual
it
y
 Chri
sti
ani
tyt
eachesusaboutresponsibl
esexualbehav
iour
.Bei
ngr
esponsi
blemeans
thatonei
sexerci
singsel
f— controlorsel
f-
disci
pli
nei
nmatter
sofsexual
behav
iour
.
 Sel
f-
disci
pli
nei
snecessarywhenwehav earel
ati
onshipwi
tht
heopposi
tesex1Cor
.7:
91Pet er5:
).I
tiscal
l
edresponsi
blesexual
behavi
our,whi
chi
sobedi
encetoGods
commands.
 Chri
stianspromot ehealt
hysoci
alrel
ati
onshipbetweenboy sandgirl
s,menand
women,andhusbandsandwi ves.Responsi
blesexisbet
weenmal eandf emal
e.
Sexualint
ercourseisal
lowedonlybetweenmar r
i es(
edcoupl 1Cor.
7:3— 5).Marr
ied
couplesareobl i
gedtobesexuall
yfait
hfult
ooneanot her(Heb.13:
4)adult
eryi
s
condemned( exodus25:14)
.
 Rel
ati
onshi
pbetweenahusband/ wi
feshouldbeoneofr
espectf
ait
hful
ness,
lov
e,
car
e,mercy
,submissi
on,
tol
erance,andfor
giveness

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Chr
ist
iant
eachi
ngoni
rr
esponsi
blesexualbehavi
our
 Ther
earemanyi r
responsi
blesexual behavi
ours.Theyi
ncludeamongot hersallacts
andfor
msof:perversi
on,misuse,andabuseofsex, i
ncest
,rape,f
orni
cation,adult
ery,
homosexual
i
ty,l
esbiani
sm orgay,prosti
tut
ion,concubi
ne,masturbat
ion,bestial
ity
andchi
ldmarri
agesamongot her
s.
 Theseirr
esponsi
blesexualbehav
ioursareagainstGodswi
llf
orhumani
ty.Chr
isti
ans
aretoshunirr
esponsibl
esexualbehaviour
.Thi
sisbecausethei
rbodi
esareth e
templesoftheHolySpir
it
.ThuswhateverChri
sti
ansdowiththei
rbodi
es,i
tshouldbe
fort
hegloryofGod.

I
ncest
 sexual
relat
ionshi
pbetweenpeoplewhoarecl
oselyr
elat
edbybl
ood.Forexampl
e,
sexbetweenabr other
/si
ster
,fat
her/daught
er.
 Incestiscondemnedi
ntheBi
ble.I
twaspuni
shabl
ebydeat
hint
heOl
dTest
ament
.
Levit
icus18:
6— 8.

Ef
fect
sofi
ncest
 Undermi
nest
her
elat
ionshi
psbet
weenmember
sofaf
ami
l
yasi
tbr
ingsshameand
gui
lt

 i
ncestdest
roy
srel
ati
onshi
pswi
thi
nthef
ami
l
yandcanl
eadt
obr
eaki
ngupofa
marri
age.

 I
ncestdest
roy
ssel
f-
est
eem,sel
f— r
espect
,anddi
gni
tyoft
hevi
cti
m.

 I
ncestcanl
eadt
opr
egnancy
,andabor
ti
on.

 I
tcanl
eadt
oinf
ect
ionswi
thsexual
l
ytr
ansmi
tt
eddi
seasesS.
T.I
.sandHI
V/AI
DS.

Rape
 I
sfor
cinganot
herper
sont
ohav
esexual
int
ercour
sewi
thouthi
sorherconsent
.
 I
tissexual
viol
enceandacr
imeagai
nsthumani
ty.
 I
tisalsoadeni
al,
andav
iol
ati
onofhumanr
ight
soft
hevi
cti
mswhoar
esexual
l
y
assault
ed.
 Rapei
sanexpr
essi
onofhat
redt
owar
dtheopposi
tesex.
 I
ntr
adi
ti
onalAf
ri
cansoci
etyr
apewasabhor
redandcul
pri
tswer
epuni
shedbydeat
h.

Ef
fect
sofRape
 Rapemayr
esul
tinpr
egnancy

 Ser
iousphy
sicali
njur
iesand

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 Maycont
ractbot
htheSTI
s,andHI
V/AI
DS.

 Thevi
cti
mist
raumat
ized,andashamedofsel
f.

 Thevi
cti
m suf
fer
sfr
om gui
lt
,l
onel
i
ness,
humi
l
iat
ion,
str
essdi
sor
der
s,anddepr
essi
on
among

 Mayl
oset
rusti
ntheopposi
tesex.

 Thesesuf
fer
ingscanl
eadt
osui
cideanddeat
h

For
nicat
ion
 Thi
sisconsensualsexual
int
ercour
sebet
weenunmar
ri
edpeopl
e.
 I
tiscondemnedbybot
hAf
ri
canandChr
ist
iant
eachi
ngsandpuni
shmenti
nATS
 I
ntheOldTest
ament
,menwer eforc
edt
omar
ryt
hegi
rl
.Jesussai
dthatf
orni
cat
ion
wasduetopeopl
esevi
lthoughts.
 Abst
inencef
ort
hey
out
hisencour
agedandpr
eached
 Whyt
hey
out
hengagei
npr
e — mar
ialsex.
t

 Sexual
cur
iosi
ty,

 Pr
ovi
ngmanhood,

 Humanweakness,

 Lackofsel
f-
cont
rol
,

 Test
ingf
ert
il
it
y,f
earofbei
ngj
i
lted/r
eject
ed

 Commer
cialsexf
ormoney

 Copy
ingact
sint
hepr
intandel
ect
roni
cmedi
a,

 Fr
ust
rat
ions,

 Dr
ugabuse,

 Br
ibet
ogetaj
ob,
and

 Per
missi
venessi
nthesoci
ety

Ef
fect
sofFor
nicat
ion
 Someoft
hesear
ehav
ingchi
l
drenoutofwedl
ock

 Feel
i
ngsofdi
str
ust
,gui
l
t,andhur
t;

 Cont
rac
tingSTI
sandHI
V/AI
DS;

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 Lossofsel
f-
respect
;ear
lyand

 For
cedmar
ri
ageandabor
ti
on.

Adul
ter
y
 Adul
ter
yishav
ingsexout
sidemar
ri
agewi
thaper
sonwi
thwhom onei
snotmar
ri
ed
to.
 Adul
ter
yiscausedby

 l
ackofsel
f— cont
rol
,

 sexual
dissat
isf
act
ion,

 l
ongper
iodsofwi
feandhusbandsepar
ati
on,

 sexual
dysf
unct
ionandv
engeancebyani
nit
ial
l
yfai
thf
ulspouse

Ef
fect
sofAdul
ter
y
 Canl
eadt
odi
vor
ce,

 Abor
ti
on,

 STI
,HI
V/AI
DS,

 Domest
icv
iol
ence,

 Mur
der(
deat
h)and

 Psy
chol
ogi
cal
probl
ems

Pr
ost
it
uti
on

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 Thisi
sthepract
iceofgi
vi
ngsexualpl
easureformoneyorot
hermater
ialbenef
it
s.A
prost
it
utecaneitherbemal
eorf emale.Pr
osti
tut
esareref
err
edtoascommer cial
— sexworkers.
 Ther
ear
efact
orsl
eadi
ngt
opr
ost
it
uti
on.Thesear
e

 Economi
creasonssuchasunempl
oyment
,pov
ert
y,

 Rej
ect
ionofagi
rlathome,

 Dr
ugabuse,

 St
ress,anger
,anxi
ety
,fr
ust
rat
ionsi
nthef
ami
l
yand

 Por
nogr
aphy
.

Ef
fect
sofPr
ost
it
uti
on
 I
tcanl
eadt
obr
eakupofmar
ri
age,andf
ami
l
y.

 I
tlower
saper
sonsdi
gni
ty

 Canl
eadt
ounpl
annedpr
egnanci
es,

 School
dropout
s;

 I
nfect
ionssuchasSTI
sandHI
V/AI
DSand

 I
mpr
operuseoff
ami
l
yresour
ces
 Thechurchcondemnspr ost
it
utionbecausei
tdef
il
est
hebody
,whi
chi
sat
empl
eof
theHolySpi
ri
t.I
tssexual
immor ali
tyGal5:
. 19— 21.
Homosexual
it
y/Gay/Lesbi
ani
sm

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 Thi
sissexbet
weenpeopl
eofthesamesexf
orexampl
e;manandman(
gay
ism)
,
womanandwoman( l
esbi
ani
sm).
 Homosexual
i
tyi
sacommonpr
act
icei
nmoder
nwor
ld.
Iti
sal
soachur
chpr
obl
em.
Reasonsf
orcondemninghomosexuali
ty
 Godcreat
edamal eandafemal Genesi
e.Read, s1:
28.
 sexi
ssacr
ed.

 Homosexual
i
tyi
sanunnat
ural
rel
ati
onshi
p,whi
chl
ower
shumandi
gni
ty.

 I
tdoesnotpr
ovi
desexual
ful
fi
lment(
ast
radi
ti
onal
l
y)

 Homosexual
i
tyi
sil
l
egali
nKeny
a.

Ef
fect
sofhomosexual
it
y
 I
tisat
hreatt
opr
ocr
eat
ion.

 I
tpr
omot
esl
ooseshor
t-
ter
minf
ormal
rel
ati
onshi
ps

 Pr
omot
esHI
V/AI
DS

Di
vor
ce
 Int
hecont emporar
ysociety
,di
vorceissoughtafterorall
owedbecauseof:
unf
aithf
ulnessi
nmar r
iageoradul
tery
;domesticviolence;
misuseoff
amil
yresour
ces;
chi
ldl
essness;i
n-l
awinter
fer
enceandal coholabuse.
Legalr
easonsfordi
vorce
 Accordi
ngtothelawsofKeny
a,di
vor
cei
sal
l
owedundert
hef
oll
owi
ngr
easons;

 Adul
ter
y;i
famandeser
tshi
swi
fe

 I
fapar
tnerbecomesi
nsane;and

 Domest
icv
iol
encef
orexampl
e,phy
sical
,andpsy
chol
ogi
calt
ort
ure.
Chr
ist
ianteachi
ngaboutdi
vor
ce
 Christ
iansdi
scour
agedi
vor
cebecausemar
ri
agei
saper
manentst
atus.
 Chur
chdi
scouragesdi
vorcebecauseofi
tsadv
erseef
fect
s.Somedenomi
nat
ions
al
lowdi
vor
ceifther
eisadult
ery.
 Godhat
esdi
vor
ce.
Mar
ri
edcoupl
esshoul
dremai
nfai
thf
ult
oeachot
her

Ef
fect
sofdi
vor
ce
 st
rai
nedr
elat
ionshi
ps,

 chi
ldr
ensuf
fer
ingpsy
chol
ogi
cal
l
y,andexper
iencesofr
eject
ion.

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 Adi
vor
ceef
acessoci
alst
igma,
rej
ect
ion,andi
sol
ati
on.

 I
fpar
ent
ssepar
ate,t
heycr
eat
esi
ngl
epar
entf
ami
l
ies.

 Thesefamili
essuf
ferf
rom economi
char
dshi
psandf
eel
i
ngsoff
ail
ureand
inadequacy.

Abor
ti
on
 I
ster
minat
ionofpr
egnancybef
oret
hef
oet
usi
scapabl
eofi
ndependentl
i
fe.
 Ther
ear
etwot
ypesofabor
ti
ons.

 Spont
aneousabor
ti
onormi
scar
ri
age.

 I
nducedabor
ti
on,whi
chi
sdel
i
ber
ateandi
l
legal
inKeny
a.
Causesofabort
ion
 Pregnancyduetor
apeandi
ncest
.

 I
fthemot
herbel
i
evest
hatt
heunbor
nchi
l
dwi
l
lbeabur
den.

 I
fthemot
herl
ackseconomi
cresour
cest
otakecar
eoft
hebaby
.

 Ift
hemot heri
sinschool
,andshecannotl
ookaf
tert
hebabyandcont
inuewi
thher
educat
ion.

 Medi
cal
per
sonnelmayabor
tadef
ormedf
oet
us

 I
nor
dert
osav
ethel
i
feoft
hemot
heri
fiti
sindanger
.
WhyChri
stianscondemnabor
ti
on
 Chr
ist
iansviewofabor
ti
onasmur
der(
Exodus20:13)
.

 Chr
ist
ianv
iewi
sthatt
hebodyi
sthet
empl
eoft
heHol
ySpi
ri
t.

 Godi
sthegi
verofl
i
feandHeal
onehast
her
ightt
otakei
taway
.

 Abor
ti
oncar
ri
eswi
thi
tst
igma

Ef
fect
sofabor
ti
on
 Abor
ti
oncancausei
nfer
ti
li
tyonawoman

 Ect
opi
cpr
egnancy

 Dest
ruct
ionofawomansbodypar
ts

 Foet
almal
for
mat
ion

 Ri
skoft
hemot
herbl
eedi
ngt
odeat
handdest
ruct
ionofut
erus.

 Themot
hermayexper
iencei
nfut
urest
il
lbi
rt
hs,

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 Mi
scar
ri
ages,
riskofbar
renness;

 Fai
l
edabor
ti
onsl
eadi
ngt
odef
ormedbabi
esandpsy
chol
ogi
calpr
obl
ems

 Canl
eadt
oar
est
ressanddepr
essi
on.

Sexual
lyt
ransmi
tt
edDi
seases(
STDs)
 Ther
ear
emanydi
seasespassedf
rom oneper
sont
otheot
hert
hroughsex.
 Thesearegonor
rhoea,
syphi
l
is,
her
pesgeni
tal
s,hepat
it
isB,chl
amy
dia,
tri
chonomi
asi
s,
HIV/
AIDS.

HI
V/AI
DS
 Thi
sishumanimmunedef ici
encyvir
us(HIV)t
hatcausesacqui
redi
mmunedef
ici
ency
syndr
ome(AIDS)condi
ti
on.Syndromereferstomanysy mptoms.
 HI
Vist
ransmi
tt
edl
argel
ythr
ough

 Sexwi
thani
nfect
edpar
tner
;

 Thr
oughbl
oodt
ransf
usi
on

 Shar
ingshar
pobj
ect
swi
thi
nfect
edper
sons

 Fr
om ani
nfect
edmot
hert
otheunbor
nchi
l
d.

Thesi
gns/sy mptomsofAIDS
 Mani
fest
ati
onsofsy
mpt
omsoft
heoppor
tuni
sti
cinf
ect
ionse.
g.t
uber
cul
osi
s.

 Per
sist
entcoughs,

 Lossofwei
ght
,

 Or
alt
hrush,

 Lossofappet
it
e,and

 Di
arr
hoea.
 ChurchesencourageChr
ist
ianstobecompassionat
etoHI
V/AI
DSaffect
edpeople,
and
tosupporttheinfect
edandt heaf
fect
edindi
vi
dualsli
ket
heorphans,widows,
and
widowers.

Ef
fect
sofHI
V/AI
DS
 Recur
renti
l
lnessduet
ooppor
tuni
sti
cinf
ect
ions.

 Ther
eisal
sost
igmat
izat
ion.

 Somei
ndi
vi
dual
shav
efeel
ingsofgui
l
t,anger
,deni
alanddepr
essi
on.

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 Thesi
ckper
sonshav
etol
ookf
orext
raf
inancest
ocar
efort
hei
rheal
th.

 Theyhav
ethebur
denf
ormedi
cat
ions,
andspeci
aldi
et.

 HI
V/ai
dshasnocur
eandl
eadst
odeat
h

 Par
ent
sdi
eandl
eav
ethei
rchi
ldr
enasor
phans.

Gonor
rhoea
 causedbyabacter
i edNei
um cal
l sser
iagonor
rhoeaI
tssy
mpt
omsappear4day
s
aft
erinf
ect
ion.
Sy
mptoms
 bur
ningsensat
ionwhenpassi
ngur
ine

 pai
nordi
scomf
orti
nthegeni
tal
s

 st
ickydi
schar
georpusi
nthev
agi
naort
hrought
heur
ethr
a.
 Gonor
rhoeai
scur
abl
eift
reat
edear
ly.

Ef
fect
sofGonor
rhoea
 Thediseasedamagesawomansf
all
opi
ant
ubesl
eadi
ngt
oinf
ert
il
it
y;andamans
epi
didymisleadi
ngt
oster
il
it
y.

 Ani
nfect
edexpect
antmot
hercani
nfecthernew-
bor
nbabywi
thgonor
rhoea.

 Thedi
seasemayaf
fectt
heey
esoft
heunbor
nchi
l
dcausi
ngbl
indness.

 Gonor
rhoeacanal
socausei
nfl
ammat
ionofj
oint
s,t
hehear
tandl
iver
.

Syphi
li
s
 Pri
marysyphi
l
ismayshowupi nt
heform ofasor
eorawoundinthegeni
tal
safew
daysaf
terinf
ect
ion.Thewoundheal
sbyitsel
fwi
thoutt
reat
mentaft
ersometi
me.
 Syphi
l
isinf
ect
ionmayt
akesev
eraly
ear
sabout7y
ear
sbef
orei
tssy
mpt
omsr
e
appear.
Sy
mptoms
 apai
nlesssoreorpi
mpl
eont
hemanspeni
sorwomansvul
va;
andswel
l
ingoft
he
gl
andsinthegroi
n.
 Ot
hersy
mpt
oms,
whi
chmayappearl
ater
,ar
e

 Ski
nrashes,andsor
esei
theri
nthef
acear
mpi
ts,underbr
east
s,mout
hort
hroat
.

Ef
fect
sofSyphi
li
s
 Damaget
othehear
t,br
ainandt
hener
voussy
stem.

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 Thi
sdi
seasecanl
eadt
omadnessanddeat
hoft
hevi
cti
m.

 I
fachi
l
disi
nfect
edwhi
l
eint
hewomb,
ordur
ingbi
rt
h,t
hebr
ainmay
bedamaged.

 Thechi
ldmayhav
eei
therphy
sical
def
ormi
ti
esort
hei
nfect
edmot
hermaygi
ve
st
il
lbi
rt
hs

Her
pesgeni
tal
 Asexual
diseasecausedbyavirus.
Itcr
eat
eswoundsinthegeni
tal
s.Apregnant
womancant ransmi
ttheinf
ect
iontohernew-bor
nbabyduri
ngdeli
ver
y.Thi
sdisease
canbecontr
olledal
thought
hereisnotaneff
ecti
vet
reat
me nt.

Ef
fect
sHer
pesgeni
tal
s.
 I
nfect
ioncancausesev
erebr
aindamage;

 canceroft
heneckoft
hewomb.

 I
fawomani
spr
egnant
,thedi
seasecancausedeat
hoft
hebaby
.

 Thewoundsandsor
esexposest
hesi
ckper
sont
oHI
V/AI
DSi
nfect
ions.

Hepat
it
isB
 vi
ruscausesHepat
it
isB.I
tistr
ansmit
tedt
hroughsex,
inj
ecti
onsbyunst
eri
l
ized
needl
esandcontactwithcontami
nat
edbl
ood.Theinf
ecti
ondoesnotshowont he
geni
tal
s.
Si
gnsandsymptoms
 Yel
lownessoft
heey
es(
jaundi
ce)duet
oli
verdamageand

 Pai
nar
oundt
heupperabdomen.

Ef
fect
sofHepat
it
isB
 Thi
sdi
seasedamagest
hel
i
verandmayl
eadt
odeat
hoft
hei
nfect
edper
son.
 I
thasav
acci
ne,
butnott
reat
ment
.
Ot
herconsequencesofi
rr
esponsi
blesexual
behav
iour
s
1.Thesearedeath,
2.Unpl
annedpr
egnanci
esl
eadi
ngt
ost
reetchi
l
dren,
3.Schooldr
opout
sespeci
all
ygi
rl
s
4.Psychol
ogicalpr
oblemsrel
atedtoir
responsibl
esexualbehavi
our
.Theseincl
ude:
st
ress,depressi
on,sel
f— pity
,wit
hdrawal,aggr
essi
veness,andvi
olence.

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CHAPTER4
MARRI
AGE
Def
ini
tionofmar r
iage
Marri
ageisabindingl
egal
uni
onbet
weenamanandawomanwhoagr
eet
ohav
ea
l
ast
ingr el
ati
onshi
pashusband/
wif
e.

Meani
ngofmar
ri
age
 Marr
iagei
nvol
vesothermember
softhecommuni
tyhenceiti
sasoci
aland
communit
yaffai
r.Marr
iagei
smeantt
obeaper
manentunion.
 Marr
iageisacommuni
tyr
equi
rementi
nwhi
chev
ery
onei
nthecommuni
ty
par
ti
cipat
es.
 Eachper
soni
sexpect
edt
ounder
gomar
ri
agebecausei
tisar
it
eofpassage.
 Mar
ri
agegi
vesaper
son,ahi
ghsoci
alst
atusandpr
est
igei
nthecommuni
ty.
 Mar
ri
agei
sal
soacov
enantbet
weenamanandawomant
hatshoul
dnotbebr
oken.
 Oncemar
ri
ed,acoupl
eisal
l
owedt
ohav
esexual
rel
ati
onshi
p,andcompani
onshi
p.
 Mar
ri
agei
sanexpr
essi
onofandf
ulf
il
mentofmut
uall
oveandcomf
ort
.
 I
tenhancesuni
ty;
soci
alpr
est
ige,andr
especti
nsoci
ety
.
 Pur
poseofmarri
ageissexualf
ulf
il
ment;
cul
tur
alandsoci
alr
equi
rement
;obl
i
gat
iont
o
bui
l
dafamil
y;andprocr
eationalt
houghchi
ldr
enareagif
tfr
om God.
 Vari
ousformsofmar r
iagesi
nKeny
ai ncl
ude;
Churchmarri
ages,
Civ
ilmar
ri
ages,
Customarymarr
iages,I
slami
cmarr
iagesandHindumarr
iages,

Tr
adi
ti
onal
Afr
icanunder
standi
ngofmar
ri
age.
 Mar
ri
agei
sadut
y/amust
/compul
sor
y
 Fai
lur
etomar
rymeanst
heper
sonhasr
eject
edsoci
etyandt
hesoci
etyr
eject
shi
min
tur
n.
 Thosewhodonotmar
ryar
econsi
der
edassub-
humanorl
awbr
eaker
s.
 Mar
ri
agei
sGodor
dai
ned.
 Youngboy
sandgi
rl
sar
epr
epar
edf
ort
hissacr
edi
nst
it
uti
ondur
ingi
nit
iat
ion.
 Theyar
etaughtev
ery
thi
ngper
tai
ningt
omar
ri
agee.
g.Sex
.
 Chi
l
drencementt
hemar
ri
agechi
l
drenwer
eimpor
tantbecause;
1.
Theypr
omot
esoci
alst
atusoft
hei
rpar
ent
s.
2.Theycementabondofuni
tybet
weenhusband/wi
fe.

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3.Theyar
easour
ceofl
abour
,andweal
th.
4.
Theyar
ehei
rst
othef
ami
l
yweal
th
 Mar
ri
agei
nvol
vesot
hermember
soft
hecommuni
tyi
.e.Communi
tyaf
fai
r.
 Mar
ri
agei
saper
manentuni
ondi
vor
ceandsepar
ati
onwer
enotal
l
owed.
 Di
vor
ceandsepar
ati
onwasal
l
owedundercer
tai
nci
rcumst
ancesl
i
ke;
1.ci
rcumst
ancesofadul
ter
y,
2.wi
tchcr
aft
,
3.l
azi
ness,
4.
cruel
tyand
5.
disr
espectofwi
fe./
husband
 Eachper
soni
sexpect
edt
ounder
gomar
ri
agebecausei
tisar
it
eofpassage.
 Mar
ri
agegi
vesaper
son,ahi
ghsoci
alst
atusandpr
est
igei
nthecommuni
ty
 Thewi
fei
ssubor
dinat
etot
hehusbandbuthadnor
ight
s
 Thewi
fewasi
nher
it
edbyoneofherhusbandsbr
other
 I
fawi
fedi
ed,
themanwoul
dmar
ryt
hesi
sterofhi
sdeadwi
fe.
 Theancest
orsar
einv
okedt
obl
esst
hemar
ri
age
 Pol
ygamyi
sal
l
owedbyt
heAf
ri
cant
radi
ti
onalr
eli
gionandser
vedt
hef
oll
owi
ng;
1.Thef
ir
stwi
fei
sbar
ren;
2.Ensur
est
hatal
lwomenhav
ehusbands;
3.Pr
event
sinf
ert
il
it
y;
4.Pr
ovi
desext
ral
abouri
nfar
ms.
5.Apol
ygamousmanhasahi
gherst
atusbecausemanywi
vessy
mbol
i
zeweal
th.

Chr
ist
ianTeachi
ngaboutMar
ri
age
 Chr
ist
ianst
eacht
hatmar
ri
agei
ssacr
edandt
hat
;adi
vi
nei
nst
it
uti
on,or
dai
nedGod.
 Godstar
tedi
twhenhecr
eat
edAdamandEve.Mar
ri
ageshoul
dther
efor
ebe
monogamous
 Mar
ri
agei
sper
manentasGodpr
otect
smar
ri
ages.
 Thewomanshoul
dsubmi
ttot
hehusbandt
olov
ethewi
feasChr
istl
ovedt
hechur
ch.

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 Chur
cht
eachesr
espectofeachot
her
.
 Mar
ri
agei
scompl
eteev
enwi
thoutchi
l
dren
 i
tisbet
weenamal
eandaf
emal
e.
 Mar
ri
agei
snotobl
i
gat
oryandi
tendswhenonepar
tnerdi
es.
 Onecanchooset
oremai
nunmar
ri
edi
nor
dert
oser
veGod;
cel
i
bacy

Secul
arappr
oachest
omar
ri
age
 I
nthemoder
nwor
ld,
somepeopl
echoosenott
omar
ryf
orper
sonalr
easons.
 Somepeopl
ehav echil
drenwi
thoutget
ti
ngmar
ri
edwhi
l
eot
her
soptt
ohav
ea
marr
iagewi
thoutchi
ldren.
 Husbandandwi
fear
eequal
.Monogamyi
spr
act
icedf
oreconomi
creasons.
 I
nsomef
ami
l
ies,
womenar
etheheadsoft
hef
ami
l
y.
 Choosi
ngapar
tneri
sani
ndi
vi
dualactandnotcommunal
.
 I
nmar ri
agetradi
ti
onalqual
i
tiesofagoodpar
tnersuchasi
ndust
ri
ous,honest
y,and
hospi
tal
ityar
enotconsider
ed.
 Themoder
nsoci
etyval
uesext
ernalbeaut
y,f
inanci
alst
atusandsoci
alst
atus.
 Asar
esul
t,t
her
eisahi
ghr
ateofmar
ri
age,
separ
ati
on,
anddi
vor
ce.
 Att
imesy
oungpeopl
efai
lt
obemar
ri
edi
nchur
ch.
 Ther
eisnof
ormal
i
zat
ionofmar
ri
ages/
come—we-
staymar
ri
age.

Chr
ist
ianspr
epar
ati
onandappr
oacht
omar
ri
age
 Chr
isti
ansorgani
zeyouthseminars,andral
li
estoteacht heyouthhowtochoose
marri
agepartner
sandhowt ot r
eatwi f
e/ husbands;careforthechi
l
dren;
behave
t
owardsinlaws;acqui
rewealt
h( men);andheadaf amily
.
 Yout
haretaughtt
oavoidsexual
int
imacybeforemar
ri
age.Thosei
ntendi
ngt
omar
ry
areencour
agedtogoforpre-
marit
alcounsel
li
ng.
 Dur
ingcounsel
l
ing,
theyareinf
ormedthatl
oveisthemos ti
mpor t
antbondofunit
yin
marri
age.Chur
chencouragespart
ner
st ogoforHIV/
AIDstestbefor
emar r
iage.
 Weddingceremonyi
sconduct
edi
nchur
chwher
ethecoupl
eexchangev
owsi
nfr
ont
ofacongregat
ion

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 Achur
chleadere.
g.past
ororpr
iestj
oinst
hemar
ri
ageaf
tert
hecoupl
ehasshown
commit
ment.

Choi
ceofamar
ri
agepar
tner
 Ther
ear
emanyway
sofi
dent
if
yingamar
ri
agepar
tner
.

 Ar
rangementbypar
ent
s.I
fnotonecanmakeani
ndi
vi
dualdeci
sionandchoosea
wi
feorhusband.

 Thr
oughani
nter
medi
aryort
hi
rdpar
ty.
 I
nAfri
cantr
adi
ti
onalpol
ygamousmar
ri
ages,t
hef
ir
stwi
fei
dent
if
iedawi
fef
orher
husband.
 Gi
rl
swoul
dbegi
venoutt
oachi
efasagi
ft

Pr
epar
ati
onandappr
oacht
omar
ri
agei
ntheAf
ri
canTr
adi
ti
onalsoci
ety
Cour
tshi
pvar
iedf
rom communi
tyt
ocommuni
ty.
Cour
tshi
pist
heper
iodbet
weenengagementandweddi
ngcer
emony
.
Dur
ingcour
tshi
ppr
emar
it
alsexi
sfor
bidden.
 Cour
tshi
pwasi
mpor
tanti
nA.
T.Sbecause;
1.Themanandwomangott
oknoweachot
herbet
terbef
oremar
ri
age.
2.I
twasaper
iodwhengi
rl
s/boy
swer
einst
ruct
edi
nfami
l
yli
feeducat
ion.
3.I
twasal
soaper
iodf
orl
i
nki
ngt
het
womar
ryi
ngf
ami
l
ies.
4.Thecoupl
ehadt
imet
olear
naboutoneanot
her
schar
act
er,andknowt
hei
rfami
l
ies.
5.I
tisasy
mbol
(si
gn)oft
hegi
rl
spr
esencei
nherhome(
mat
ernalhome)
.
6.Thef
ami
l
ieshadanoppor
tuni
tyt
ochecki
fthemar
ryi
ngcoupl
ewasr
elat
ed
7.Cour
tshi
pgi
vest
imet
othet
wof
ami
l
iest
onegot
iat
eandpayt
hebr
ideweal
thor
dowr
y.

Br
idalWeal
th
 Dowr
y,br
idepri
ceareall
expr
essi
onsofpar
tner
shi
p.Thef
ami
l
yoft
hemanpay
s
dowr
ytothefamil
yofthewoman.
 Dowryi
spaidindi
fferentf
orms.E.g.l
i
vest
ock(
poul
tr
y,pi
gs,
camel
s,cows,
goat
sand
sheep)
,beer
,grai
n,jewell
eryandclot
hesamongother
s.
Import
anceofdowr
y
1.Itact
sasacompensat
ionf
ort
hegi
rl
slabouri
nherhome.
2.Seal
sthemar
ri
agecov
enant
.

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3.I
tisapubl
i
cexpr
essi
onofappr
eci
ati
onf
ort
hecomi
ngofanewwi
fei
ntot
hemans
f
amil
y.
4.I
tpr
omot
esf
ri
endshi
pandcement
srel
ati
onshi
pbet
weenf
ami
l
ies.
5.I
tshowscommi
tmentandser
iousnessoft
hef
utur
ehusband.
6.Af
terdowr
ypay
ment
,thewomanbel
ongst
oherhusband.
 Br
idepr
icepay
menti
saccompani
edbymar
ri
agecer
emoni
es.

Cel
ibacyasanal
ter
nat
ivet
omar
ri
age
 Cel
i
bacyi
saLat
i dCoel
nwor ebesmeani
ngbachel
or.
 Celi
bacyreferstot heunmar r
iedst ate.
 Iti
sagi f
tfrom God.I tispractisedf orthesakeofdedi cati
ngonesli
fetoser
veGod. i
t
giv
esenought imet oserveGod
 Iti
swidelypracti
sedi nt heRomancat holicchur ch
 Thosewhocannotmanagecel ibacycangetmar r
iedt oavoidtempt
ati
onswhen
servi
ngGod.
 Leadersli
keBishops, pri
ests,nunsdedi catetheirlivestoserveGodbynotmar ry
ing.
 Therearesecularr easonsforcel ibacywhi chi nclude;
 Toper usehi ghereducat i
onandsci entifi
cr esearchanddemandingcareers
 Poorheal th,HIV/AIDS,ment alil
lness,psy chologicalandemoti
onalpr
oblem
 Lackofgui danceandcounsel li
ng
 Discouragementf rom fallenmar ri
ages
 Economi ci ndolenceonpar tofsomewomen
 Par ent
alinterference

CHAPTER5
THEFAMI
LY
Meani
ngoff
ami
ly
 Fami
l
yist
hebasi
csoci
aluni
tofhumansoci
ety
.
 Thisbasi
cuniti
sextendedt
oincl
uder
elat
ivesboundt
oget
herbybl
ood,
mar
ri
age,
fr
iendshi
p,andadopti
on.
 Theyar
eal
lmember
soft
hef
ami
l
y.I
nKeny
a,t
her
ear
emanyt
ypesoff
ami
l
ies.

Typesoff
ami
li
es
Nucl
earf
ami
ly
 Iti
smadeupofpar
ent
sandt
hei
rchi
l
dren.I
tisf
ather
,mot
her
,andchi
l
dren.
 Commontypeoff
amilyt
odayduetohardeconomi
cti
mes,
Chr
ist
iani
tyadv
ocat
esi
t
and,
andf
earofHIV/
AIDSandotherdi
seases,

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Adv
antagesofnucl
earf
ami l
ies
1.Themani sabl
etogiveundi
videdat
tent
iont
ohi
swi
feandchi
ldr
ene.
g.f
ami
l
y
resour
ces.
2.Ther
eisshar
ingofmut
uall
ove,
andpeacei
nthehome.
3.I
tiseconomi
calt
omanageonef
ami
l
y.
4.Ther
eisl
it
tl
ecompet
it
ionf
orat
tent
ion,l
essst
ri
fe,
quar
rel
sandst
ress.
5.I
tiseasi
ert
omoni
tort
hebehav
iourofaf
ewchi
ldr
en.
Pol
ygamousf
amily
 Madeupoffat
her,mothers/
wivesandchil
dren,
 Wascommonint heAfri
canTradi
ti
onalsoci
etiesbutnotcommoni
nthe
cont
empor
arysociet
y.
 Thi
stypeoffamil
ywasconsideredimport
anti
ntheTradi
ti
onalAfr
icanSoci
ety
duetosoci
aleconomi
creasons,secur
it
yandsolvi
ngprobl
emsr el
atedt
ohaving
chi
ldr
en.
Di
sadvant
ages
1)Themangivesdi
vi
dedat
tent
iont
ohi
swi
vesandchi
ldr
enexampl
efami
l
y
resour
ces.
2)Ther
eisnoshar
ingofmut
uall
ove,
andatt
imes,t
her
eisnopeacei
nthehome.
3)I
tisn
oteconomi
calt
omanageonef
ami
l
yespeci
all
ywi
tht
hehi
ghcostofl
i
ving.
4)Ther
eisl
it
tl
ecompet
it
ionf
orat
tent
ion,l
essst
ri
fe,
quar
rel
sandst
ress.
5)I
tisnoteasi
ert
omoni
tort
hebehav
iourofaf
ewchi
ldr
en.
Si
ngl
epar
entfamily
 Compr
isesofonepar
ent
,andchi
l
dren.
 Si
ngl
epar
entf
ami
l
iesar
ecr
eat
edbysev
eral
cir
cumst
anc
es.
1.Separ
ati
onofpar
ent
sduet
ogoi
ngt
oanot
hercount
ryandf
ail
i
ngt
ocomeback.
2.Di
vor
cedpar
ent
smaydeci
denott
omar
ryagai
n.
3.Whenagi
rlget
spr
egnantandt
heboydoesnotmar
ryher
.
4.Deat
hofaspouse.Ther
emai
ningpar
entmaydeci
denott
oremar
ry.
5.Whensomemot
her
sdeci
det
ohav
echi
l
drenwi
thoutmar
ri
age.
6.I
mpr
isonmentofonepar
tnerf
oral
ongt
ime.
Ext
endedf
ami
ly

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 Madeupoff
ather,mother
,chi
ldr
en,uncl
es,aunts,andcousi
ns.
Thi
sist
hecommon
f
amilyt
ypei
nt r
adit
ionalAf
ri
cancommuni t
ies.

Chi
l
dr enledf
amily
 Thishappenswhenpar
ent
sdi
eandt
he1stbor
ntakescar
eofbr
other
sandsi
ster
s
includi
ngcousi
ns.

Gr
andpar
entheadedf
ami
ly
 TheHI
V/AIDsepidemichasint
roducedt
histy
peoff
ami
lywheregr
andparent
stake
car
eoftheirgrandchil
drenduetothedeat
hofbot
hparent
sespeci
all
ythemother
duetoHIV/ AI
DSdisease.
 Thi
sscour
gehasmademanychi
l
drenor
phans.
 I
nothercases,
par
ent
sgof
orf
urt
herst
udi
esabr
oadandl
eav
ethei
rchi
l
drenwi
tht
hei
r
par
ents.
Tr
adi
ti
onal
Afr
icanunder
standi
ngofaf
ami
l
y
 I
nAfr
icansoci
eti
escr
eat
ionofaf
ami
l
yist
hroughmar
ri
age,andsubsequent
pr
ocr
eation.
 Fami
l
yisv
iewedasasacr
edi
nst
it
uti
oni
nAf
ri
cansoci
ety
.
 TheAf
ri
cant
radi
ti
onal
fami
l
yincl
udest
heancest
ors,
theunbor
nchi
l
drenandt
hel
i
ving.
 AnAf
ri
cant
radi
ti
onalf
ami
l
yhasobl
i
gat
ionsanddut
ies.Thesewer
e
1.of
fer
ingsacr
if
icest
oancest
ors,
2.pour
ingl
i
bat
ions;
and
3.gi
vi
ngt
hedeaddecentbur
ial
s
4.pr
ovi
dingbasi
cneedst
othei
rchi
l
dren
5.bri
ngingupchi
ldrentobemor al
l
yuprighti
ndivi
dual
s.Furt
hertot
his,t
heAfr
ican
tr
adit
ionalf
amilyi
sresponsi
blefort
heupbr i
nging,
cari
ng,andpr
otect
ionofits
chi
ldr
en.
 TheAf
ri
cant
radi
ti
o9nalf
ami
l
yisexpect
edt
opar
ti
cipat
eincommunalact
ivi
ti
es.
 Wor
kint
hef
ami
l
ywasdi
vi
dedaccor
dingt
oage,
genderandsoci
alst
atus.
 Eachf
ami
l
ymemberwor
kedf
ori
tsbasi
cneedsaswel
last
hewel
far
eoft
he
communi
ty
 TheAf
ri
canf
ami
l
yhadwel
l
-st
atedandpr
act
icedv
aluesTher
ewer
e

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1.r
espectf
orf
ami
l
ymember
s
2.pr
ovi
dingr
espons
ibl
epar
ent
hood,
3.educat
ingchi
l
dreni
nal
laspect
sofl
i
fe.

Chr
ist
ianunder
standi
ngoff
ami
ly
 Af
ami
l
yisadi
vi
nei
nst
it
uti
onsetbyGodf
rom t
hebegi
nni
ngt
husi
tissacr
ed.
 AChr
ist
ianf
ami
l
yisf
oundedonmonogamousmar
ri
ages.
 I
naChr i
sti
anfami
lychil
drenar
enotamustal
thought
heyar
econsi
der
edas
gi
ftandblessi
ngf
rom God.
 Eachf
amil
yshoul
dbemadeupofonemanandwomant
oav
oidcasesof
i
mmorali
ty
 Fami
l
ymembershoul
dsol
vet
hei
rdi
sput
espeacef
ull
y.
 Husbandandwif
es houl
dbegov
e r
nedbyl
ove,
submi
ssi
onandmut
ual
obedi
encetoeachother
.
 EChr
ist
ianf
ami
l
yshoul
denhancespi
ri
tual
growt
hfori
tsmember
s.
 Thought
hehusbandistheheadofaChrist
ianf
ami
l
y,heshoul
dtr
eathi
swi
fe
wit
hhonourbecausebot
hareequalbef
oreGod.
 Qual
it
iesthatmakeahappyf
ami
l
yar
eki
ndness,
lov
e ,
for
giv
e ness,
humi
l
ity
andgentl
eness.
 Par
ent
sshoul
dber
esponsi
blet
othei
rchi
l
drenby

 Notdi
scour
agi
ngt
hei
rchi
l
drenorpr
ovoki
ngt
hem/

 Di
sci
pli
nechi
l
dreni
nor
dert
her
ecanbepeaceandhappi
ness.

 Tr
ainupchi
l
drent
ogr
owmor
all
yupr
ight

 Encour
agechi
l
drent
ogot
ochur
chi
nor
dert
ogr
owspi
ri
tual
l
y
 Chi
l
drenal
sohav
eresponsi
bil
i
tiesi
naChr
ist
ianf
ami
l
yincl
udi
ng;

 Li
stenandobey
ingt
hei
rpar
ent
sinst
ruct
ions

 Shoul
dseekf
orgui
danceandcounsel
li
ngf
rom t
hei
rpar
ent
sifneedbe

 Shoul
dhonourandr
espectt
hei
rpar
ent
s

 Theyshoul
dnotcur
se,
scor
normockt
hei
rpar
ent
s

Responsi
blepar
ent
hood

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 Ar esponsibl
epar enti
sonewhobringsupc hi
l
drenmor al
l
yupri
ghtand
provi
de sthec hi
ldr
e nwit
hbasi
cneedss uchasfood.Shel
ter
,cl
othi
ng,
education,healt
hcareamongotherneeds.
 Ther
ear
edi
ff
erentpar
ent
ingst
ylessuchas;
a)Dictat orship/aut horitat i
v eThepar entsar et hef i
nal authorit
y,imposesdeci sions
b)Permi ssiveorlibe r
alst yleAl sor eferredtoasLai ssezf airethechildrendoast heywant
c)Democr ati
csty l
epar ent sDi scusswi ththei rchi l
drenonf ami l
yissues .Thi
sist hebest
sty
le.
 Ar esponsi blepar enti sonewho
1.Br ingposi t
iver olemodel fortheirchi ldren
2.Under standst heirr
olesandr esponsi bil
itiesi npr ov i
dingphy sicalneedf ort
hef amil
y
3.Educat ingchildreninal laspect sofl ifebot hf or
mal andi nformal
4.Teachi ngthem onr eli
gi ousmat t
ersandonhowt ogr owi ntheChr isti
anfaith
5.Hel pingchi l
drent ounder standt heirphy sical ,emot i
onal andpsy chologicalchanges
theyar egoingt hroughast heyar egr owi ngup
6.Cont ributetot heiri
nt ellectual fulfi
l
mentbypr ovi
di ngoppor t
uniti
esf orthem e.g.
gamesmusi candot hert al
ent s
7.Teachi ngmor al andr ightbehav i
ourt ot heirchi l
dr en
8.Teachi ngchildrensoci alski l
l
sonhowt or elateposi ti
v el
ywi thothermember softhe
soci ety
Pr
obl
emsr
elat
edt
ofami
lyl
if
etoday
 Fami
l
iesar
efacedwi
thnumer
ouspr
obl
emssuchas
1.Chi l
drenabuse — sexassaul t
,beating
2.Domest i
cv i
olence— abusi vel anguage,fr
equentf i
ght
s,emoti
onalabuse
3.Diseasese. g.HIV/ AIDSepil
epsy ,aut
ism.
4.Chi l
drenwi thspeci al needs,bl indness,Auti
sm etc.
5.Separ ation,divorce
6.Chi l
dlessness
7.Singlepar entf ami l
i
es— economi chardshi
ps
8.Mi suseoff ami l
yresour ces,economi ccri
sis
9.Affluence— al otofweal th
10.
Unempl oy ment ,under empl oy me nt
11. Ret r
enchment — l ayingof fofsomeempl oyeesinordert
oreducethe
wor kforce
12.
Mi smanagementoff amilyfinances
13.
Alcoholanddr ugabus e
14.
Thegener at i
ongap
15.
Poorr elat
ionswi t
hi n-l
aws
16.
Cul t
ural andr eli
giousdi ff
erence s
Tr
adi
ti
onalAf r
icanappr oac hest oprobl emsr elat
edt ofamilyl
i
fetoday
 I
ndivi
dualswerepreparedforchall
engesoffamil
yli
fer
ightf
rom chi
l
dhood
 Adolescent
s,i
nit
iat
eswer egivenfamil
yli
feeducati
on
 Peopleenter
edmar ri
ageknowi ngthati
tsal
ifel
onguni
on

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 Ruleswer ecl eart ogov ernmar ri

ager e lationsPol ygamyhel pedreduceunf ai
thfulness
 Ther ewer enosi ngl epar entf ami l
ies.Member sl iv
edt oget herr educingl onelines s
 Wi dows/ wi dower swer eencour agedt omar r
yagai n
 Tradi tional br ewwast akeni nmode ration
Chr i
st iansappr oac hest opr oblemsr el atedt ofami l
yl i
fet oday
 Chr i
st ianf ami l
iesar eobl i
gedt oliveaccor dingt oChr i
stianpr i
ncipl
esandv al
uessuch
asmut ual respect ,sel f-
discipli
ne, under st anding,honest y ,fait
hfulness, loveand
forgive ne ss
 Premar italcounsel l
ingi scarr i
edout
 Chur chhol dsr egul arsemi nar sandconf erencesonf ami l
yl ifemat t
ers.Loveand
respectf oreac hot her .Christianwi fet osubmi ttohusbandwhoi sheadoft hef amily.
Theyar et aughtt ot akeeachot he rascompl ement aryandequalpa rt
ner s.
 Womenar eencour agedt of orm par ticipat einchur chor gani zati
onse. g.mot hers
union, womensgui ldwher et heyl earnr olesofbei ngawi fe, mother ,andawoman.
 Somechur chesof feradv icet ofami liesonmanagementoft hei
rf ami l
i
es.Theyar e
encour agedt ohav ei nvestment s.
 Breadwi nneri sencour agedt owr i
teawr ittenwi ll
 Toi mpr ov et hepar ent — chi l
dr elati
onshi pchur chesof fergui danceandcounsel li
ng
tot hey outh
 Chr istianpar ent sar eadv i
sedt osetposi t
iv erolemodel st ot heirchildren
 Par ent sar eencour agedt obeopenandpr omot eef fectivecommuni cationwi t
ht heir
childr en
 Chur chesi ncaseofser i
ousf ami lyconf l
ictssuchaschi ldabuse,domest icviolence,
adv isel ega lac t i
on.
 Chur chesor gani zey out hsemi narswher et heyt alkaboutdr ugabuse,pr emar i
talsex,
negat ivepe e rpr essur eandmedi ai nf l
uencee tc.
 Relev anti nf or mat ioni spassedt hroughbooks, pamphl ets,magazi nes,medi aFM,TV
e t
c .
 Somechur cheswel comeunwedmot her s
 Chur chespr ov ideheal thser v i
ces, guidanceonHI V/ AI
DS
 Somechur chescar ef orwi dows, orphans,wi dower sandt heneedy

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CHAPTER6

CHRI
STI
ANAPPROACHESTOWORK
Def
ini
ti
onoft
erms
Work
 Useofenergy,physical
ormental
,fort
hepur
poseofimprov
inghumanli
fe.I
tisany
acti
vit
ythatrequir
esexpendi
tureofener
gyorappl
i
cati
onofski
ll
se.
g.st
udying,
teachi
ng,cooking,
farminget
c.
Vocati
on
 Wor kcanbedescr
ibedasavocat
ion,pr
ofessi
on,t
rade,cr
aft
,car
eeroraj
ob.
Vocat
ioni
sfr
om aLati
nwordVocarewhichmeanscall
 Chr
ist
iansbel
iev
ethatev
eryi
ndi
vi
dual
hasbeencal
l
edofGodt
ovar
iousdut
ies.
 Vocat
ioni
sworkt
hatrequi
resspeci
alski
l
ls,
speci
alt
rai
ningorauni
quecal
lora
speci
almi
ssi
oninsoci
ety.
Pr
ofession
 Workt hatischaracter
izedbyacodeofet hi
cs,
lengthyspeci
ali
zedt r
aining,advance
knowl edgeandsel f
— discipl
e.Prof
essi
onal
shavetheirownsetst andar ds.The
professionalsdeter
mineent r
yr equi
rementsf
ornewmember sandusual l
yhave
machi neryfordeali
ngwi t
herrantmembers.E.
g.Law,medici
ne,architecturee t
c.
At
rade
 Refer
stoanoccupat
ion,awayofmaki
ngal
i
ving.Somet
radesr
equi
respeci
ali
zed
tr
aini
ngexampl
eshairdressi
ng
Acr
aft
 Anoccupati
onwhichr
equir
esmani
pulat
iveski
l
lsoruseofthehandse.
g.woodcarvi
ng,
pot
tery,weavi
ng.
Acraftmaybeatr
adedependingont henatureofoccupat
ion.
Acar
eer

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 Anoccupat
iont
hatonechoosest
opur
suei
nhi
s/herl
i
fe.I
tst
hegener
alwayofear
ning
ali
ving.
Job
 Refer
stot
asksperf
ormed,servi
cesrenderedinr
etur
nforpay
mentofwages.Most
jobsar
etemporar
yother
sc asualandothersper
manentandpensi
onabl
e..
Gener
alreasonswhypeoplework
1.Itsanessent
ialel
ementofl
if
e
2.Godor
dai
nedwor
k.Humanswor
kfort
hei
rfood
3.Wor
kcont
ri
but
est
othedev
elopmentoft
hecommuni
ty
4.Wor
kisper
sonal
.Itdef
inesaper
son
5.Peopl
ewor
ktoear
nal
ivi
ng
6.Peopl
ewor
kforenj
oyment
,lei
sur
e
7.Toassi
standgi
vet
otheneedy
8.Togetl
uxur
ies
9.Peopl
ewor
ktor
aiset
hei
rst
andar
dsofl
i
ving
10.
Forsel
f-
sat
isf
act
ionandf
ulf
il
ment
11.
Forper
sonaldev
elopment
12.
Tokeepaper
sonoccupi
edandnoti
dle
13.
Toacqui
reweal
thandst
atusi
nthesoci
ety
14.
Tosoci
ali
zewi
thot
hermember
soft
hesoci
ety
15.
Toat
tai
nindependenceandnotdependonsomeoneel
se

Tr
adi
ti
onalAf
ri
canat
ti
tudet
owor
k
 Wor
kisessent
ialt
othewel
l
bei
ngoft
hei
ndi
vi
dual
andsur
vivaloft
hecommuni
ty
 Wor
kensur
edbasi
cneedssuchasf
ood,
shel
ter
set
c.wer
epr
ovi
ded.
 Intr
adi
ti
onalAfr
icansoci
etyworkwasdivi
dedacc
ordi
ngt
otheage,
gender
,and
stat
use.g.chi
ef,el
derofthei
ndiv
idual
.
 Everyonewasaworker
.Boysassi
stedinher
ding,
fishing,
gir
lsass
istedincooki
ng
fetchingf
ir
ewood.Womencooked,tookcar
eofbabi esconstr
uctedhouses(maasai
)
etc .
 Worksamongt
het
radi
ti
onalAf
ri
cansoci
eti
esi
ncl
udedpast
oral
i
st,f
armer
s,l
i
vest
ock
keepi
ng,

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 f
ishi
ng,
beekeepi
nget
c.
 Wor
kwasacommunalaf
fai
r;
peopl
ewoul
dwor
ktoget
herandassi
steachot
her
 Workwasnotf orawage(Money)
.Therewar
dsofwor
k-i
ncl
udedf
ood,
communal
uni
ty,
acqui
sit
ionofmoralval
uesetc.
 Har
dwor
kwasemphasi
zed,l
azi
nesswascondemned
 Thereweresomespecifi
cwor
ksf
orspeci
ali
zat
ione.
g.her
balmedi
cinemen,
div
inat
ion,
prophecy
,rai
nmaki
ng,
pot
teryetc.
 Wor
kinvol
vedgi
vi
ngpr
ayer
s,of
fer
ings,
andsacr
if
icest
oGod
 Thr
oughwor
k,t
hebasi
cneedsoft
hei
ndi
vi
dual
,communi
tywer
eful
fi
ll
ed
 1hr
oughwor
kpot
ent
ial
s;t
alent
sandski
l
lswer
eex
plor
ed,
acqui
redandut
il
ized.
 Workhadarel
igi
ousdi
mensionaswel
lasasoci
aldi
mensi
on.I
tbr
oughtpeopl
e
t
ogetheri
mprovi
ngthei
rrel
ati
ons

Secul
arat
ti
tudest
owor
k
I
nthesecul
arwor
ldwor
kisbasedont
hef
oll
owi
ngassumpt
ions

 Avai
l
abl
eoppor
tuni
ti
esf
orf
utur
edev
elopmenti
napar
ti
cul
arj
ob

 Theneedt
oser
veot
her
sespeci
all
ythechur
chandt
heneedy

 I
nter
est
s,st
rengt
hs,t
alent
s,abi
l
iti
es

 I
ncl
i
nat
ionorat
tr
act
iont
oacer
tai
nki
ndofwor
k

 Pr
essur
efr
om par
ent
s,peer
set
c.

 Pay
ment
/wages/
sal
ari
es

 Educat
ionalqual
i
ficat
ions/
prof
essi
onal
i
sm

Chr
ist
iant
eachi
ngonwork
 TheChrist
iant
eachi
ngonworki
sbasedmainl
yont
hei nt
erpr
etat
ionofthebi
ble,t
he
teachi
ngsofJesusandt
heteachi
ngsoft
heapost
les.Someoftheteachi
ngsare:-
 Godhi
mselfi
nst
it
utedwor
k.Hecr
eatedtheheav
ensandt
heear
thandal
li
nit
.Si
nce
Godworkedmanshoul
dwor (
k.Gen.
2:1)
 Godswor
kofcr
eat
i sgood(
oni Gen.
1:31)Chr
ist
iansshoul
dendeav
ourt
opr
oduce
goodwor
ks

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 Workisaduty
,anobli
gat
ion,acommandChri
sti
ansarer
esponsi
bleforGodscr
eati
on
(Gen.
2:15)
.Theyar
etoprotect
it— ani
mal
s,bi
rds,
plant
s,mari
neli
feareall
undert
he
careofman.
 Humanbeingsshoul
dworktoacqui
ret
hei cneeds(
rbasi Genesi
s.1:
29— 30,
3:19)
Godbl
essestheworkofourhands
 Humanbeingsar
eco— cr eat
orswi
thGod(Gen.
1:28)Godcont
inuet
ocr
eat
e
t
hroughhumanbeings.Humanbei
ngsgl
ori
fyGodthr
oughthei
rwork.
 Godrev
eal
shimsel
fthr
oughhisworkofcreat
ion.Godhadapur
posef
orhi
scr
eat
ion.
Heisor
der
ly,
sour
ceoflif
e,Al
might
yetc.
 Worki
saco— operat
iveundert
aki
ng.Evewascr
eatedt per(
obeAdamshel Gen.
2:20)
Chr
ist
iansshoul
dco— operat
einthei
rundert
aki
ngs
 Hardwor
kisprai
sedandlazi
nessi
slookeddownupon.(Pr
over
bs31:27)
.Chr
ist
ians
shoul
dworkfort
hei
rdai
lyneedsandnotbecomeabur dentoother
s.
 Workshoul
dbeaccompani
edwi
t est(
hr Gen.
2:2)Godr
est
edont
he7t
hdayf
rom al
l
hi
swork.
 Godcommandedt
heI
srael
i
test
orestont
he7t
hday
.
 Peopl
eshoul
denj
oywhatt
heyhav
ewor or(
kedf Ecc.
3:22)
 Wor
kshoul
dbedonef
ort
hegl
oryofGodandf
ort
hegoodoft
hesoci
ety
.
 peopl
eshoul
dwor
khonest
lynotst
ealbutwor
ktoear
nanhonestl
i
vi Eph.
ng( 4:28)
 Thosewhodonotwor
kshoul
dnoteat
 Theyshoul
dal
way
swor
ksi
nceGodi
sal
way k(
satawor John15:
17
Rol
esofpr
ofessi
onalet
hos,et
hicsandcodesi
nthesoci
ety

Def
ini
ti
ons
Pr
ofessi
onalethics
 Pri
nci
plesofbehaviour/conductt
hatgui
demember
sofapar
ti
cul
arpr
ofessi
on.
Whatwor kersareall
owedtodoandnottodo.
Pr
ofessi
onalethos
 Thegroupi
denti
tyofmembersofaprof
essi
on,
thei
runi
quecust
om orchar
act
ere.
g.
whatident
if
iesdoct
ors,l
awy
ersetc.
Pr
ofessi
oncodesorcodeofe t
hics
 Coll
ecti
onofl
awsarr
angedsystemat
ical
l
yaccor
dingt
omaj
orconcer
nsandcor
e
funct
ionsoft
heprofessi
on
Rol
es

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1.Tor
egul
atet
hebehav
iourofpr
ofessi
onal(
wor
ker
s)
2.Enablesprof
essional
stounderst
andt
hei
rrol
eEnsur
espr
ofessi
onal
spr
ovi
de
quali
tyofserv
icestothei
rcl
ients
3.Toencour
ager
espectamongpr
ofessi
onal
s
4.Gi
vegui
danceonhowpr
ofessi
onal
sshoul
drel
atet
ooneanot
her
5.Theysaf
eguar
dpr
ofessi
onal
sagai
nstbei
ngcompr
omi
sed/mi
sused
6.Theydet
ermi
neexpect
edl
evel
ofper
for
mance
7.Theyser
veasameasur
eofcompet
ence
8.Actasameasur
eofqual
i
tyser
vice
9.Theypr
otectt
hepr
ofessi
onal
s
10.
Theyprovi
dearef
erencepoi
ntf
ordi
sci
pli
ning(
usedt
odi
sci
pli
net
heer
rant
prof
essional
)
11.
Theyi
nspi
rer
espectandhi
ghest
eem f
orpr
ofessi
onal
s
12.
Thr
oughpr
ofessi
onalcodes,et
hics,
ethos,pr
ofessi
onalear
npubl
i
ctr
ust

Vi
rt
uesr
elat
edt
owor
k
 Avir
tueisagoodhumanhabi
t.I
tsamor
alpr
inci
ple,
mor
alqual
i
tyorgoodnessof
char
acterandbehavi
our
.
 Exampl
esofv
irt
uesel
atedt
owor
k
(
I)Di
li
gence — har
dwor
king
(
ii
) Honest
y,i
ntegr
it
y— abi
l
ityt
ober
eli
edupon(
Int
egr
it
y)Honesti
sbei
ngt
rut
hful
.
(
ii
i)Fai
thf
ulness— bei
ngt
rust
wor
thyandl
oyal
(
iv)Responsibi
li
ty— abi
li
tyt
omakedeci
sionsandt
akeact
ioni
ndependent
ly.Bei
ng
mindfulofotherpeopl
eswel
far
e
(
v) Tol
erance— abi
l
ityt
obearwi
thot
her
sorwi
thdi
ff
icul
tsi
tuat
ions

Mor
aldut
iesandr
esponsi
bil
it
iesofempl
oyer
sandempl
oyees
 Empl
oyer
shav
esev
eraldut
iesandr
esponsi
bil
i
tiest
owar
dst
hei
rempl
oyees.
Theyar
e:
1.Toor
gani
zeandconductbusi
nessef
fi
cient
lyf
ort
hebenef
itoft
hei
nst
it
uti
on,
empl
oyer
2.Tor
espectt
heempl
oyee,t
reatt
hem wi
thdi
gni
ty
3.Payaf
airwaget
otheempl
oyee

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4.Ensur
egoodheal
thyandsaf
ewor
kingcondi
ti
ons
5.Pr
ovi
desoci
alwel
far
efort
heempl
oyeese.
g.t
imeof
f,l
eav
eday
s,t
imef
orr
ecr
eat
ion
6.Gr
antl
eav
easr
equi
redbyl
awort
het
ermsofcont
ract
7.Takecar
eoft
hewel
far
eoft
heempl
oyeesgi
vemedi
cal
cov
er,
pensi
onschemeet
c.
8.Tomot
ivat
ethei
rempl
oyees
9.Tor
ewar
dempl
oyees
10.
Compensat
eempl
oyeesmader
edundant

Ri
ght
soft
heempl
oyer
1.Empl
oyer
shav
ear
ightt
o/ar
eent
it
ledt
o
2.Getpr
ofi
tsf
rom t
hei
rbusi
nesses
3.Car
ryoutt
hei
rbusi
nesseswi
thoutunf
airt
axat
ion
4.For
massoci
ati
onwi
thot
herempl
oyer
s
5.Obt
ainandconductbusi
ness
6.Hir
e,di
smissempl
oyeesi
nac
cor
dancewi
tht
her
equi
rement
soft
hei
rfi
rmsand
contr
act
7.demandaf
airday
swor
k
8.Conductbusi
nesswi
thoutsubj
ect
iont
ounf
aircondi
ti
onsandcompet
it
ions

Mor
aldut
iesoft
heempl
oyees
1.Car
ryoutt
hei
rdut
iest
othebestoft
hei
rabi
l
itywi
thoutsuper
visi
on
2.Respectandpr
otectt
hepr
oper
tyoft
heempl
oyer
3.Encour
agepeacef
ulsol
uti
onst
oanypr
obl
emsencount
eredi
nthei
rwor
kpl
ace
4.Towor
kdi
l
igent
lyf
orsel
f— f
ulf
il
mentanddev
elopment
5.Tor
espectt
hei
rempl
oyerandf
ell
owempl
oyees
6.Obser
vet
ermsofcont
rac
twi
thempl
oyer
7.Bel
oyal
,honest
,respectt
otheempl
oyer

Ri
ght
soft
heempl
oyees
1.Tor
ecei
vef
airwages
2.Tohav
ear
easonabl
ewor
kloadHav
ereasonabl
ehour
sofwor
k

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3.Hav
esaf
etyandpr
otect
ionatwor
kRi
ghtt
ojoi
nal
abouruni
on
4.Ri
ghtt
ofur
theri
ndi
vi
dualt
rai
ninganddev
elopmenteducat
ion
5.Ri
ghtstoret
ir
ement
,ter
minalbenef
it
sRi
ght
stoaf
airoppor
tuni
tyf
orpr
ovi
sionA
ri
ghttoti
meforr
est
6.Ri
ghtt
oFav
our
abl
ewor
kingcondi
ti
ons

Chr
ist
iansappr
oachestoi
ssuesr
elat
edt
oempl
oyment

Wages
 Awageispaymentsforworkdone.Pay
menti
sinmoder
nti
mesdoneaccor
dingt
o
hour
s,weeksordaysthatoneworks.
Chr
ist
iant
eachingsonwages
 Humanbei ngshav
etheri
ghtt
owor
kforadecentl
i
ving(
Mat
t.
20:
1 — 16)Theyshoul
d
bepaidforthei
rwork.
 Wor
ker
sshoul
dbepai
dwagest
otheamountandv
alueoft
hei k(
rwor 1Ti
mot
hy5:
18)
 Wagesshoul
dbepai
dasagr
eedupon(
Mat
hew20:
13)
 Employ
ersshoul
dnott
akeadv
ant
ageoft
hepov
ert
yoft
heempl
oyee(
Deut
eronomy
24:
14—15)
 Humanbei
ngsshoul
dnotbeensl
avedt
owor
k(Ex.
5:22— 23)
 Employ
erswhodegr
adet
hei
rwor
ker
si econdemned(
nwagesar Deut
.24:
14— 15,
Jer
.22:
13)
 Oppr
essi scondemned(
oni Amos5:
18,
8;4)
 Wor
ker
swagesshoul
dnev
erbewi
t d(
hhel James5:
4)

I
ndust
ri
alact
ion
 Al
socommonl ycal
l
edSt
riket
hisisanef
for
tbywor
ker
stost
opwor
kinpr
otestby
boycot
tgo-
slowsit— i
nsorrefusetowor
k.
 Ther
ehasbeeni
ncr
easeofi
ndust
ri
alact
ioni
nther
ecentpasti
nmostcount
ri
esof
thewor
ld
Reasonsf
orindustr
ialact
ions
1.Duetoincr
easedawar enessofwor
ker
sri
ght
s
2.Exposur
etogl
obal
trendst
hrought
hemedi
a
3.For
mat
ionoft
radeuni
onst
hatf
ightf
ort
her
ight
sofwor
ker
s
4.Duet
opoorwor
kingcondi
ti
ons

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5.Under
pay
ingwor
ker
s
6.Thr
eat
eni
ngwor
ker
swi
thunj
ust
if
ieddi
smi
ssal
s
7.Suspendi
ngt
hewor
ker
s/i
nter
dict
ion — unj
ust
ly
8.Ahost
il
ewor
kingenv
ironment
Resul
tsofwor
ker
sst
ri
kes(
indust
ri
al/act
ion
1.Paycut
s
2.Demot
ions
3.Lossofj
obs
4.Empl
oyer
ssuf
ferl
osses
5.I
nfl
ati
on
6.I
njur
iesev
endeat
hwhenc
onf
ront
edbypol
i
ce
7.Vi
cti
mizat
ionofsomei
ndi
vi
dual
s
8.Bi
tt
ernessamongt
hewor
ker
sandempl
oyer
s
Chr
ist
ianapproachest
owar
dsstri
kes
 Christ
iansr
ecommendapeacef
ulco— exi
stencebet
weenwor
ker
sandempl
oyer
s
 Ther
eshoul
dbef
air
ness,
just
ice,
lov
eamongwor
ker
s,empl
oyees
 Ther
eshoul
dbeanopencommuni
cat
ionchannelacr
osst
her
anksf
rom t
opt
o
bott
om
 Empl
oyeesshoul
dnotdest
roypr
oper
ty
 Wor
kingcondi
ti
onsshoul
dbebet
terandi
mpr
oved
 Empl
oyeest
obehumanwhendeal
i
ngwi
thempl
oyees

Chi
ldl
abour
 Achi
l
disaper
sonbel
ow18y
ear
s.Achi
l
ddoesnothav
eani
dent
it
ycar
d,doesnotv
ote
(
inKenya)
.
 Accordi
ngt
oInt
ernat
ionalLabourOr
gani
zat
iont
hemi
nimum empl
oymentagei
s14
years.
 Chi
l
dl abouri
sengagi
ngaper
sonbel
owt
heageof14y
ear
sinwage/pai
d
employme nt
.
Reasonswhychil
drenar
eempl oy
ed
1.Topr
ovidecheaplabour

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2.Theycannotf
ightf
orpr
opert
erms
3.Theyar
eeasi
l
yhi
redandf
ir
e
Di
sadv
antagesofchi
ldl
abour
 Chi
ldr
enarenotyetment
all
yandphy
sical
l
ypr
epar
edt
odoadul
tjobs.
Thi
sleadst
o
1.Expl
oit
ati
onofchi
l
dren
2.Chi
l
drenpai
dless,
takenadv
ant
ageof
3.I
tinhi
bit
sthegr
owt
hofachi
l
danddeni
est
hem achancet
oenj
oyt
hei
rchi
ldhood
4.I
tdepr
ivest
hem oft
hei
rri
ghtt
obasi
ceducat
ion
5.I
texposesc
hil
drent
ohazar
ds(
danger
s)f
rom machi
nes,chemi
cal
s
6.Heavywor
kloaddepr
iveschi
l
drenofsoci
aleducat
ional
,mor
al,
psy
chol
ogi
cal
,
r
ights

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 Chi
l
dr enareemployedinpl
antati
ons — coffee,
teadomesti
cser
vices— homes
t
ourism sect
ori
ndustri
eschi
ldrenar
etraff
ickedandemploy
edascommer cialsex
workers
Causesofchi
ldl
abour/
reasonswhychi
ldr
enwor
k
1.Lackofmoney/ pover
ty
2.Deat
hofpar
ent
s
3.Dr
oppi
ngoutofschool
duet
opr
egnancy
,indi
sci
pli
ne,
(tr
uancy
)
4.Lackofgoodr
olemodel
s
5.I
nfl
uenceofcul
tur
alv
alues
6.Chi
l
drenbei
ngl
uredbyempl
oyer
s
7.Gr
eedf
ormat
eri
albenef
it
s
8.Bei
nghomel
essendi
ngupasast
reetchi
l
d
Posi
ti
onofchur
chindeal
ingwi
thchi
ldl
abour
 Thechur
chcondemnsit
 I
thasputuphomesf
orpoorchi
ldr
en(
orphanages)
 I
tpr
ovi
desgui
dance,
counsel
l
ingt
obot
hpar
ent
sandchi
ldr
en
 Chi
l
drenar
ebl
ess
ingf
rom Godhenceshoul
dbel
ovedandcar
edf
or
 Par
ent
shav
ether
esponsi
bil
i
tiest
opr
otectt
hei
rchi
l
drenf
rom har
m.

Unempl
oyment
 Whenpeoplearecapabl
eandwi
ll
ingt
oworkbutar
eunabl
etof
indav
iabl
eincomeor
occupat
ioni
tisref
err
edtoasunemploy
ment.
Causesofunemployment
1.Prefer
enceforpr
est
igi
ouswhi
tecol
l
arj
obs(
Off
icej
obs,
non — manualj
obs)
2.Cor
rupt
ion— t
ri
bal
i
sm,
nepot
ism,br
iber
ydeny
ingj
obst
othequal
i
fiedpe
rsons
3.Unequaldi
str
ibut
ionofweal
th
4.I
nadequat
eresour
cesf
orsel
f— empl
oyment(
lackofcapi
tal
,ski
l
ls)
5.Li
mit
edj
oboppor
tuni
ti
es — pr
obabl
yduet
ohi
ghpopul
ati
ongr
owt
h
6.Fewi
nter
nat
ionali
nvest
orsi
nKeny
a,pr
obabl
yduet
ohi
ghcr
imer
ate,i
nsecur
it
y
ResponseofChri
sti
anst
oissuesofunempl
oyment
 Theyencour
ageself— employmenti
ncasesofunempl
oyment

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 Theyhavesetupv
ocati
onalt
rai
ning,
pol
ytechni
cst
otr
ainpeopl
etowar
dsj
obst
hat
areforsel
f—employ
me nt
 Chr
ist
iansc
ondemni
dleness

Sel
f-
empl
oyment
 Self
-employmentisaneconomicacti
vi
tyini
ti
ated,cont
rol
ledbyanindi
vidual
.Iti
san
occupat
ioninwhi chaper
sonini
tiat
esapersonalenterpr
iseandmanagesi twit
hthe
hel
pofot hers.Exampl
esSmallbusi
nessesent er
pri
ses,Juakal
isect
or,music
i
ndustry
Pr
oblems/chall
engesofself-empl
oyment
 Somelacksuf
fi
cientcapi
taltost
artabusi
nessandkeepi
trunni
ng
 Lackofnecessar
yski
l
lst
orunt
hebusi
ness
 Hi
ght
axat
ionl
eadi
ngt
osomebusi
nesscl
osi
ngdown
 Smal
lscal
etr
ader
sfaceunduecompet
it
ionf
rom l
argerf
ir
ms

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CHAPTER7

CHRI
STI
ANSAPPROACHESTOLEI
SURE
Def
ini
ti
onofl
eisur
e
 Thi
sistheti
mewhenonei
sf r
eefr
om workorotherduti
es.
Timeatonesowndi
sposal
,
whichcanbeut
il
izedi
naproduct
ivemannerdependingononesint
erest
sand
abi
lit
ies.
 Lei
surepr
ovi
desment
al,phy
sicalr
elaxat
ion,
spi
ri
tual
,emot
ionalr
elaxat
ionand
enr
ichment

For
msofl
eisur
e
1.
Passi
vel
eisur
einv
olv
esuseofment
alener
gy
2.
Act
ivel
eisur
ether
eisuseofphy
sical
ener
gy
Exampl
esofacti
vit
iesofpassi
vel
eisur
ear
e
 Wat
chingtel
evisi
on

 Readi
ngst
orybooks

 Pl
ayi
ngv
ideogames

 Chat
ti
ngwi
thf
ri
ends
Exampl
esofacti
vit
iesofact
ivel
eisur
ear
e
 Joggi
ng

 Mount
aincl
imbi
ng

 Gar
deni
ng

 Danci
ng

 Tr
eepl
ant
ing

 Pl
ayi
ngf
oot
bal
l
Lei
sur
eisusedf
or
 Enj
oyment

 Ent
ert
ainment— song,
dance,wat
chi
ngmov
ieset
c.

 Rel
axat
ion— exer
cises

 Soci
ali
zat
ion— shar
ing,
e ducat
ion

 Rel
i
giousengagement — weddi
ngcer
emoni
es,vi
sit
ingt
hesi
ck,
wor
shi
p

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Act
ivel
eisur
eenablesaper
sont
o
 Dev el
ophis/
herbody

 Bui
l
dst
ami
na

 St
rengt
henr
elat
ionshi
pset
c.
 Somel ei
sur
eactiv
iti
esar
edanger
ouse.
g.boxi
ng,
mot
orr
aci
ngwhi
l
eot
her
sar
e
expensiv
ee.g.gol
f.
 Ot
herl
eisur
eact
ivi
ti
esar
eaddi
cti
vewhi
l
eot
her
sar
eunpr
oduct
ive.
 Lei
sur
eact
ivi
ti
esshoul
dbepl
annedf
or
 Lei
sur
eact
ivi
ti
escanal
sobeeconomi
c,i
ncomegener
ati
ngact
ivi
ti
es.

Tr
adi
ti
onalAf
ri
canunder
standi
ngofl
eisur
e
 I
ntr
adi
ti
onalAf
ri
cansoci
etyl
eisur
eper
meat
esal
laspect
sofl
i
fe.
 Lei
sur
eact
ivi
ti
esaccompanywor
k.Lei
sur
eandwor
kwer
eent
ert
ainment
.
 Wor
kwasacc
ompani
edbysi
ngi
ng,
reci
ti
ngst
ori
esshar
ingpastev
ent
s.
 Examplesofl
ei
sur
eacti
vi
ti
esint
radit
ionalAf
ri
cansoci
etyi
ncl
udewrest
li
ngr
unni
ng
play
ingaj
uamockfi
ght
ingswi
mmi ngspearthrowi
ngpoetr
ymusi
canddanceetc.
 Otherl
eisur
eacti
vi
ti
est
hatwerecommunale.g.Bul
lfi
ghti
ngtongue— t
wist
erpoet
ry
reci
tat
iontel
li
ngofmyt
hslegendsdanci
ngbr
ainteasersri
ddleset
c.
 Wor
kinAf
ri
cansoci
etyi
ncl
udedf
ishi
ng,
til
l
ingt
hel
and,
her
ding,
hunt
ing,
har
vest
ing
 Mostl
eisur
eact
ivi
ti
esi
ntr
adi
ti
onalAf
ri
cansoci
etywer
eact
ivef
orm ofl
eisur
e,
 Communal
,noti
ndi
vi
dual
i
sti
candnotf
ormonet
arygai
ns
 Al
lfor
msofl ei
surehadaneducat
ionalval
ue.Folkst
orieshadamor alval
ue.Peopl
e
weretaughtnott
obeselfi
sh,
greedyjeal
ousyetc.Mythsandlegendstel
loftheor
igi
n
ofthecommuni t
yandit
shist
oryofimportantpeopl
easwel lashist
oryofthe
communi t
y.
 InAf
ri
cantradit
ionalsoci
ety,
lei
sureledtoacquisi
ti
onofval
uesorv i
rt
uessuchas
cooperat
ion,shari
ng,sol
idar
ity
,lov
e,braver
y,empathy
,endurance,t
oler
anceetc.
 Mostact
ivi
ti
eswer
eli
nkedt
othewor
shi
pofGodand,
vener
ati
onoft
heanc
e st
ors
 Lei
sureact
ivateswer
eorganizedal
onggenderandagegr
oupseason(
E.g.har
vest
— danci
ng,singi
ng)
;wetrai
nyseasons — boatswi
mming
 Ri
tesofpassagee.
g.i
nit
iat
ion,
mar
ri
age,
bir
thandnami
ngpr
ovi
dedl
eisur
eact
ivi
ti
es
 Lei
sur
eact
ivi
ti
eswer
epl
annedf
or

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Chr
ist
iant
eachi
ngonl
eisur
e
 Chri
sti
anteacht
hatWor
kandl
eisur
ear
eofdi
vi
neor
igi
n.Godr
est
edont
he7t
hday
af
terworking
 Lei
sur
eisagi
ftf
rom Godl
eisur
eshoul
dbeputt
ogooduse.I
tsnotbewast
ed
 Lei
sur
eprov
idesuswi
tht
heoppor
tuni
tyt
owor
shi
pGod.
Lei
sur
eshoul
dbeusedt
o
ser
veGod.
 Chr
ist
iansassoc
iat
elei
sur
ewi
thper
sonalgr
owt
handf
ell
owshi
p
 Jesusrecognizedt
heneedforr
estbywit
hdrawinghi
sdiscipl
esfr
om t
hei
ract
ive
minist
ry.
Itsgoodtohavet
imealoneforr
efl
ecti
on,r
est,vi
sitf
ri
endet
c.
 Lei
sureshoul
dbeusedtoseekGodandhel
pot
her
se.
g.Jesuspr
ayed,hel
pedt
he
needyrestor
edpeopl
esheal
th.
WaysChr
isti
anuset
hei
rlei
sur
eti
me — act
ivi
ti
es
1.Wor shi
ppi
ngGod
2.Vi
sit
ingt
hesi
ck
3.Car
ingf
ort
heneedy
4.Rest
ing
5.Wat
chi
ngt
el
evi
sion
6.Chat
ti
ngwi
thf
ami
l
ymember
s
7.Ret
reat— t
imespendawaywi
thagr
oupofpeopl
etobeal
onewi
thGod
8.Vi
sit
ingf
ri
ends,
rel
ati
ves
9.Readi
ngt
hebi
ble
10.
Pray
inget
c.
I
mport
anceofleisur
e
 Lei
sur
eisnecessar
y.I
tsi
mpor
tanti
nvar
iousway
s
1.I
tisagoodt
imet
oassesst
hewor
kwehav
edone(
Ref
lect
iont
ime)
2.I
tbr
ingspeopl
etoget
herl
eadi
ngt
osel
f— gr
owt
handf
ulf
il
ment
3.Lei
sur
ehel
psi
ndi
vi
dual
stodi
scov
ert
hei
rhi
ddent
al
ent
s
4.Lei
sur
erel
axest
hemi
nd— achangeofact
ivi
ty,
rel
i
evest
hemi
nd
5.Lei
sur
eref
reshest
hebody— r
est
oresl
ostener
gy
6.Lei
sur
eenabl
esChr
ist
ianst
oof
ferchar
it
ytot
hosei
nneed

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7.Lei
sur
epr
ovi
dest
imef
orwor
shi
pandspi
ri
tual
renewal
8.Lei
sur
egi
vesonet
imet
orest
9.I
tst
imef
orr
ecr
eat
ion
10.
Giveonet
imet
oat
tendsoci
aloccasi
ons
11.
All
owspeopl
etot
rav
elandvi
sitf
ri
endsandr
elat
ives
12.
Lei
sur
ecanbeusedt
oenhanceandacqui
renewski
l
lsandknowl
edge
13.
It
sat
imet
odev
elopanddi
scov
eronest
alent
s
Usesoflei
sur
e — pr
operofl
eisur
e
 Leisur
ecanbeusedfor
1.Rel
i
giousex
per
ience
2.At
imef
orr
est
3.Lei
sur
eisusedt
opr
ovi
deuswi
tht
imet
ohel
pot
her
s
4.Lei
sur
ecanbeusedt
ospr
eadt
hewor
dofGod
5.Dev
elopmentoft
alent
s
6.I
tsanoppor
tuni
tyf
ori
ndi
vi
dualgr
owt
h
7.Lei
sur
est
rengt
henssoci
alr
elat
ionshi
ps
8.Lei
sur
ecanbeusedf
orr
efl
ect
ionononesdeci
sionet
c.l
eisur
eact
ivi
ti
esr
evealwho
weare.
9.Lei
sur
ecanbeusedf
oreducat
iveandeconomi
cpur
poses
10.
Properuseofl
eisur
eiswhenl
ei
sur
eti
mei
sspentdoi
ngact
ivi
ti
est
hataddv
aluet
ous.

Mi
suseofl
eisur
etoday
 Lei
sur
eti
mecanbemi
susedt
hroughv
ari
ousact
ivi
ti
ese.
g.
1.Spendingt
oomucht i
mei
npassi
veact
ivi
ti
ese.
g.por
nogr
aphywat
chi
ng,
wat
chi
ng
fi
l
mst hatarevi
olent
2.Spendi
ngl
eisur
eti
mei
nidl
etal
k— gossi
p-l
eadi
ngt
oconf
li
cts
3.Spendi
ngt
imei
ngambl
i
ng,
casi
nosmaki
ngbet
sonhor
sespl
ayi
ngAj
uagameset
c.
4.Al
coholanddr
ugt
aki
ng— whenaper
sonov
erdr
inksal
cohol
,spendst
imedr
inki
ng
5.Lei
sur
ecanal
sobemi
susedbyengagi
ngi
ndanger
ousact
ivi
ti
es.
6.Ni
ghtdanci
ng,
discodanci
nghasbecomeacommonf
orm ofl
eisur
ewor
ldwi
de.

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Dr
ugabuseandi
tsef
fect
s-al
cohol
,sof
tandhar
ddr
ugs
 Adr
ugisanysubst
ancewhi
chwhent
akenmayal
terorcausechangesi
nthenor
mal
f
unct
ioni
ngofthebody.
 Dr
ugabuse
 I
mpr
operuseofdr
ugs.Usi
ngadr
ugf
oranot
herpur
poset
hanwhati
tisi
ntendedf
or
 Dr
uguse
 Dr
ugsar
etakeni
nvar
iousf
ormsl
i
qui
dsl
oti
onsoi
ntmentpowder
 Dr
ugsar
ecl
assi
fi
edasl
egal
andi
l
legal
 Waysofadmi
nist
eri
ngdr
ugsaretaken/admini
steredi
nvari
ousway
sinj
ect
ing
i
nhal
i
ng/ smoki
ngchewi
ngswal
lowingdr
inki
ngsni
ff
ing/snuf
fing
 Cat
egor
iesofdr
ugsMedi
cinal
,Sof
tdr
ugs,
Har
d/nar
cot
icdr
ugs

Typesofdr
ugs
1.Pr ev
ent
ivedr
ugse.
g.dr
ugst
opr
eventpol
i
o,chol
era,
yel
l
owf
ever
2.Cur
ati
vedr
ugs— dr
ugst
hatcur
edi
seases
3.Sedat
ives,
pall
iat
ives— drugsthatal
l
ev i
atepai
n,putpat
ient
stosl
eepe.
g.dr
ugsf
or
di
abet
es,he ar
tdiseases,ast
hma,painki
l
lers
4.Tr
anqui
ll
izer
s— dr
ugst
hatr
eli
evet
ensi
oni
nducesl
eepe.
g.pi
ri
ton,
val
i
um
5.St
imul
ants— drugsusedt
oincreasephysi
ologi
calact
ivi
tyofapar
ti
cul
aror
gan.They
ar
ousetheact
ivi
tyoft
hecent
ralnervoussystem /s enses.
6.Vol
ati
ledr
ugs— thesedrugsintoxi
catetheuser
,theyarederi
vedf
rom pet
roleum
pr
oductspai
ntt
hinner
sdrycleaningfl
uidsgl
ueetc.st
imulant
sandvol
ati
ledrugs
cl
assi
fi
edassof
tdrugs.
7.Harddrugsornar
coti
cdrugsThesear
ehi
ghl
yaddi
cti
vedr
ugs.Thebodyf
orms
dependenceonthesedr
ugs.
 Thesedr
ugsaffectt
hemi ndcausingdr
owsi
ness;
sleep,
stuporandt
heyar
ethemost
commonlyabuseddrugs.Examplesare

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Cocai
ne
 Fr
om cocal
eav
es
 Av
eryexpensi
vedr
ug
Si
deeff
ects
 Itshighlyaddi
cti
ve

 Causesment
alpr
obl
ems

 Canl
eadt
odeat
honov
erdose

 Cancauseconf
usi
on,
Convul
sions,
cir
cul
ator
ycol
l
apseandr
api
dhear
tbeat

Bhang/Mar
ij
uana
 Apl
antofI
ndi
anhemp
 Al
socall
edmari
j
uana,Hashi
sh,
Cannabi
s,Sat
ivadependi
ngonwhi
chpar
toft
hepl
ant
i
stakeni.
e.l
eav
es,st
em,orroots.
Si
deeff
ect
s
 User
sbecomeaggr
essi
veexci
tedorhi
gh
 Bhangchangesper
cept
ionofspace,t
imeandr
eal
i
ty
 I
tcausesdr
owsi
nessandi
rr
esponsi
blebehavi
our
 I
tssi
deef
fect
scausepeopl
etobeengagedi
ncr
imi
nal
act
ivi
ti
ese.
g.r
obber
y

Mor
phi
ne
 I
tsusedt
osuppr
esspai
ncl
i
nical
l
y

 I
tsaddi
cti
ve

 I
tsder
ivedf
rom cocai
ne

 Usedasl
ocal
a est
het
ic

Her
oine
 I
tspai
nrel
i
evi
ng
 Hi
ghl
yaddi
cti
ve
 Powderheat
edi
nfoi
lpaper
,vapourf
ormshencesmokedr
efer
redt
oas”chasi
ngt
he
dragon”
 Al
socal
l
edbr
ownsugar
 I
tsi
nject
edandi
nhal
ed

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 Anov
erdosecanl
eadt
odeat
h
 I
tsexpensi
ve
 I
tcausesr
espi
rat
orypr
obl
ems
 I
tsdepr
essi
ve
 Wit
hdrawalsy
mptomswhenher
oinei
snotav
ail
abl
ear
enausea,v
omi
ti
ng,
diar
rhoea
andsever
eanxiet
y

Sof
tdr
ugs
 I
ncl
ude
sCi
gar
ett
eAl
coholMi
raa/khat
Ci
gar
ett
e
 Madefr
om t
obacco
 Ci
gar
ett
escont
ain
a)Ni
cot
ine— ahi
ghl
yaddi
cti
vesubst
ance.
b)Car
bonmonoxi
de,
whi
chdamagesar
ter
ieshear
tandl
ungs
c)Tar— bl
acksubst
ancewhi
chpr
omot
escanceroft
het
hroat
,hear
tandl
ungs
 Ci
gar
ett
esar
elegal
drugsi
nKeny
a.
Si
deef
fect
s
 Pr
egnantwomenmaymi
scar
ryort
ermi
nat
ethepr
egnancyi
ftheysmoke.

 Leadst
ochestr
espi
rat
orydi
seasespoorbl
oodci
rcul
ati
on

 Leadst
odest
ruct
ivef
ir
esduet
ocar
elessness

Mi
raa/khat
 Pl
ant
s/l
egal
l
yinKeny
an,
andot
herpar
tsoft
hewor
ld.
Theyar
echewed
Si
deeffect
s
 Causestempor
aryexci
tement

 Makesonel
ooseappet
it
eforf
oodandsex

 Thej
uicei
nmi
raacausest
empor
aryexci
tementi
ntheuserwheni
ngest
ed

 Mi
raamakest
heusert
obei
rr
it
abl
e

Al
cohol
 Al
coholi
sadr
ugmadet
hroughf
erment
ati
on
 I
tsadr
inkusedi
nsoci
alcer
emoni
aloccasi
ons

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 I
tsi
nform ofbeerwines,
tradi
ti
onal
brew(
e.g.
busaa,
mur
ati
na,
mnazi
)andspi
ri
tse.
g.
whi
sks,
brandy,gin,
changaa
 Al
coholi
spr
epar
edbyf
erment
ati
onordi
sti
l
lat
ion— heat
ingt
oacer
tai
ndegr
ee.
 I
nAf
ri
cant
radi
ti
onalsoci
ety
,al
cohol
wasf
erment
edandusedf
or
 Medi
cinal
val
ue

 Ent
ert
ainment

 Mar
ri
agecel
ebr
ati
ons

 Beerpar
ti
esgi
vent
ovi
sit
ors
 Excessi
vedr
inki
ngwasdi
scour
aged
 Dr
unkpeopl
ewer
escor
nedorscol
ded
 Youngpeopl
ewer
enotal
l
owedt
odr
inkal
cohol
 Whenal
cohol
ist
akenexcessi
vel
yiti
sabused
Al
coholabuse
 Alcoholcanl
eadt
obodydependenceoraddi
cti
on
 Consequencesofabusi
ngal
cohol
aresuchas
(
I)Squander
ingf
ami
l
yresour
ces
(
ii
)Heal
thdet
eri
orat
ion
(
ii
i)Lackofconcent
rat
ionl
eadi
ngt
opoorqual
i
tyofwor
k
(
iv)Fami
l
ybr
eak-
upsduet
ofr
ust
rat
ions
(
v)Def
ormedf
oet
usi
famot
herabusesal
coholwhenpr
egnant
vi
)Al
coholdest
roy
sbr
aincel
l
s
(
vii
)Itl
eadst
ounr
ulybehav
ioursuchasf
ight
s,v
iol
ence
(vi
ii
)Onei
svul
ner
abl
etor
iskybehav
iour—v
ulner
abl
etosexual
inf
ect
ionssuchasHI
V/
AIDS
(
ix)Canmakeaper
soncauseacci
dent
sifdr
ivi
ngundert
hei
nfl
uenceofal
cohol

Reasonswhypeopl
eabuseal
coholanddr
ugs
(
i) Fr
ustr
ationduet
ounempl
oyment
,inabi
l
ityt
oper
for
m wel
landmeetset
st
andards
(
ii
) I
dleness— wheni
dlesomet
urnt
oal
cohol
anddr
uguse

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(
ii
i) Addi
cti
on
(
iv) Bor
edom
(
v) Badexampl
esf
rom adul
ts
(
vi) Avai
l
abi
l
ityofdr
ugsi
ntheKeny
anmar
ket
(
vii
)Negat
ivepeerpr
essur
e
(
vii
i
)Exper
iment
ati
ont
henaddi
cti
on
(
ix)Medi
ainf
luence
(
x)Soci
etal
per
missi
veness
(
xi)Ur
bani
zat
ion
(
xii
)Pr
essur
eofwor
k
(
xii
i
)Fi
nanci
alst
ress
(
xiv)Gl
obal
i
zat
ion— f
orei
gnwor
ldi
nfl
uences
Ef
fectsofdr
ugabuse
 Drugabuseposesdangertot
heheal
thofaper
son,af
fect
sfami
l
y,soci
etyi
ngener
al.
Ef
fect
sofdr
ugabusea re
1.Psychol
ogicalpr
oblems — drugsareaddicti
ve.Thebodybecomesde pendanton
them.Itcannot perf
orm wit
houtt
hedr ugs.Itl
eadstodepressi
on,i
rr
it
abil
i
ty,
aggressi
veness,paranoi
a,onebecomingaf r
aidtofacereal
it
yetc.
2.Cri
me — r obber
y,t
heft
,peopl
eabusi
ngdr
ugswi
llr
ob,st
eal
soast ogetmoneyt
obuy
thedrugs.Drugshavel
edtostudent
sset
ti
ngschool
sonfir
e,ki
l
li
ngthei
rfel
l
ow
students
3.I
ll
usi
on— user
sdonotf
acer
eal
i
ty
4.Heal
thpr
oblems — oneispronetodiseasesbecauseoffrequentuseofdrugs.
Dr
ugsweakensthebodyssy
stem e.
g.alcoholl
eadstoli
verCir
rhosi
s,stomachulcer
s.
Onei
ssuscept
ibl
e/ pr
onetoHI V/AI
DSi nf
ecti
onSTI
slungcancer,st
il
lbir
thetc.
5.Economicprobl
emsDr
ugsareexpensi
ve.Abusel
eadst
odepl
eti
onoff
ami
l
y
resour
cesleadi
ngt
opover
ty
6.Lossofj
obandi
ncome
7.Soci
alpr
oblem Abuseofdr
ugsleadstof
amil
yconfl
i
cts,leadi
ngt
osepar
ati
on,
div
orce,
fami
lyquar
rel
sf i
ght
sandev enmurder(
domesti
cv i
olence)
8.Acci
dent
s

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9.Fr
ust
rat
ions
10.
Poorper
for
mancei
nschoolwor
k
11.
DeathPeopl
edieoutofdr
ugabuse.Anov
erdoseofher
oin,cocai
neki
l
ls.Al
coholcan
leadt
oablackout
,thi
saff
ect
sthebrai
n
Remediestodr
ugabuse
Lawenf orcement
 Thr oughbodiessuchasUNDCPUni t
edNationsI
nter
na t
ionalDrugControl
ProgrammeAnt i-
Narcot
icsPoli
ceUnits,
NACADANati
onalAgencyfort
heCampai
gn
AgainstDrugAbusesoast ocontr
olabuseofNarcoti
csandot herdrugs.
Education
 Peopl etobeeducat
edont heef
fect
sofdrugs.Thecur
ri
cul
umf
rom pr
imar
yto
secondar
ytoincl
udetopi
csondrugabuse.
 Gui
danceandcounsel
l
ing
 Rel
i
gioust
eachi
ngs — al
lrel
i
giouscondemnt
heabuseofdr
ugs
Fami
lyval
uest
obepromoted.
 Parent
sshoul
dsetgoodexampl
est
othei
rchi
l
dren
 Ever
yindi
vi
dualt
ocul
ti
vat
eindi
vi
dualv
alues
.Respectt
hei
rbodyandt
akecar
eoft
hei
r
bodies
 Rehabi
l
itat
ionofdr
uguser
s/abuser
s

Chr
ist
iancr
it
eri
aforeval
uat
ingt
heuseofl
eisur
e
 Cr
it
eri
a— cr
it
eri
on — apr
inci
pleorst
andar
dforj
udgi
ngsomet
hing.

 Chri
sti
ans,shoul
dengagei
nleisur
eact
ivi
ti
eswhi
chpr
omotethei
rrespectanddi
gni
ty
theyshouldsoci
ali
zewi
thpeoplewhoaremoral
l
yupr
ight(
badcompanycor r
upt
s
goodmor als)

 Godor
dai
nsl
eisur
ehencei
tshoul
dser
veGodspur
pose.

 Lei
sur
eshoul
dcomeaf
terwor
k

 Leisur
eshoul
dbeusedfort
hegoodofot
her
s.Theact
ivi
ti
est
hatar
ehar
mful
to
othersshoul
dbeavoi
ded

 Act
ivi
ti
eschosenshoul
denr
icht
hei
rknowl
edgeofGod

 Act
ivi
ti
esshoul
dpr
ovi
deser
vicet
oot
her
s

 Lei
sur
edoesntmeanl
azi
ness

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 AChri
sti
anshoul
dnotengagei
nahar
mful
act
ivi
tyt
osel
fbutt
hoset
hatpr
omot
e
r
espectanddigni
ty

 Chr
ist
ianst
oav
oidact
ivi
ti
est
hatl
eadt
osi
nort
oaddi
cti
on

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 Theyshoul
dperf
orm anact
ivi
tywhi
chdev
elopt
hei
rphy
sicalemot
ionalsoci
aland
spi
ri
tualwel
lbei
ng

 Lei
sur
eshoul
dbeenj
oyedwi
thmoder
ati
on

 Act
ivi
ti
esf
orl
eisur
eshoul
dbemor
al,
wit
hint
hel
awsofGodandpl
easi
ngt
ogood.

CHAPTER8

CHRI
STI
ANSAPPROACHESTOWEALTH,MONEYANDPOVERTY
Def
ini
ti
onoft
heconcept
sweal
th,moneyandpover
ty

a)Weal
th
 Accumul
ati
onofmateri
alsownedbyani ndi
vidual
,familyoragr
oupofpeopl
e.Wealt
h
i
sproper
tythathaseconomicval
uee.g.land,ani
mal s,money,
val
uabl
epossessi
ons
suchasj
ewell
ery,
commer ci
alandresi
dentialbui
ldingsetc.
Waysofacquir
ingweal
th
1.Inheri
tance
2.Busi
ness
3.Commer
cial
far
ming
4.Sal
ari
edJobs
5.I
nvest
mentofmoneyi
nfi
nanci
ali
nst
it
uti
on
6.Pr
ovi
sionofcommer
cialser
vi
ces

b)Money
 I
tsthemedium ofexchanget
hatfunct
ionsasalegal
tender
.Iti
ssomethingthatis
gener
all
yaccept
edasamedi um ofexchange,ameansofpayment.Iti
susuall
yin
for
m ofcoi
nsornotes.Goodmone tar
ymedia(money)hascert
ainqual
iti
es.
Qual
iti
esofmoney
I
tshouldbeaccept
abl
e

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I
tshoul
dbef
air
lyst
abl
e
Easyt
odi
vi
dei
ntosmal
luni
ts
Easyt
ocar
ry
Shoul
dber
elat
ivel
yscar
ce
I
tshoul
dbedur
abl
e
I
tsv
alueshoul
dbemai
ntai
nedt
hroughpr
opercont
rolofi
tsci
rcul
ati
ons
 Moneyisameasureofwealt
h.Whati
tcanpur
chasei
sthev
alue.Moneyi
susedt
o
buyser
vices,
goods,
paydebtset
c.
 Exampl
esofcurrenci
esi
ntheworl
dareKsh.(
Kenya)
,Rand(
Sout
hAf
ri
ca)US&Dol
l
ar,
Pound(Br
it
ain)Euro(
Eur
ope)
,Yen(
Japan)Et
c

c)Pov
ert
y
 St
ateofbei
ngwi
thoutadequat
ebasi
cnecessi
ti
esofl
i
fee.
g.f
ood,
shel
ter
,cl
othi
ng
 I
tsastateofhelpl
essness.Iti
scharact
eri
zedbypoorheal
th,hunger
,andl
ackof
educat
ionfaci
li
ti
es,uncaredforenv
ironment.
Causesofpover
ty
a.Adver
secl
imat
iccondi
ti
ons(
Geogr
aphi
cal
fact
ors)
b.Poorf
ami
l
ybackgr
ound(
hist
ori
cal
andsoci
alf
act
ors)
c.
Pol
i
ticalst
abi
l
ityl
eadi
ngt
oci
vi
lwar
s
d.Poorgov
ernance
e.Regi
onali
mbal
anceofnat
uralr
esour
ces
f
.Lowl
eveloft
echnol
ogy
g.
Lazi
ness
h.Ov
erdependenceonf
orei
gnai
d

Thet
radi
ti
onalAf
ri
canunder
standi
ngofweal
thandpoverty

Weal
th
 I
nAfr
icantr
adit
ionalsoci
eti
eswealthwasmeasuredintermsoftheamountofl
and,
l
i
vest
ock,grai
ns,wives,
chi
ldrenpossessedbyani
ndi
vidualort
hecommunit
y.
 Weal
thwasacqui
redi
nvar
iousway
s.

 Asagi
ftf
rom GodMost

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 I
nher
it
ance

 Br
ideweal
th

 Far
ming

 Expl
oit
ati
onofnat
uralr
esour
ces

 Tr
ade

 Rai
ds
 Peopl
ewer
eencour
agedt
owor
khar
dtoacqui
reweal
thyhonest
y
 Weal
thypeopl
ewer
ehi
ghl
yregar
dedandwer
econsi
der
edf
orl
eader
shi
pposi
ti
on
 Weal
thwasi
ncompl
etewi
thoutaf
ami
l
y

Pov
ert
y
 Pov
ert
ywasv
iewedaspuni
shmentorcur
sef
orwr
ongdoi
ng.
 Ot
hercausesofpov
ert
yaccor
dingt
oAf
ri
canTr
adi
ti
onal
Soci
etywer
e:-

 Lazi
ness

 Lackofi
nher
it
ance

 Rai
dsbyot
hercommuni
ti
es

 Fami
ne

 Nat
uralcal
ami
ti
es

 Si
ckness— r
ender
ingt
hei
ndi
vi
dualweakt
oacqui
reweal
th
 Inacqui
ri
ngweal
th,pr
inci
plessuchasval
uef
orhumanl
i
fe,
mut
ualr
esponsi
bil
it
y,and
shari
ng,communalownershi
pwer eemphas
ized.
 Pl
acest
hatwer
ecommunali
ncl
udegr
azi
ngl
and,
ri
ver
s,andwat
eri
ngpl
aces
 Lazi
nesswasr
idi
cul
edt
hroughsongs,
riddl
esandpr
over
bs.

I
mpact
soft
hei
ntr
oduct
ionofmoneyeconomyi
ntr
adi
ti
onalAf
ricansoci
ety
I
ntr
oduction
 Moneywasi ntr
oducedtoAfri
cabytheEuropeansBeforecol
onialper
iod,Afri
cans
practi
cedbart
ertrade — act
ualgoodsexchangedwithothergoodse. g.ani
mals
wouldbeexchangedwithfoodgrai
ns,mil
let
,sorghum,cowpeas,chil
drenexchanged
forfoodduri
ngfamine.

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 Trademer chant
sfrom Asi
ahadi nt
roducedintoAfr
icafor
msofcurrencysuchast he
cowrieshell
s,gol
dandt heIndi
anrupees.Europeansintr
oducedcurr
encysti
llused
today

 Economy:— caref
ulmanagementofresour
ces,f
inances,incomeandexpendi
tur
eof
afamil
y,abusi
nessenter
pri
se,communityoracountry.Theeconomyofacountryi
s
tobewellmanagedifi
thastheabil
i
tytomeetthesoci aleconomicneedsofher
member s.

 EconomicdevelopmentI t
smeasuredbytheheal
thofit
seconomyi ntheprovi
sionof
heal
th,educat
ion,housing,sani
tat
ion,
employ
ment,andlongev
ityofl
i
f e,
decr
easeof
materi
alandchildmortali
ty.
 Moneyeconomy:— Useofmoneyasameansofexchangeineconomicact
ivi
ti
es
e.
g.banki
ng,i
nvest
ment
,insur
ance,pay
mentofgoodsandser
vices.

Reasonsf
ormoneyi
ntr
oduct
ion
1)Coloni
zat
ionbroughtal
otofchangessuchasunoccupi
edl
anddecl
aredCr
ownl
and
forcol
oni
ali
sts.
2)Taxi
ntr
oduct
ion
Afr
icanswer
esupposedt
opayt
axest
othegov
ernment
.Taxeswer
epai
dinf
orm of
money.
3)I
ntr
oduct
ionoff
ormal
e ducat
ion
Schoolf
eeswasi
ntr
oduced.Feeswer
epai
dinf
orm ofmoney
.
4)I
ntr
oduct
ionofmoder
nmedi
cal
ser
vices
Peopl
epai
dmedi
cal
ser
vicesusi
ngmoney
.
6)Emer
genceofnewl
i
fest
yles
 Conv
ertst
oChrist
iani
tywereemphas i
zedont ohav emater
ial
s,hencehadtowor
kto
i
mprovethei
rli
vi
ngstandards.Theybui
lthouses,tookt
heirchi
ldr
entoschool
s
pr
acti
cedmodernf amil
ytechni
queshencehadt ousemoney .

I
mpactoft
hei
ntr
oduct
ionofmoneyeconomyi
ntr
adi
ti
onalAf
ri
cansoci
ety
 I
ntr
oduct
ionofwage— l
abour
 Br
eakupoff
ami
l
yti
esaspeopl
emi
grat
edf
rom r
uralt
our
banar
easi
nsear
chof
empl
oyment
 Af
ri
canl
andt
akenbyt
hecol
oni
ali
sts,
reduci
ngpeopl
etosquat
ter
shenceneedt
o
work

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 Ther
ewascr
eat
ionofagapbet
weenpeopl
e—t
her
ichandt
hepoor
 Emer
genceofvi
cese.
g.cor
rupt
ion,br
iber
y,pr
ost
it
uti
on,r
obber
y
 Det
eri
orat
ionofcher
ishedAfr
icanval
uese.
g.br
ideweal
thhasbecome
commerci
ali
zed,
customsloste t
c.
 LossofAf
ri
canhumandi
gnit
y.Afr
icanshadtopaytaxestothecoloni
algover
nment
.
Theywerefor
cedtowor
kinEurope anworkedunderdehumani
zingcondit
ions
 Pr
oduct
ionoft
radi
ti
onalf
oodcr
opsdecl
inedr
epl
acedbycashcr
ops.
 I
ndi
vi
dualowner
shi
pofl
andwasemphasi
zed.Landcoul
dbesol
datwi
l
l
 Ther
ewasincr
easeofr
ural— ur
banmi
grat
ionl
eav
ingt
her
uralpeopl
eless
educat
ed.
 Expl
oit
ati
onoft
hepoorbyt
her
ich— poorwages,
over
char
gingpr
icesonf
oods.
 Dest
ruct
ionoft
henat
uralenv
ironmentt
ocr
eat
eroom f
orbui
l
dingpr
oject
s,ur
ban
cent
res
 Thecostofl
i
vingi
ncr
eased.Al
mostev
ery
thi
ngi
sacqui
redbymoney
.

TheChr
ist
iant
eachi
ngonweal
th,money,pover
ty

Teachi
ngonweal
th
 Weal
thi
sabl
essi
ngf
rom God
 ThosewhoobeyGodst
eac
hin
gsoft
hepr
ophet
sar
epr
omi
sedbl ngsbyGodDeut
essi
28:
1— 4
 Weal
thhasdut
iesassoci
atedwi
thi
te.
g.10%t
it
he,
almst
othepoor
,andanaspectof
st
ewardshi
p.
 Weal
thshouldbeusedwi
sel
y.Peopl
earenotowner
soft
hei
rpr
oper
tybutar
e
st
ewards.Shoul
dshar
ewit
hthepoor,needy
.
 Wealthi
snotper
manente.
g.parabl
eoft
her i
chfool
.Whenpeopledie,t
heyt
ake
not
hingwit
hthem.Nakedi
ntotheworl
d,nakedoutoft
heworld.Job.1:
21
 Weal
thcancr
eat
eaf
alsesenseofi
ndependencef
eel
i
ngofsel
f-
rel
i
ancenoneedf
or
God
 Weal
thshouldbeobt
ainedj
ust
lynohappi
nessf
oraper
sonwhoget
sri
chesi
nthe
wr
ongway .
 Wrongatti
tudet
owealt
hcanl
eadtoidol
atr
yandot s.Mat
herdanger t.
19:23— 24
dangerofmater
ial
i
sm — mak
ingr
ichest
heirGod,
thel
oveofmoneyi
stherootofal
l
evi
l(1ti
mothy6:
10)

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 Iti
swrongtodi
scri
minat
eagai
nstother
sonthebasi
sofmat
eri
alpossessi
ons.
Jesus
associ
atedwit
htheri
ch,t
hepoor,t
hesicket
c.
 Seekspi
ri
tualweal
th,whi
chispermanentandmor
eful
fi
ll
i
ngt
hanmat
eri
alweal
th,
whichi
stransi
tor
y—t empor .Mat
al t6:19— 20)
 Acknowl
edgeGodast
hesour
ceofonesr
iches
 Useweal
tht
ohel
ptheneedy
 Weal
thi
sani
nst
rumentt
oenabl
eusl
i
vedecent
ly.
 Obsessi
onwi
thmoneyandweal
thl
eadst
osi
n
 Chur
chl
eader
sshoul
dav
oidgr
eedf
orweal
th(
1Ti
mot
hy3:
3)
 Godwi
l
ljudger
ichexpl
oit
ers.

Chr
ist
iant
eachi
ngonpov
ert
y
 Chri
sti
anteachi
ngsdiscour
agei
rrespons
ibl
ebehav
iourandhabi
tse.g.l
azi
ness,
i
dlenessandnegli
gence.Somepeoplebecamepoorbecauseofsuch.
 Somepeopl
ebecomepoorbecauseofmi
sfor
tunes
 Ot
her
sar
epoorbecauseofj
udgmentduet
odi
sobedi
encet
oGod
 Godcar
esf
ort
hepoor
 Thosewi
thmor
eshoul
dshar
ewi
tht
hepoor
 Peopl
eshoul
dwor
ktoal
l
evi
atepov
ert
yint
hesoci
ety
 Jesushel
pedt
hepoorsoshoul
dweshoul
ddot
hesame

Chr
ist
ianappr
oaches/
responset
oissuesr
elat
edt
oweal
thandmoney.

Af
fl
uence
 havi
ngal
otofmater
ialpossessionsandal
uxur
iousst
andar
dofl
i
ving.Pov
ert
yisa
stat
eofl
ackoft
hebasicne cessit
ies.
 I
ll
egalmeansofacqui
ri
ngweal
thi
ncl
udef
raud,
grabbi
ngpubl
i
cland,
sel
l
ingnar
cot
ic
dr
ugse t
c.
Factor
st hathavecont
ri
but
edt
opov
ert
y
1.Poli
ti
calinst
abi
li
ty
2.
Lackoff
ormal
educat
ion
3.
Lazi
ness

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4.
Negat
iveat
ti
tudet
owar
dswor
k— choosi
ngj
obs
5.
Hist
ori
calf
act
ors — col
oni
zat
ionl
ackofl
and
6.
Expor
ti
ngunpr
ocessedagr
icul
tur
alpr
oduct
scheapl
ythensol
dbackexpensi
vel
y.

Fai
rdi
str
ibut
ionofweal
th/r
esour
ces
 Chri
stianstopromotet heval
ueofjusti
ce,
fai
rness,soci
alr
esponsi
bil
i
ty.How?By
havinga nt
i— corr
uptioncrusades,berol
emodel s,t
eachorimpor
tskil
l
s,advocat
e
forcancell
ati
onofforeigndebts,
taxat
iontoall
e t
c.

 Fai
rsal
ari
es

 Pr
omot
ionofaf
for
dabl
eanddecenthousi
ng

 Fav
our
abl
eter
msofl
oans

 Encour
ageJuaKal
iar
ti
sans
 Chri
sti
anst
odemandtransf
ormati
onofsocietythr
oughimplement
ati
onofj
ust
economicpol
i
ciest
hatcanensur
ef ai
rdi
str
ibut
ionofwealt
h.
 Encouragef
orei
gninv
est
orsthroughgoodi
nfr
ast
ruct
ure,i
ncent
ivese.
g.shor
ter
processtor
egist
erbusi
ness,secur
it
y.
 Chri
sti
antoencour
agei
nvest
ment
sbychur
chesandincul
cat
einpeopl
etheval
uesof
hardwork,pr
operti
memanagementf
reeeducat
ionfr
eehealt
hcarefort
hepooror
needy.
 Fai
rdist
ribut
ionofweal
th/r
esour
cesr
efer
stoj
obs,
inf
rast
ruct
ure,hospi
tal
s,wat
er,
agr
icult
uralproduct
set
c.

Br
iber
yandcor
rupt
ion
 Br
iber
yandcor
rupt
ionar
erel
atedt
erms.
 Corrupt
ion:— pr
acti
ceofgi
vi
ngabr
ibei
nthef
orm ofmoney
,goodsorpr
ivi
l
egesi
n
ret
urnforaservi
ce.
 Bri
bery:— actofgi
vi
ngmoney,mat
eri
algoodsorser
vicest
osomeonet
oinf
luence
thereci
pientt
ogiveunder
ser
vedfavour
.
 I
tisai
medati
nfl
uenci
ngadeci
siont
ofav
our
.Br
iber
yisaf
orm ofcor
rupt
ion.
 Corr
upti
oni
ssomekindofmoraldegener
ati
on.Apracti
cewherebysomeoneuses
hi
s/heri
nfl
uencei
nanact
ivi
tyt
hatisnotmoral
lyacceptabl
e.

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 Exampl
eofcorr
upti
oni
ncl
udepromoti
onbyaseni
orforaf
avour
,col
l
udi
ngt
omi
ss
work,
useofgover
nmentvehi
cl
estoatt
endt
opersonalmatt
ers.

Fact
orsl
eadi
ngt
obr
iber
yandcor
rupt
ion
1.Un-
empl
oyment— onewi
l
lbr
ibet
osecur
eempl
oyment
2.Gr
eedf
ormoney— causedbypeerpr
essur
e,poormor
alv
alues,
3.Fear— f
earofbei
ngi
mpr
isoned
4.I
gnor
ance— gi
vi
ngbr
ibesi
nfor
m ofgi
ft
s
5.Di
sint
egr
ati
onoft
radi
ti
onalAf
ri
canv
alues
6.Lackofmor
ali
ntegr
it
y— noChr
ist
ianv
alues,
onehav
ingnospi
ri
tual
basi
s
7.Fr
ust
rat
ioni
nthepl
aceofwor
k
8.Aper
ver
tedconsci
ence
Consequencesofcor
rupt
ionandbr
iber
y
1.Leadstoinj
usti
ce
2.Leadst
opoorser
vicese.
g.r
oadconst
ruct
ion
3.Poori
nfr
ast
ruct
ure,poorpubl
i
cser
vicedel
i
ver
y
4.Leadst
ounder
mini
ngmor
alf
abr
icofsoci
ety— l
eadi
ngt
osoci
alhopel
essnessand
despai
r
5.Hasl
edt
olackoft
rusti
npubl
i
cser
vant
s,andt
hegov
ernment
6.Di
scont
ent
mentamongpeopl
e.
7.Degr
adest
heper
sonal
i
tyofani
ndi
vi
dual
8.Canl
eadt
oimpr
isonmentandl
oseofj
ob

Chr
ist
ianat
ti
tudet
owar
dsbr
iber
yandcor
rupt
ion
 I
tiscondemnedasanev
ilpr
act
ice(
asoci
alevi
l
)Ex.23:
8
 Br
ibescausei
njust
icepr
over
bs17:
23
 Seenasmor
all
ywr
ongast
heynegat
ivel
yaf
fectonesf
ami
l
y
 Jesusdr
oveoutmer
chant
sfr
om t
het
empl
e.Theyhadst
art
edexpl
oit
ati
onoft
hepoor
.
 Condemnedbecausei
tdegr
adest
heper
sonal
i
tyofani
ndi
vi
dual
 Amoscondemnedt
aki
ngandgi
vi
ngofbr
ibes
 Br
ibesbl
indst
heey
es

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 I
nthepar
abl
eofJohn,
theBapt
istcondemnedsol
dier
sfr
om t
aki
ngbr
ibes
 Cor
ruptj
udgeandt
hewi
dow,
cor
rupt
ioni
scondemned

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 Chri
sti
ansaret
oli
ver
ight
eousl
yandnotgi
vebr
ibesorr
ecei
ve.Theyar
ethel
i
ghtof
theworld.
 Moneygai
nedf
rom cor
rupt
ioni
snotaccept
abl
ebef
ore

CHAPTER9

CHRI
STI
ANAPPROACHESTOLAW,
ORDERANDJUSTI
CE
Def
ini
ti
onoft
erms

Law
 Establ
i
shedr ul
esbyanaut horit
ytoregul
atehumanbehav i
ouri
nthecommunity
School
slaws, r
eli
giouslaws,f
actor
ylaws,hospi
tall
awsetc.l
awsdi
ff
erfr
om soci
ety
tosociet
y.Lawsaredy namic.Lawscoveral
laspect
sofli
fe.

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Or
der
 Conditi
onbr
oughtaboutbyobedi
encet
osetrul
esorlaws.Or
derl
eadstopeacef
ulco
— exist
enceinthesoci
ety.Wher
ether
eisor
der,t
hingsar
edonesyst
ematical
ly
.The
opposit
eoforderisdi
sorder.
Typesofl
aws
1.Non— l egal
laws— nocour
tact
ione.
g.schoolr
ules
2.Customar
ytr
adit
ionall
aws— basedoncul
tur
e,soci
alt
radi
ti
ons.Theyhav
etoagr
ee
wit
hstat
elaws.Theyar
erespect
edbyst
ate.
3.St
atutor
ylaws/ l
egall
aws— l
awsmadebyl
ocal
counci
lornat
ional
gov
ernmentand
ci
ti
zensareexpect
edtoobeyt
hem.
Typesofstat
utor
ylaws
a)Civi
llaws— madebypar
li
amentoni
ssuessuchast
axes,
labour
,di
vor
ceet
c.
b)Cr
imi
nall
aw — oncr
ime/puni
shment
c)Const
it
uti
onall
aw — mat
ter
sofst
ateandgov
ernance
d)Companyl
aw
e)Rel
igi
ousl
awse.
g.I
slami
clawshar
ia

Just
ice
 Treat
ingothers,t
hewaytheydeser
veinrel
ati
ontothelaw.It
sadmi
nist
rat
ionof
ri
ghtf
uldeali
ngsinaf
airmanneraccor
dingt
ot hei
ract
ions.
 Aj
ustsocietyfol
lowsrul
esandadmini
ster
slegal
acti
ont
othosewhooffendother
sor
di
sobeyrules.Justi
cemeanstr
eati
ngpeoplethesamewaywithoutdi
scri
minati
on.

I
mpor
tanceofl
aw,or
derandj
ust
ice
1)Theyar
eessent
ialt
opr
eser
vehar
monyandpr
otectpeopl
e
2)Lawsgui
depeopl
eandensur
epeopl
esr
ight
sar
epr
otect
ed.
3)Theypr
otectpeopl
espr
oper
tyandenabl
epeopl
etol
i
vei
nhar
mony
4)Theypr
otectt
heconsumerf
rom expl
oit
ati
on
5)Theysaf
eguar
drel
i
giousf
reedom
6)Lawscont
rolpoweroft
hosei
naut
hor
it
yandpr
omot
epol
i
tical
stabi
l
ity
7)Pr
ovi
desst
abi
l
it
y,encour
agi
ngeconomi
cgr
owt
h
8)Hel
pst
ocont
roldi
scont
ent
mentamongpeopl
e
9)Hel
psi
mpl
ement
ati
onoft
axesef
fect
ivel
y

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10)
Prov
ides/hel
pinmai
ntenanceofsecur
it
y
11)
Ensur
eshumanr
ight
sar
euphel
d
12)
Enabl
est
hegov
ernmentt
opr
otecti
tsci
ti
zensf
rom i
nter
nalorext
ernalt
hreat
s.
13)
Int
ernat
ionall
awr
egul
atesr
elat
ionsbet
weencount
ri
es.

Ri
ght
sanddut
iesofci
ti
zens
 Cit
izen— per
sonwhoisamemberofastate,ki
ngdom,empir
e.Apersonwhohasf
ull
ri
ghtsasamembe rofacount
rybybi
rt
h,decent,r
egi
str
ati
on,nat
u r
ali
zat
ion.
 Ri
ght
s— l
egal
clai
mst
hatonei
sent
it
ledt
ofr
om t
hegov
ernment
 Dut
y— onesr
esponsi
bil
i
tyt
othegov
ernment
.

Ri
ght
s
1)Ri
ghtt
oli
fe— t
oli
vesecur
ely
2)Ri
ghtt
oeducat
ion
3)Ri
ghtt
oli
ber
ty/f
reedom
4)Ri
ghtt
opr
otect
ionofpr
oper
ty
5)Ri
ghtt
oownaf
ami
l
y— r
ightt
omar
ryandr
aiseaf
ami
l
y
6)Ri
ghtt
oheal
th
7)Fr
eedom ofmov
ement
8)Ri
ghtt
ofr
eedom ofassoci
ati
on
9)Ri
ghtt
ofr
eedom ofassembl
y
10)
Freedom ofr
eli
gion
11)
Rightt
oownpr
oper
ty
12)
Rightt
oequal
i
ty— nondi
scr
imi
nat
ion
13)
Prot
ect
ionoff
reedom ofexpr
essi
onandspeech(
ownopi
nions,
ideas)
 Chil
drenhaveright
se.g.Ri
ghtt
oli
fe,
educat
ion,
par
ent
alcar
e,heal
th,
prot
ect
ionf
rom
expl
oitat
ion,r
ightt
oidenti
tyet
c.

Dut
iesofci
ti
zens(
responsi
bil
it
ies)
1)Payt
axest
othegov
ernment
2)Respectt
hef
lagandnat
ionalant
hem

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3)Respectt
hosei
naut
hor
it
y
4)Respectt
hel
awsoft
hel
and
5)Regi
sterasav
oterandv
oteri
nnat
ionalel
ect
ions
6)Ber
esponsi
bleatwor
k
7)Par
ti
cipat
einnat
ionaldev
elopment
8)Pr
omot
epeaceandhar
monyi
nthesoci
ety
9)Repor
ter
rantmember
soft
hesoci
etyt
olawenf
orcementagent
s
10)
Prot
ectt
heenv
ironment
al— cl
ean,
plantt
rees,av
oidpoachi
nget
c.

Tr
adi
ti
onalAf
ri
canpr
act
icest
hatpr
omot
elaw,or
der
,just
ice
 Puni
shmentofof
fender
s
Peopl
ewhocommi t
tedoff
encessuchassteal
i
ng,murder
,wi
tchcr
aftwerepunished
thr
oughdeat
h,cur
ses,pay
ingheav
yfineset
c.thi
spr
omotedlaw,order
,just
ice
 I
nst
all
ati
onofr
ules,
kings,
chi
efs,
elder
s
Theywereinst
all
edt
omai
ntai
nlaw,
orderandt
oexecut
ejust
icei
nthei
rar
easof
j
urisdi
cti
on
 Admi
nist
rat
ionofoat
hs
Admini
ster
edbyspeci
ali
stsandar
eusedasamet
hodofest
abl
i
shi
ngand
maint
aini
nglawandorder
 Maki
ngofcov
enant
s
Covenant
sweremadeift
her
ewasaconf
li
ctbet
weent
wocommuni
ti
es.Theywoul
d
pr
omi set
oli
vei
npeaceandhar
mony
.
 Obser
vingoft
aboosandcust
omar
ylaw
Tabooswer
epr
ohi
bit
ions.Thosewhowentagai
nstt
abooswer
esev
erel
ypuni
shed
 Theki
nshi
psy
stem — def
inedhowpeopl
erel
atedonet
oanot
her
 Ri
tesofpassage — ensur
edcust
oms,l
awswer
eadher
edt
o
 Rel
igi
ouspr
acti
ces-suc
haspray
ing,
singi
ng,
sacr
if
ici
ngandgi
vi
ngofof
fer
ingshadt
he
eff
ectofmaint
aini
ngorder
.

Bi
bli
calt
eachi
ngonl
aw,orderandj
ust
ice
 Godi
nit
iat
edLaw,
order
,andj
ust
ice.
 Godscr
eat
ioni
sor
der
ly.Goddesi
resor
der

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 Manwascreat
edwi t
haconsci
encetoknowri
ghtfr
om wrongsi
nhasconsequences
orpuni
shment
. Goddoespuni
shdi
sobedi
encei.
e.j
ust
ice
 Godinst
it
utedt
hel
awsaspartofhispl
anf
orsal
vati
one.
g.l
awofci
rcumci
sion,
Tor
ah
(10commandment
s),ci
rcumci
sionoft
hehear
t,l
awsonwhatt
oeate tc.
 Godsl
awgov
ernedki
ngshi
pinI
srael
.Nat
ional
pros
per
it
ydependedonaki
ngsr
uler
shi
p.
 Ki
ngswer
etoensur
elawandor
der
 I
ntheNewTest
amentJohn,
theBapt
istur
gedpeopl
etoobser
vet
hel
aw(
soci
al
j
usti
ce)
.
 Jesust
aughtt
hatt
hekingdomofGodi
sbasedonl
aw,
orderandj
ust
ice.Ther
eshoul
d
befai
rtr
eatmentforal
lpeopl
e
 Jesussai
dthatt
heLawofMoseswasgi
vent
ogui
depeopl
e
 Chr
ist
iansshoul
dobeyt
hel
awoft
hel
andandr
espectt
hosei
naut
hor
it
y
 Theapost
oli
cteachi
ngsst
resst
heneedf
orl
aw,
orderandj
ust
ice(
1Cr
o.14:
33)
 Chr
ist
iansshoul
dbeor
der
ly.
 Thebi
rt
hofJesuswasor
der
ly.Hi
smi
nist
rywasal
soor
der
lyhenceshoul
dChr
ist
ians.

Causesofsoci
aldi
sor
derandt
hei
rremedi
es
 Soci
aldi
sor
deri
sast
ateofconf
usi
onorl
ackofor
deri
nthesoci
ety

Di
scr
imi
nat
ion
Discr
imi
nat
ioni
sunf
airt
reat
ment
.Di
scr
imi
nat
ioni
sonbasi
sofr
acet
ribeand
sex/gender
 Peopl
eorapar
ti
cularper
soni
ssi
ngl
edoutandt
reat
edwi
thdi
sfav
ourordi
stast
e.I
tis
showi
ngbi
asorprejudi
ce.
Causesofdi
scr
imi
nat
ion
a.Cul
tur
e
b.Pr
ejudi
ce— bi
asor
igi
nal
/st
ereot
ypes
c.I
gnor
ancee.
g.onHI
V/AI
DS
d.Soci
alst
atus — onesposi
ti
oni
nasoci
ety

I
nequi
tabl
edi
str
ibut
ionofweal
thandr
esour
ces
 Thi
siswhenr
ichesoff
ami
l
y,communi
ty,
andnat
ionar
enotf
air
lyshar
edoutduet
o

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 Sel
fi
shnessorpoorpl
anni
ng.Somear
easar
emar
ginal
i
zed.

Raci
sm
 Unf
airt
reat
mentofpeopl
ebecauseoft
hei
rrace

Tr
ibal
ism
 Di
scr
imi
nat
iononbasi
sofet
hni
cgr
oup

Cr
ime
 Anof
fenceagai
nstst
ate,nor
mal
l
yset
tl
edi
ncour
t.I
tsant
isoci
albehav
iourcausi
ng
di
sor
der.
Causesofcr
ime(
Whypeopl
ecommi
tcr
ime)
1.Povert
y
2.Publ
i
cmi
str
ustf
orl
awenf
orces
3.Lackofpar
ent
algui
dance
4.Wi
degapbet
weent
her
ichandt
hepoor
5.Gr
eedf
orpower
,money
6.Mat
eri
ali
sm
7.Dr
ugandsubst
anceabuse

Sexi
sm
 Di
scr
imi
nat
ionagai
nstpeopl
ebecauseofgender
 Womenarediscri
minat
edinareassuchasjobs,
nopr omotionf
orwomen,oppressi
on
ofwomena thome,cult
ural
valuesdemeaningthestatusofwomen,wifebeati
ng/
menbeat
ing,femalegeni
talmutil
ati
on(
FGM)ear l
ychil
drenmarri
ageset
c .

Remedi
est
osoci
aldi
sor
der
 Rehabi
l
itat
ionf
ordr
ugsuser
s/abuser
s

 Puni
shmentf
orof
fender
sofcr
imeFor
msofpuni
shmenti
mpr
isonmentpay
mentof
fi
nes

 Equi
tabl
edi
str
ibut
ionofnat
ionalr
esour
cesDev
elopmar
ginal
i
zedar
eascr
eat
ejobs

 Campai
gnagai
nstdr
ugabuse

 Thepubl
i
ctousehotl
i
nest
orepor
tcr
imet
opol
i
ce

 Pr
eachagai
nstr
aci
sm,
tri
bal
i
sm,
andpr
eachequal
i
ty,
freedom andi
nter
act
ion

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 Peopl
etobesensi
ti
zedt
oappr
eci
ateandr
espectdi
ff
erentet
hni
csgr
oups

 Pr
omot
enat
ionaluni
tyt
hrougheducat
ion/
cul
tur
alpr
ogr
ammes

 Cr
eat
ionofmor
enat
ionalschool
ssoast
ohav
est
udent
sfr
om al
lbackgr
ounds

 Encour
agedomest
ict
our
ism

 Enl
i
ght
enwomenont
hei
rri
ght
s

 Empl
oymentonmer
it

 Ri
chcount
ri
est
oshar
eweal
thwi
tht
hepoor

Rol
eofChr
ist
iansi
ntr
ansf
ormi
ngt
hesoci
al,economi
c,pol
it
icall
ifeoft
hesoci
ety
 Transf
ormat
ioni
stocompl
etel
ychanget
heat
ti
tude,char
act
er,andwel
l
-bei
ngoft
he
societ
y

Chr
ist
ianpar
ti
cipat
ioni
nthesoci
all
if
e
 Chri
sti
ansar
einvol
vedinthepr
eachi
ngofthegospel
inmanypl
acesi
nthecount
ry.
Theyusepri
ntandelect
roni
cmediatospr
eadthegospel
.
 Chr
ist
ianshaveshownconcer
nforthedest
it
uteandvi
cti
msofvi
olenceint
hesoci
ety
bybui
ldinghomesfort
hem andprovi
dingt
hem wit
hfoodandcl
othing.
 Chr
isti
ansr
unschool
s,v
ocat
ionali
nst
it
uti
onsanduni
ver
sit
iespr
ovi
dingeducat
ional
ser
vices
 Chr
ist
iansof
fermedi
cal
ser
vicest
othesoci
ety
 Theyspeakopenl
yagai
nstsexual
immor
ali
ty,
mur
der
,br
iber
y,cor
rupt
ion,
abor
ti
onet
c.
 Theyshowcompassi
ont
othosei
nneedt
hepoor
,HI
V/AI
DSor
phans,wi
dows,
widowers,
agedet
c.
 Theyoff
ergui
danceandcounsel
l
ingtodysf
unct
ional
famili
es(
thepast
ors,t
hose
tr
ainedtodocounsel
li
ng— almostal
lpast
orsgetatrai
ningi
ngui
danceand
counsel
li
ng)

Chr
ist
ianspar
ti
cipat
ioni
nthepol
it
icall
if
e
 Chr
ist
ianspar
ti
ci
pat
eint
hepol
i
ticall
i
febyadv
ocat
ingf
orf
airdi
str
ibut
ionofweal
th
 Theyof
ferpr
ayer
sforgov
ernment
,pol
i
tical
leader
s
 Theyexer
ciset
hei
rri
ghtbyv
oti
ng
 Theyalsopar
ti
ci
pat
ingi
nthepol
i
tical
li
febyst
andi
ngupf
orel
ect
ions(
Vyi
ngf
or
el
e ct
ions)

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Chr
ist
ianpar
ti
cipat
ioni
neconomi
cli
fe
 Chr
ist
ianspar
ti
ci
pat
eineconomi
cli
febypay
ingt
axest
othegov
ernment
 Bycont
ri
but
ingi
ncol
l
ect
ionoff
undsf
orconst
ruct
ionofchur
ches,school
s,hospi
tal
s
 Theyi
nvesti
nbusinesst
hatpr
omot
est
hei
rowndev
elopmentaswel
last
he
devel
opmentofthecountr
y.
 Theypr
ovi
defi
nanci
alr
esour
cesi
nor
dert
oassi
stot
her
stost
arteconomi
cact
ivi
ti
es
orsel
f-
employ
me nt
 Theydiscour
agebusi
nesspract
icessuchasusi
ngfaul
tyscal
es,hi
kingofpr
ices
cheat
inginbusi
nessetc.andencouragepr
operacqui
sit
ionofwealth

Thechur
ch — st
aterel
ati
onshi
p
 Thegov
ernmentandt
hechur
chi
nter
actatv
ari
ousl
evel
sandi
ndi
ff
erentar
eas
 Rel
i
giousl
eader
sgi
veadv
icet
othest
ate
 Thechur
chspeaksagai
nstcor
rupt
ion,abor
ti
on,v
iceswhi
cht
hegov
ernmenti
s
fi
ght
ing
 Thechur
chi
stheconsci
enceoft
hest
ate
 Bot
heducat
etheci
ti
zensont
heconst
it
uti
onandt
hei
rri
ght
s
 Thechur
chpr
eachespeace,l
ove,
uni
ty,
order
 Thestat
eneedssuppor
toft
hechur
chi
nmobi
l
izi
ngc
iti
zenst
oadoptgov
ernment
pol
ici
es
 Bot
har
einv
olvedi
nrehabi
l
itat
ionofpr
isoner
s
 Thechurchbui
l
dsschool
sandot
heri
nst
it
uti
onst
hatsuppl
ementgov
ernment
i
nsti
tuti
ons.
 Thechur
chi
sinv
olvedi
nfor
mul
ati
onofeducat
ionalcur
ri
cul
um.
 Howev
er,
thechur
chdi
ff
erswi
thgov
ernmentonv
ari
ousi
ssuessuchas

 Useofcondoms(
Somec
hur
chesopposedt
othi
s)

 Useofl
i
vebul
l
etsbyt
hel
awenf
orceswhencur
bingr
iot
s

 Fi
ghtoncor
rupt
ionat
hor
ntot
hechur
chsi
ncest
atel
eader
sar
einv
olv
ed

 Issueofdeat
hpenal
ty— chur
chbeenf
ight
ingagai
nstdeat
hpenal
tyt
o
convict
s

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CHAPTER10

CHRI
STI
ANAPPROACHESTOSELECTEDI
SSUESRELATEDTOMODERN
SCI
ENCE,TECHNOLOGYANDENVIRONMENT
Def
ini
ti
ons

Sci
ence
 Subj
ectfi
eldt
hatdeal
swit
hasy
stemat
icst
udyofoursur
roundi
ngsandbehav
iourof
materi
alsi
ntheuniver
se
 I
tisbasedonobser
vat
ion,exper
iment
ati
onandmeasur
ement
.

Technol
ogy
 Appl
i
cat
ionofsci
encet
oachi
evedesi
redobj
ect
ives.

Envi
ronment
 Oursurr
oundi
ngs — bothnatur
alandhumanmadei
.e.
Mount
ains,l
akes,
land,
for
ests,
animal
s,bui
l
dings,
flower
setc.
Posi
ti
veandnegat
iveeff
ect
sofsci
enceandt
echnol
ogy
Way sscienceandt echnol
ogyhasi mprovedhumanl
ives

 I
mprovementofcr
oppr
oduct
ion — aqual
i
tyseeds,f
ert
il
izer
sleadi
ngt
oimpr
oved
y
iel
ds

 Bet
ternut
ri
ti
on,heal
thcar
e,medi
cal
ser
vices

 I
mpr
ovementofl
i
vest
ockpr
oduct
iont
hroughar
ti
fi
ciali
nsemi
nat
ion

 I
thasl
edt
odev
elopmentofef
fi
cientmeansoft
ranspor
t—l
and,
air
,seas

 Wor
khasbeenmadeeasi
erandenj
oyabl
e.Ther
eisuseofmachi
nes,
aut
omat
ion,

 Peopl
esli
veshav
ebeenspar
ed,sav
ede.
g.t
hroughl
i
fesav
ingmachi
nes(
ICU)
,
i
ncubator
s

 Busi
nesst
ransact
ionsar
ebei
ngdonet
hrought
hei
nter
net

 Communicati
onhasbeenmadeeasy— f
ax,
emai
l
,shor
ttextmessagesonmobi
l
e
phoneset
c .

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ah@g
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l.
com

 Resear
chi
songoi
ngf
ori
ncur
abl
edi
seasesi
.e.HI
V/AI
DS,cancer

 Ther
eisbet
termanagementofenv
ironment

 Technol
ogyhasmadet
hewor
ldagl
obal
vil
lage

 Thr
oughf
ami
l
ypl
anni
ngmet
hods,i
tseasi
ert
ocont
rolpopul
ati
ongr
owt
h

 Ther
esabet
tersecur
it
ysy
stem t
hroughuseofscanner
s,al
arms,
elect
ri
fi
edf
ences
etc.

 I
mpr
ovementofl
ear
ningt
hroughe—l
ear
ning

 Ther
eseasi
ermov
ementf
rom onecount
ryt
oanot
her
Negat
iveef
fect
sofsci
enceandt
echnol
ogy

 Peopl
eusemedi
cinet
ocommi
tsui
cide

 I
ncr
easeofcr
ime,
fraudanddeat
hthr
oughmoder
nmeansofcommuni
cat
ion

 Dest
ruct
ionoff
ami
l
yrel
ati
onshi
ps

 Br
eakdownofcommuni
tynames,v
aluesmor
als,
breakdownoff
ami
l
ies

 Ter
ror
ism

 Gr
eedf
ormoney/mat
eri
al
ism

 Unempl
oyment— r
epl
acementofper
sonnelbymachi
nes

 Heal
thhazar
dssuchasacci
dent
sinf
act
ori
es

 Pol
l
uti
on,
airpoi
soni
ng

Chr
ist
ianvi
ew oni
ssuesr
elat
edt
osci
enceandt
echnol
ogy.

Eut
hanasi
a
 I
tsaGreekword,
whichmeansaneasyandpainlessdeat
h.Iti
smer
cyki
l
li
ngendi
nga
per
sonsli
fesoastoall
evi
atet
hem f
rom exper
ienci
ngpain.
 I
tspr
act
icedwi
tht
hesi
ckper
sonsknowl
edge
 I
tisi
nvol
unt
arywheni
tspr
act
icedagai
nstorwi
thoutt
hesi
ckper
sonsconsent
 It
sdonebyi
nject
inganov er
doseofsleepi
ngpi
ll
stothesickper
sonswit
chingof
fli
fe
suppor
tmachineexposi
ngthepersonwi t
hchr
onicpneumoniatover
ycoldai
r.

Chr
ist
iansv
iewonEut
hanasi
a
 Chr
ist
iansar
eopposedt
oeut
hanasi
aforsev
eralr
easonssuchas

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 Li
fei
ssacr
ed;agi
ftf
rom Godandonl
yGodcant
akeawayhumanl
if
e

 Suf
fer
ingi
spar
tofhumanl
if
e

 Euthanasi
aisagai
nstmedi
cal
ethos,whi
chdemandspr
eser
vat
ionofhuman
li
fe.

 Jesushaspowerov
ersi
cknessandt
hroughhi
snameal
lsi
cknessar
eheal
ed

 Eut
hanasi
adi
scour
agesmedi
cal
resear
chonv
acci
nest
hatmaycur
evar
ious
di
seases.

 Eut
hanasi
adi
scour
agespat
ient
sandmakest
hem t
olosehopei
nli
fe.

Bl
oodt
ransf
usi
on
 I
tstheprocessofi
nject
ingapersonsbl
oodint
oanot
herper
sont
hroughhi
s/herv
eins.
Thegiv
erisadonort herecei
veri
sareci
pient
.
 Bloodhastobescreenedforanydiseases,andt
henkepti
nbl
oodbankaf
ter
determini
ngthebl
oodgroup.Thetransfusi
onshoul
dbeinahygi
eni
cway.
The
equipmentusedshouldbesteri
li
zed
 Donor
sshoul
dnotbebel
ow16y
ear
sorabov
e65y
ear
s
Reasonsf
orbl
oodt
ransf
usion
1.Whenapersoni
ssuff
eri
ngfrom acut
eanaemi
a(l
i
ttl
ebl
oodi
nthebody
)lowbl
ood
l
evel.
2.Tor
est
orebl
oodl
ostdur
ingf
atalacci
dent
s,war
s,orchi
l
dbi
rt
h
3.Tomai
ntai
nbl
oodl
evel
sforpat
ient
sunder
goi
ngmaj
oroper
ati
ons
4.Tocor
rectt
hel
owhaemogl
obi
nlev
elofsomepat
ient
s
Al
ter
nativ
estobloodtr
ansf
usion
a)Volumeexpander
s—i ncreasef
lui
dlev
elsi
nthebody
b)Gr
owt
hfact
ors— i
ntr
aoper
ati
ve/post
-oper
ati
ve
c)Bloodsal
vage— sav
ebl
oodwhenonsur
ger
yissav
edt
hent
ransf
usedbackt
othe
pat
ient

Chr
ist
ianv
iewonbl
oodt
ransf
usi
on
 SomeChr
ist
iansbel
iev
eiti
swr
ongt
otakebl
oodf
rom aheal
thyper
sonandt
ransf
use
i
ttoanot
herperson.

 Bl
oodi
sli
feandl
i
fecannotbet
akenf
rom oneper
sont
oanot
her

 Bl
oodt
ransf
usi
oni
sessent
ialasi
tsav
esl
i
fe

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 Bl
oodt
ransf
usi
oncant
ransmi
tdanger
ousdi
seasesl
i
keHI
V/AI
DSandHepat
it
isB

 Godhasgi
venChr
ist
ianst
hei
ntel
l
igenceandcapabi
l
ityt
omaket
her
ightdeci
sion

Or
gant
ranspl
ant
 Thisi
stheremovalofadef
ectiv
eor ganandrepl
aci
ngi
twit
hahealthyone.Body
organstr
an spl
ant
edarekidneys,
heartandeyessmal
li
ntest
ines,
pancrease.
 Thepur
posei
stor
epl
acet
hedamagedor
ganofar
eci
pient
 Commontransplantsar
etheheart
,ki
dney,ey
esfrom l
ivi
ngandt
hedead(
hear
t)wi
thi
n
aspanofhours.Eyescanbetranspl
antedfrom ani
mals.

Chr
ist
ianv
iewonor
gant
ranspl
ant
 I
tsav
esl
i
fehenceacc
ept
abl
etosome

 I
tst
ransf
err
inghumanl
i
fef
rom oneper
sont
oanot
her

 I
tswr
ongt
otr
anspl
antf
rom ani
mal
s— v
iewbysomeChr
ist
ians

 Somesuppor
tor
gant
ranspl
antbyr
efer
ri
ngt
othest
oryofcr
eat
ion

 I
tispar
tofhumanbei
ngscont
inui
ngwi
tht
hecr
eat
ionwor
kofGod.

 I
tisanexpr
essi
onofl
oveandconcer
nfort
hosesuf
fer
ingast
aughtbyJesusChr
ist
.

Genet
icengi
neer
ing
 I
tsasci
enti
fi
ctechni
queusedbysci
enti
stst
ochanget
hebiol
ogicalchar
act
eri
sti
csof
l
i
vingor
gani
smsbydel i
ber
atel
yalt
eri
ngthestr
uct
ureofi
ndiv
idualgenes.
 Ther
earegeneti
cal
l
ymodif
iedfoods,
geneti
cal
l
yengi
neer
edseeds,
testt
ubebabi
es,
humanclones,
andgenesofhumaninsul
in.

Humancl
oni
ng
 Thi
sisaf
orm ofgenet
icengi
neer
ing.I
tsacr
eat
ionofgenet
ical
l
yident
ical
copyofa
humanbeing,
humancell.
 Therapeuti
ccl
oni
ngi
swhencel
l
sfr
om anadul
tar
eusedi
ncr
eat
ingmedi
cineorf
or
research
 Repr
oduct
ioncl
oni
ngi
sthemaki
ngofhumanbei
ngs
 Mor
ethan90%ofcl
oni
nghasf
ail
ed.
 Ani
mal
scl
onedhav
edi
edy
oung,
hadcancer
sorar
thr
it
is.

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 Humancl
oni
ngi
sil
l
egalwor
ldwi
de
 Genet
iccel
l
sar
eusedt
otr
eatAl
zhei
mer
,hear
tat
tack,cancer
 Testt
ubebabi
esar
edi
ff
erentf
rom humancl
oni
ng.
Reasonsforadvocat
inghumancloni
ng
 Canclonepeoplewhosegenet
iccomposi
ti
oni
sofageni
us,

 Canbeabl
etobr
ing,
rev
ivebackgr
eatext
inctchar
act
eri
sti
cs.

 Thosewhosuppor
titbel
i
evesi
tcanr
educei
mmor
ali
ty
Reasonsagai
nsthumancl
oni
ng
 Godi
sthesol
ecr
eat
or.Cl
oni
ngt
akest
hepl
aceofGod.

 I
tde—humani
zeshumanbei
ngspur
poseofhumanr
epr
oduct
ion

 I
tdest
roy
suni
quenessofeachi
ndi
vi
dual(
Cloni
ngi
sanexactcopy
)

 I
tcanbeabusedandusedt
ocr
eat
eant
isoci
alpeopl
e(r
api
sts,
thi
eves)

 Maycr
eat
edef
ormedpeopl
e

 I
tsun-
ethi
cal
,i
mmor
alexper
iment
.It
sdest
ruct
ionoft
heembr
yohenceabor
ti
on

 95%ofcl
oneshav
efai
l
ed(
ani
mal
)mostani
mal
sdi
ed

 I
tsi
ll
egal

 Cl
onedani
mal
sdi
edofcancer
,hadar
thr
it
is,def
ormi
ti
esandanear
lydeat
h

 Cl
oni
ngmaybr
ingadest
ruct
ivecopyofhumans
Advant
agesofgenet
icengi
neer
ing
1.I
mplant
inggenest
hataredi
seasesf
reei
npeopl
e,pl
antandani
mal
scoul
dpr
event
di
seases.
2.
Genet
iccr
opsy
iel
dmor
e
3.
Hel
pst
odet
ermi
net
hebi
ologi
cal
par
enti
ncaseofdi
sput
eonbabi
es(
DNA)
4.Hel
pstoi
ncr
easedi
seaser
esi
stancei
ncr
opsandal
ter
ingani
malt
rai
tsi
npl
ant
sand
ani
mals
5.
Assi
stsi
ncl
assi
fyi
ngbl
ooddur
ingscr
eeni
ngbef
orei
tst
ransf
usedt
oanot
herper
son.

Chr
ist
ianv
iewofgenet
icengi
neer
ing
 Chri
sti
anssupportgenet
icengi
neeri
ngthati
sbenefi
ci
alt
ohumanbei
ngse.
g.Cur
eof
geneti
cdiseases,pr
oducti
onofdrugs,
plantandani
mals

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 Humanbei
ngsar
emadei
nGodsi
mageandar
elov
edbyGodwi
thorwi
thoutdef
ect
s.
 Thedi
gni
tyoft
hehumanbei
ngi
ser
odedordi
sregar
dedandshoul
dbeuphel
d.
 Chr
ist
iansopposecl
oni
ngandt
estt
ubebabi
es
 I
tsagai
nstGodswi
l
lort
eachi
ng

Pl
ast
icsur
ger
y
 I
tstochangeormoul
dtheshapeofsomet
hing,t
oenhanceorr
est
oreanar
eaoft
he
body
 I
tsrepai
ri
ngorimpr
ov i
ngofdamaged,
diseasedorunsati
sfact
oryshapedpar
tsoft
he
bodywithpi
ecesofski
norbonetakenfrom ot
herpartsofthebody.
 Ski
ngr
aft
ingi
sthemostcommont
ypeofpl
ast
icsur
ger
y
 Pl
asti
csurger
yisdoneoncl
eftl
i
psi.e.cosmeti
csur
ger
y,br
eastsur
ger
y— r
educ
tion
orenl
argement,sur
ger
ydonetolooky ounger
.
Reasonsforplast
icsurger
y
 Itcanhelprest
oreonesconf
idenceorsel
f— est
eem

 I
tenhancesbeaut
y,at
tract
ivenessory
out
hful
ness

 I
tenhancesaper
sonsl
i
feandcanbeal
i
fechangi
ngpr
ocedur
e

 I
tmayhel
paper
sont
ogetanewj
ob
Di
sadv
antages
 It
sexpensi
ve

 Canl
eadt
otr
ansmi
ssi
onofdi
seases
Chr
ist
ianv
iewsonpl
ast
icsurger
y
 Somesupporti
t,asi
thassomebenef
it
s

 SomeChr
ist
ianopposepl
ast
icsur
ger
yinor
dert
olooky
ounger

 Somearguethatsomepeopl
edoitbecauseofalackofsel
f— acc
ept
ance,l
ow
sel
f-
est
eem henceshoul
dworkonsuchissuesf
ir
st.

TheChrist
ianviewont heef
fect
sofmoder
nsci
enceandt
echnol
ogyont
heenvi
ronment
(pol
lut
ion,desert
ifi
cat
ion)
 I
nGenesi
s1,
manwasgi
vent
her
esponsi
bil
it
yoft
aki
ngcar
eoft
heenvi
ronment
Waysoftaki
ngcareoft
heenvir
onment
 Cleani
nguptheenvi
ronment
,cl
eanupr
iver
s
 Educat
ingpeopl
eont
hei
mpor
tanceofconser
vat
ion

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 Di
sposei
ndust
ri
alwast
espr
oper
ly
 Enf
orceuseofenv
ironment — f
ri
endl
yfuel
(unl
eadedf
uel
)
 Fact
oryowner
stosuppl
ypr
otect
iveweart
ofact
orywor
ker
s
 Pl
ant
ingoft
reesandf
lower
s
 Est
abl
ishi
ngai
rpor
ts,i
ndust
ri
es,anddi
scocl
ubsawayf
rom r
esi
dent
ialar
eas
.
 Adv
ocat
eforl
awst
obepassedt
omi
nimi
zenoi
sef
rom v
ehi
cles,
air
craf
ts,
 Wast
etobemanagedt
hrough

 Reusee.
g.bot
tl
es

 Recy
cle— pl
ast
icbot
tl
esol
dnewspaper
s

 Recov
er— bur
ningwast
epr
oduct
stopr
oduceel
ect
ri
cit
y

Pol
lut
ionandi
tsef
fect
s
 I
tsint
roduct
ioni
ntot
heenv i
ronmentofsubstancesorener
gyt
hatisl
i
abl
etocause
hazar
dst ohumanheal
th,harmtoli
vi
ngresourcesandecol
ogi
cal
syst
ems
 Subst
ancest
hatbecausepol
l
uti
onar
ecal
l
edpol
l
utant
s.
 Someoft hepol
lutant
sinclude;i
ndust
rialaf
fl
uentpest
ici
desi
nsecti
cidesf
erti
li
zer
s
ul
tra-
vi
oletr
aysfrom nucl
earplantsdustsmokenoisewasteheatexhaustgases
fr
om automobil
e s
Typesofpol
lut
ion

Wat
erpol
lut
ion
 Thi
sist
heincr
easeofsubstancesinwat
erinexcessofi
tsri
ghtf
ulchemi
cal
component
sthusmakingitunsuit
abl
eforhuman,animalorpl
antuse.
 Di
sposi
ngdomest
icandi
ndust
ri
alwast
eint
ori
ver
s,l
akes,
seaset
c.pol
l
uteswat
er.
 Di
sposi
ngagr
icul
tur
alchemi
cal
spest
ici
desi
ntowat
erbodi
es.
 Oi
lspi
l
li
ngi
ntowat
ers
 Poorsani
tat
ionbat
hingorwashi
ngcl
othesi
nri
ver
sordams
Ef
fect
sofwaterpoll
ution
 Causesdi
seases,whi
char
ecommuni
cabl
esuchaschol
era,t
yphoi
d,and
dysent
ery
.

 Leadst
odeat
hofmar
inel
i
fe— bi
rds(
Flami
ngo)f
ishbyoi
lspi
l
ls

 Mer
cur
y(met
al)l
eads,
sil
veri
spoi
sonous.Theyki
l
lor
gani
sms.

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 Wat
erbecomesunf
itf
orhumanconsumpt
ion

Ai
rpol
lut
ion
 Pr
esenceofcont
ami
nant
sint
heat
mospher
ecausedbySmokeFumesDustf
rom
mi
nes,quar
ri
es
 Whent
her
eisani
ncr
easedl
evel
ofcar
bondi
oxi
dei
ntheat
mospher
ethat
spol
l
uti
on
 Othermajorat
mospheri
cpol
l
utant
sincl
udegasessuchaschl
orof
luor
ocar
bons(
CFC)
,
andsulphurdi
oxi
de(SO2)
 Ni
tr
ogenOxi
de(
NO)i
.e.
fumesf
rom v
ehi
cl
es,
air
craf
tsandi
ndust
ri
es
Ef
fect
s
 Leadst
odi
seasessuchasbr
onchi
ti
s,ast
hma

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 Leadstodepl
eti
onoftheOzonel
ayerl
eadi
ngtoult
ra— vi
olentraysoft
hesun
penetr
ati
ngtotheear
thcausi
ngski
ncancer
,cat
aract
s(ey
epr obl
ems)andlowpl
ant
yi
elds.

 Causesr
ust
ingofr
oof
s

 Causesaci
drai
ns

 Car
bondi
oxi
de(
02)i
ntheat
mospher
ehasl
edt
ogl
obal
war
ming.

 For
mat
ionofsmog(
thi
ckf
og)
,whi
chcanl
eadt
oacci
dent
s.

 (
vii
)Col
our
edr
ainduet
olar
geamount
sofdusti
ntheat
mospher
e

 Eyesi
ghtl
ossduet
ogasl
eakagesf
rom i
ndust
ri
alpl
ant
s.

Landpol
lut
ion
 Landpol
l
uti
onisanyphysical
orchemicalal
terat
iont
oland,
whichcauseschangei
n
i
tsuseandrendersi
tincapableofbenef
ici
alusewit
houttr
eat
me nt.
 I
mpr
operorexcessi
veuseofi
nsect
ici
des,
pest
ici
desmakesl
andaci
dic
 Landi
sal
sopol
l
utedbyi
mpr
operdi
sposalofwast
e/gar
bage,br
okengl
asses.
Ef
fect
s
 Wastei
saney
esor
espoi
l
ingt
hebeaut
yoft
heenvi
ronment
 Br
okengl
asscanl
eadt
oinj
uri
es
 Openmi
ningl
eav
espi
ts,
whi
char
eadangert
opeopl
eandani
mal
s.

Noi
sepol
lut
ion
 Ex
peri
encedespeci
all
yinurbancentres,nearr
oads,r
unni
ngwat
er,mi
ningar
eas,
ai
rpor
ts,musi
cfrom bar
s,night
clubse t
c.

 Deaf
ness,
hear
ingpr
obl
ems

 Psy
chol
ogi
caldi
sor
der
s—f
rust
rat
ions,i
rr
it
ati
on

 I
nsomni
a

 Shockduet
osuddennoi
se

 Cr
acki
ngofwal
l
s
Noi
secanbeminimi
zedby
 Const
ruct
ionofsoundpr
oofbui
l
dings

 Locat
ionofr
esi
dent
ialar
easawayf
rom i
ndust
ri
es,
air
por
ts,bar
s,mai
nroads

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 Banni
ngofunnecessar
yhoot
ing,pl
ayi
ngofl
oudmusi
cinpubl
i
cvehi
cles

 I
nst
all
i
ngsi
l
encer
singener
ator
s

 Educat
ionpeopl
eont
heef
fect
sofnoi
sepol
l
uti
on

Pol
lut
ioncausedbyr
adi
ati
on
 Mai
nlyi
ndev
elopedcount
ri
es
 Atomicexplosi
onse.
g.Hir
oshima/ Nagasakii
nJapani
n1945.Thesideeffectsof
mutati
onsofbor nchi
ldr
en.Somechildrenbornwit
hdefor
mit
ies.Theradiat
ion
causedchromosomemut at
ions.Somemut ati
onsonthecel
lsoftheparent/
grandparents.
 Nucl
earpowerst
ati
onsal
soadanger
 Medical
equi
pmente.g.Xraymachi
neswhenonei
sov
erexposedt
otheser
adi
ati
ons
(
x-r
ays)i
tcanleadt
odev el
opmentofcancer
.

Deser
ti
fi
cat
ion

Causesofdeser
ts
1.Na t
ural
a)Per
sist
entr
ainsi
nasemi— ar
idar
ea
b)Exposur
eofanar
eatov
eryhi
gh,
ver
ycol
dtemper
atur
esc)I
nadequat
erai
nfal
lfor
alongperi
odoft
ime

2.Human
Humanact
ivi
ti
est
hatl
eadt
odeser
ti
fi
cat
ionar
e
(
I)Cutt
ingdownoftr
ees(
def
orest
ati
on)f
orl
andusesuchasbui
l
ding,
indust
ri
es,and
notrepl
aci
ngthem.
(
ii
) Useofwat
erf
rom wel
l
stoi
rr
igat
eland.I
tshar
mfulespeci
all
ysal
ty
(
ii
i)I
ncor
rectuseofpest
ici
desandf
ert
il
izer
sdest
roysoi
lnut
ri
ent
s.
(
iv)I
ndustr
ial
ization— i
ndust
ri
esemitcar
bondioxi
de(
CO2)l
eadingt
ofor
mat
ionofaci
d
r
ain,
whichl eadst
ounproduct
ivel
andhencedeser
ti
fi
cat
ion
(
v)Over
grazi
ngespeci
all
yamongt
hepast
oral
i
stcommuni
ti
es

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(
vi)Poorfarmingmet
hodsli
kecult
ivat
iononr
iver
banksandsl
opes,
whi
chcausessoi
l
er
osion,leadi
ngt
odesert
if
icat
ion.

Sol
uti
onst
odeser
ti
fi
cat
ion
1.Removalofpeopl
e,l
i
vest
ockf
rom cer
tai
nar
ease.
g.f
orest
s
2.I
nst
all
ati
onofgooddr
ainagesy
stems
3.Reduct
ionofwat
erl
oggi
ng/sal
i
nat
ion
4.Useofal
ter
nat
ivesour
cesoff
uel
suchaswi
nd,
sol
ar,
biogas
5.Adv
ocat
eforpenal
ti
est
othosewhopol
l
utet
heenv
ironment — f
act
ori
es
6.Repl
acet
reest
hatar
ecutdown
7.Bui
l
dwat
erst
oragef
aci
l
iti
est
ost
orer
ainwat
ert
henusei
tfori
rr
igat
ion
8.Educat
epeopl
eont
hei
mpor
tanceoft
heenvi
ronment
9.Useofmanur
einst
eadofhar
mfulf
ert
il
izer
s

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