Ch 11

● IPv4 Configuration File: /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0

● To configure as DHCP, change BOOTPROTO value to dhcp.
● IPv6 Configuration File: /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0
IPV6INIT=yes
IPV6ADDR=<IPv6 IP Address>
IPV6_DEFAULTGW=<IPv6 IP Gateway Address>
● /etc/hosts - Contains a table of hostnames to IP addresses
● /etc/resolv.conf - Contains the IP addresses of the name servers the system
uses to resolve names to IP addresses
● /etc/nsswitch.conf - Used to modify where hostname lookups occur
● Ifconfig command stands for "interface configuration".
Used to display network configuration information
● The ip command is replacing the ifconfig command. ip command has
increased functionality and set of options.
● The route command can be used to view a table that describes where
network packages are sent.
● The ping command can be used to determine if another machine is
"reachable". -c option followed by a number to limit how many pings to
send.
● The netstat command is used to display information about network
connections as well as display the routing table similar to the route command
● The ss command is designed to show socket statistics
● dig command is used to determine the IP address.
● The host command works with DNS to associate a hostname with an IP
address.
● The ssh command will allow you to connect to another machine across the
network.
 Ch10
● The cat command is a useful command that can be used
1- to create and
2- display text files,
3- as well as combining copies of text files.
4- also be used to redirect file content to other files or input to another
command by using redirection characters.

• There are two commonly used pager commands:

a. The less command provides advanced paging capability but is not
included with all Linux distributions.
b. The more command has fewer features than less, but is available in
Linux distributions.
• Spacebar -----Window forward
• B--- window Backward
• Enter --- line forward
• Q--- Exit
• H --- help
• N--- next match
• Shift + N --- previous match
• The head and tail commands are used to display only the first or last few
• lines of a file. -n ‫بحدد العدد‬
• The pipe | character can be used to send the output of one command to
another.
-Redirection

• STDIN: Standard input, or STDIN, is information entered normally by the user

via the keyboard. [> ]
• STDOUT: Standard output, or STDOUT, is the normal output of commands[<]
The single arrow overwrites any contents of an existing file[<].
The double arrow append to a file instead of overwriting it [<<].
• STDERR: Standard error, or STDERR, are error messages generated by
commands[2 <]
• [&>] STDOUT&STDERR
 • sort command can be used to rearrange
• -t option will allow separator to be specified [:,/]
• -k field number ‫بحدد رقم الحقل‬
• -n a numeric sort
sysadmin@localhost:~$ sort -t: -n -k3 mypasswd

• The wc command provides the number of lines, words and bytes (1 byte = 1
character in a text file) for a file, and a total line count if more than one file
is specified.
• -l option to show just the number of lines
• -w option to show just the number of words
• -c option to show just the number of bytes
• cut command can extract columns of text from a file or standard input.
• -d option can specify alternative delimiters such as the colon [:,/].
• -f field number ‫بحدد رقم الحقل‬
• -c option is used to extract columns
sysadmin@localhost:~$ cut -d: -f1,5-7 mypasswd

• grep command can be used to filter lines in a file

• -d option can specify alternative delimiters such as the colon [:,/].
• -f field number ‫بحدد رقم الحقل‬
• -c option is used to extract columns

• . • Any single character

• [] • A list or range of characters

• * • The previous character repeated zero or more times

• ^ • If the first character

• $ • If the last character

Ch9
• Compression: Makes the files smaller by removing redundant information.
• Lossless: No information is removed from the file.
• Lossy: Information might be removed from the file
• gzip Compression commend(compressed version with a file extension of .gz )
• gzip -l: display this information (compressed - uncompressed-ratio)
• (decompression) using either the gunzip command or the gzip –d command.

• Archiving is when you compress many files or directories into one file.
• Create: Make a new archive out of a series of files.
• Creating an archive with the tar command
-c : Create an archive.
-f :the name of the resulting archive file.
-z or -j : compress file (tar -z)
• Extract: Pull one or more files out of an archive.
-x : Extract files from an archive.
-j: Decompress with the bzip2 command.
-f: Operate on the given archive.
• List: Show the contents of the archive without extracting.
-t : List the files in the archive.
-j: Decompress with the bzip2 command.
-f: Operate on the given archive.

● zip is to add files to an archive and compress it.

● unzip: decompress
 ch8
• Linux is case sensitive
• The Asterisk *: to represent zero or more of any character in a filename.
• Question Mark ? : matches exactly one character
• Brackets [ ]: representing a range of characters
• Exclamation Point !: to negate a range. (‫)استثناء‬
• ls : display the contents of the directory and directory name(‫)االسم و المحتويات‬
• ls-d: to display just the name of directories ( ‫)األسم بس‬
• cp command is used to copy files
• The structure : cp [source] [destination]
• -v : show output if successful
• -i: ask yes(y) or no(n)
• -n : default no
• -r: copy both files and directories.
● mv command to move a file.
● If you don't have the right permissions, you will receive a "Permission
denied" error message.
● The mv command is not just used to move a file, but also to rename a file.
● The name of the file will change only if a destination file name is also
specified.
● If a destination directory is not specified, the file will be renamed using the
destination file name and remain in the source directory.

● -i: Interactive: Ask if a file is to be overwritten.

● -n : No Clobber: Do not overwrite a destination files' contents.
● -v : Verbose: Show the resulting move.
touch: create an empty file
mkdir: create directory
rm : to delete a file ( ‫عشان ما ينحذف شي بالغلط‬ i ‫)يفضل استخدام‬
rm-r: delete a directory
 Ch7
● In Linux, everything is stored in files.
● Files are used to store data such as text, graphics, and programs.
● Directories are a type of file used to store other files.
● Directories are used to provide a hierarchical organization structure.
● Linux directory structure, called a filesystem
● Top level call root
● root directory ( ‫ يرمز لها‬by the slash / character).
● ls/: display name of the root directory
● directory called home under the root / directory.
● The home directory ) ‫(يشار له‬has a special symbol used to represent it,
the tilde ~ character.
● The directory name is the same as the name of the user.
● The pwd (print working directory) command: can be used to determine where
the user is currently located within the filesystem. ‫بطبع الموقع الحالي للمستخم‬
● cd (change directory) command: To navigate in filesystem ‫للتنقل عبر النظام‬
● cd : ‫بس لحالها راح توديني للهوم‬
● If the user tries to change to a directory that does not exist, the command
returns an error message
● A path is a list of directories separated)‫ (مفصول بينهم‬by the / character.

● There are two types of paths :

1- Absolute Paths : allow the user to specify the exact location of a directory.
Absolute paths always starts at the root directory, and therefore it always
begins with the / character.
Ex: /home/sysadmin
I can also use cd (change directory) ex: cd /home/sysadmin

2- Relative Paths: gives directions to a file relative to the current location in

the filesystem. ‫بعطي اتجاهات الملف بالنسبة للموقع الحالي‬
Relative paths start with the name of a directory
Ex: cd school/art

● cd.. (back one directory)

● cd../../ (use in longer path )
● cd.( always represents the current directory.)
● ls command is used to display the contents of a directory
● A hidden file is any file (or directory) that begins with a dot . character.
● ls-a : show all the file even hidden one .
● Each file has details associated with it called metadata, this can include
information such as the size, ownership, or timestamps.
● ls-l : to display metadata .
● File Type:
The first character of each line indicates the type of file
Ex: drwxr-x--- 2 root adm 4096 Mar 14 17:48 apache2
● The file types are:
d--- directory ---A file used to store other files.
(-)---regular file--Includes readable files, images files, binary files, and
l---symbolic link---Points to another file.
s---socket---Allows for communication between processes
p---pipe---Allows for communication between processes
b---block file---Used to communicate with hardware.
c---character file ---Used to communicate with hardware.
● drwxr-xr-x 1 sysadmain atmp 108150 Apr 11 21:58 bootstrap.log
● File Type
● Permissions:The next nine characters demonstrate the permissions of the file.
● Hard Link Count: This number indicates how many hard links point to this file.
● User Owner: Every file is owned by a user account.This is important because
the owner has the rights to set permissions on a file.
● Group Owner: Indicates which group owns this file, this is important because
any member of this group has a set of permissions on the file.
● File size: Size of files in bytes.
● Timestamp: Indicates when a file’s contents were last modified.
● File Name:The name of the file or directory.
● Ls-l : displays file sizes in bytes
● ls-lh: display file size in a human readable size, like megabytes or gigabytes.
● ls-d: display the current directory
● ls-l: display the contents of the directory
● ls-R: Recursive Listing
● ls-lS: To sort files by size, we can use the -S option (capital letter s).
● ls-lSh: display human-readable file sizes
● ls-tl: display based on the time they were modified
● ls -t --full-time :display modification time information (including hours,
minutes, seconds)
● ls -lrS: a reverse sort
ch6
● Man Pages: The developers of UNIX created help documents called man
pages (short for manual page).
● Def : Man pages provide a basic description of the purpose of the command,
as well as details regarding available options.
● the man command : display man pages
● to control Man pages use arrows , to exit from it used Key Q
● Man pages are broken into sections.
● Each section is designed to provide specific information about a command.
1- NAME: Provides the name of the command and a very brief description.
2- SYNOPSIS(‫) الملخص‬: Provides examples of how the command is executed.
3- DESCRIPTION: Provides a more detailed description of the command.
4- OPTIONS: Lists the options for the command as well as a description of
how they are used
5- FILES: Provides a more detailed description of the command.
6- AUTHOR: Provides the name of the person who created the man page and
(sometimes) how to contact the person.
7- REPORTING BUGS: Provides details on how to report problems with the
command.
8- COPYRIGHT: Lists the options for the command as well as a description of
how they are used
9- SEE ALSO: Provides you with an idea of where you can find additional
information. This often includes other commands that are related to this
command
● To organize all of these man pages, they are categorized by sections.
By default there are nine default sections of man pages:
1. General Commands
2. System Calls
3. Library Calls
4. Special Files
5. File Formats and Conventions
6. Games
7. Miscellaneous ‫متنوع‬
8. System Administration Commands
9. Kernel Routines
● The man command searches each of these sections in order until it finds the
first match. To search a man page for a term, press the / and type the term
followed by the Enter key.
 ● whereis :To search for the location of a command or the man pages for a
command, use the whereis command.
● Man pages are easily distinguished from commands as they are typically
compressed with a program called gzip, resulting in a filename that ends
in .gz.
،gzip ‫يمكن تمييز صفحات الدليل بسهولة عن األوامر حيث يتم ضغطها عادةً باستخدام برنامج يسمى‬
.gz. ‫مما يؤدي إلى اسم ملف ينتهي بـ‬
● locate command: To find any file or directory
● The -c option to the locate command will list how many files match:
Ex: sysadmin@localhost:~$ locate -c passwd
97
● Use the -b option to search only filenames and add a \ in front of the search
term
Ex: locate -b "\passwd"
● Man pages are excellent sources of information, but they do tend to have a
few disadvantages:
1-Each man page is a separate document, not related to any other man page.
2- Man pages may can be difficult to read.

● The info command : also provides documentation on operating system

commands and features.
1-Info documentation as a logical organizational structure, making reading
documentation easier.

2-Information is broken down into categories that work much like a table of
contents in a book.

● Consider man pages to be more of a reference resource and info documents

to be more of a learning guide.
.‫ ومستندات المعلومات لتكون بمثابة دليل تعليمي‬, ‫اعتبر صفحات الدليل بمثابة مصدر مرجعي‬
● A listing of movement commands is available by hitting the Shift+H key while
reading the info documentation.

l Close this help window.

q Quit Info altogether. ‫قم بإنهاء المعلومات تما ًما‬.
h Invoke the Info tutorial.
Up Move up one line.
Down Move down one line.
PgUp Scroll backward one screenful. ‫قم بالتمرير للخلف بمقدار شاشة واحدة‬.
PgDn Scroll forward one screenful. ‫قم بالتمرير لألمام بمقدار شاشة واحدة‬.
Home Go to the beginning of this node.
End Go to the end of this nod

To quit the info documentation, use the Q key.

● --help command : provide basic information

 Ch5
● Once a user has entered a command the terminal then accepts what the user
has typed and passes to a shell.
● The CLI provides more precise control, greater speed and the ability to
automate tasks more easily through scripting.
‫( تحك ًما أكثر دقة وسرعة أكبر وقدرة على أتمتة المهام بسهولة أكبر‬CLI) ‫توفر واجهة سطر األوامر‬
.‫من خالل البرمجة النصية‬
● The shell is the command line interpreter that translates commands entered
by a user into actions to be performed by the operating system.
‫الصدفة هي مترجم سطر األوامر الذي يترجم األوامر التي يدخلها المستخدم إلى إجراءات ليتم تنفيذها بواسطة‬
.‫نظام التشغيل‬
● Bash shell: 1-Command line history 2- Inline editing 3-Scripting
● Aliases : The ability to create short nicknames for longer commands.
● Variables : Used to store information for the Bash shell and for the user.
● Current Directory (~)tilda
● A command is a software program that when executed on the CLI, performs
an action on the computer.
● This additional input comes in two forms: options and arguments.
1- Options: are used to modify the core behavior of a command.
Ex : la-l (additional information about the files)
2- Arguments: are used to provide additional information (such as a filename
or a username).) ‫بكون على شكل باث (مسار‬
Ex: la
● history command: To view the entire history list of a termina
● ‫اذا حطيت رقم مثال ثالثة برجع لي اخر ثالثة حركات عملتها‬
● 1-Local variables exist only in the current shell. When the user closes a
terminal window or shell, all of the variables are lost.
● Echo : print
● 2- Environment variables, also called global variables, are available system-
wide
● Ex: PATH, HOME, and HISTSIZE
● The export command is used to turn a local variable into an environment
variable.
Exported variables can be removed using the unset command
● The env command outputs a list of the environment variables.