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เลมที่ 4
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 ก   !"#"$ก % & '  4 %)*+#

,! - .$!     ก/ก!  0   !.$!%1 !&! ก#
!.2 %!  03%0ก%ก4%1,2,ก.$!  &!,  '!&#! #4&5,'

 6 7#8')629
3 ก   .8. 2550
 

ก 1 18
ก 2 9  10
ก 3 11  12
ก 4 13  20
 ก 1

ก 1.1
1. ก! a, b, c 3B# ,4& 3B8$ ' 2$'!"#,&3
1) 1! a | b 0 a | c !# a | (b + c)
 ,2# a | b 0 a | c
 0# ,4 m, n !
b = am 0 c = an
0&!# b + c = am + an = a(m + n)
%0# m + n 3B# ,4 &!# a | (b + c) ,,!ก%

2) 1! a | b !# am | bm  m ∈ Z
 ,2# a | b 0&!## ,4 k ! b = ak
"$D, ก%!# m 0&!# bm = (ak)m = (am)k
%0 0 am | bm ,,!ก%

3) 1! a | b 01! a | (b + c) !# a | c
 ,2# a | b 0 a | (b + c)
0&!## ,4 m, n ! b = am 0 b + c = an
 am + c = an
% c = an  am = a(n  m)
%0 0 a | c

4) 1! a | b 01! a | (bx + cy) !# a | c  x, y ∈ Z
 ,2# a | b 0 a | (bx + cy)
0&!## ,4 k, m ! b = ak 0 bx + cy = am
 (ak)x + cy = am
% a(kx) + cy = am
0&!# cy = am  a(kx) = a(m  kx)
%0 0 a | c

 5) 1! b | c 0 a | bc !# ab | c
 ! q = bc
,2# b | c 0 a |q
0&!## ,4 k, m ! c = bk 0 q = am
 cq = (bk)(am) = (mk)ab
%0 0 ab | c

6) 1! b | c 0 bc | a !# c | ab
 2$'  #ก! 5)

2. %# ,4#ก n 2$'!"#,&3
1) 3 | (22n  1)
 E:  n = 1 0&!# 3 | (22  1) %2 %0# 3 | 3
/3 :  n = k ,2# 3 | (22k  1)
2%D 22(k + 1)  1 = 22k + 2  1
= 22k ⋅ 22  1
= 4 ⋅ 22k  1
= (4 ⋅ 22k  4)  1 + 4
= 4(22k  1) + 3
%0# 3 | (22k  1) 0 3 | 3 %0 0/3 3B%2
%/3&!# 3 | (22n  1) %/กF # ,4#ก n

2) 2 | (n2  n)
 E:  n = 1 0&!# 2 | (12  1) %0# 2 |0
/3 :  n = k ,2# 2 | (k2  k) 2%D'
(k + 1)2  (k + 1) = (k2 + 2k + 1)  (k + 1)
= (k2  k) + 2k
%0# 2 | (k2  k) 0 2 | 2k
%/3&!# 2 | (n2  n) %/ก# ,4#ก n

3) 3 | (n3  n)
 E:  n = 1 0&!# 3 | (13  1) %0# 3 |0
/3 :  n = k ,2# 3 | (k3  k) 2%D'
(k + 1)3  (k + 1) = (k3 + 3k2 + 3k + 1)  (k + 1)
= (k3  k) + (3k2 + 3k)
= (k3  k) + 3(k2 + k)

2 ก ! 4 #$%& '()*+,

 %0# 3 | (k3  k) 0 3 | 3(k2 + k)
&!# 3 | (n3  n) %/ก# ,4#ก n

     

ก 1.2
1.  .%..  24 ก 50 %!2$'",!#
&3 %0# 50 = 24(2) + 2
24 = 2(12)
 .%..  24 ก 50 ก 2

2. ! a, b, c, d 3B# ,4 0 d = (a, b) 2$'!"#,&3

1) ( da , db ) = 1
 ก d = (a, b)
-  กก%%# 2 !0&!# d = ax + by %# ,4 x, y
, d > 0 0&! 1 = dd = ax +d by
= ( da ) x + ( db ) y
%0 0 ( da , db ) = 1 ,,!ก%

! +4 ก! 1) 2$'&!- ,%ก2  ก #! !.$! 2$' 3B
ก
2) (a + bc, b) = (a, b)
 0,! # d = (a + bc, b)
ก d = (a, b) 0&!## ,4 m, n ! a = md 0 b = nd
0&!# a + bc = md + (nd)c
= (m + nc)d
%0# m, n, c 3B# ,4 &!# d | (a + bc) 0 %0# d | b
- 2  1.2 (1) 0&! d = (a + bc, b)

3) 1! (a, b) = 1 0 a | bc !# a | c
 ก (a, b) = 1 0&!# ax + by = 1 %# ,4 x, y
0 %0# a | bc 0&!## ,4 q ! bc = ak
ก ax + by = 1 "$D, ก%!# c 0&!
(ax)c + (by)c = c

-+.+ &/01+ 3
 (ac)x + (bc)y = c
(ac)x + (ak)y = c
a(cx + ky) = c
%0# c, x, k, y 3B# ,4&!# a | c

3. 1! d | (35n + 26), d | (7n + 3) 0 d > 1  # d = 11

 0,! # 11 = (35n + 26)x + (7n + 3)y %# ,4 x, y
1!# ,4 x, y ก #ก4 #!"#,!ก%2$' 3B%2
ก 11 = (35x + 7y)n + (26x + 3y)
 3%026290&!# 35x + 7y = 0 -----(1)
26x + 3y = 11 -----(2)
(1) × 3; 105x + 21y = 0 -----(3)
(2) × 7; 182x + 21y = 77 -----(4)
(4)  (3); 77x = 77
0&! x = 1 0 y =  5 ## ,4 x, y ,!ก%
0&!,#!"#,!ก%2$' 3B%2

4. ! a, b, m 3B# ,4& 3B8$ ' !# (m, ab) = 1 ก4,  (m, a) = 1 = (m, b)
 (fl) ,2# (m, ab) = 1
-  กก%%# 2 !0&!# mx + (ab)y = 1 %# ,4 x, y
%0# mx + (ab)y = mx + a(by) = 1 0&! (m, a) = 1
0  #ก mx + (ab)y = mx + b(ay) = 1 0&! (m, b) = 1
(›) 2$'  #ก

5. 2$'#1! a, b 3B# ,4#ก"$ !# (a, b) = 2 ⋅ ( 2a , 2b )

 ,2! d = ( 2a , 2b )
0&!## ,4 m, n ! 2a = md 0 2b = nd
 a = (2d)m 0 b = (2d)n
0&!# 2d | a 0 2d | b " (a, b) = 2d = 2 ⋅ ( 2a , 2b )

4 ก ! 4 #$%& '()*+,

6. 2$'#1! a 3B# ,4"$ 0 b 3B# ,4" !# (a, b) = ( 2a ,b )
 ,2# a 3B# ,4"$ 0 b 3B# ,4" 0! d = ( 2a ,b )
0&!## ,4 m, n ! 2a = md 0 b = nd
 a = 2md 0 b = nd
0&!# d | a 0 d | b " d = (a, b)

7. 2$'#1! a, b 3B# ,4-  (a, b) = 1 !# (an, bn) = 1 %/กF # ,4#ก n
  !#26ก%/3 2"D2,8,%'  ก  a, b

:  n = 1 0&!# (a, b) = 1 %0 3B!,2E- '

  :  n = k ,2# d = (ak, bk) = 1 %/กF # ,4#ก k
0&! ak = dm 0 bk = dn %# ,4 m, n
2%D ak + 1 = ak ⋅ a = (dm)a = d(ma) 0 bk + 1 = bk ⋅ b = (dn)b = d(nb)
0&! d | ak + 1 0 d | bk + 1 " d = (ak + 1, bk + 1) = 1
%0 0 (an, bn) = 1 %/กF # ,4#ก n

8. 2$'# 7 &%1  ! $%$3ก%%# 2 ! 18,209 ก 19,043

 -  !,#26 /" 2
ก 19,043 = 18,209(1) + 834
18,209 = 834(21) + 695
834 = 695(1) + 139
695 = 139(5)
0&!# .%..  18,209 ก 19,043 ก 139
# 139 %1  ! $%$3ก%%# 2 ! 18,209 ก 19,043
5&  7 ,- 'ก %0 0 7 &%1  %$3ก%%# 2 !
18,209 ก 19,043 &!

     

-+.+ &/01+ 5
ก 1.3
1. 2$')*+ 1.6
 (fl) ,2# m = [a, b]
- 2  1.3 0&!# a | m 0 b | m
! n 3B,#"$D%#F  a ก b 0 n > 0
0 4&!# m ≤ n ( %0# m 3B,#"$D%#! / a ก b)
- ,#26 /" 20&!# n = mq + r % q, r ∈ Z -  0 ≤ r ≤ m
 r = n  mq
%0# a | n ( ก n 3B,#"$D%# a) 0 a | m &!# a | r
  #ก %0# b | n 0 b | m &!# b | r
# r 3B,#"$D%# a ก b
, r ≤ m  r = 0
0&!# n = mq " m | n
(›) ,2# m > 0, a | m, b | m 0 m | n %# ,4 n /ก,# 3B,#"$D%#
 a 0 b
ก m | n 0 m ≥ 0
0&!# m ≤ |n| %/กF n  3B,#"$D%# a 0 b
%0 0 m = [a, b]

! +4 %  % ก )*+# 1 - %8. -K%%D 2 '- 6

2.  # ".%.. &!,#  1.6 3B%2

 %0# [24, 40] = 120
- 2  1.3 0,! #
1) a | m 0 b | m
%0# a = 24, b = 40 0&!# 24 | 120 0 40 | 120 %2
2) 1! c ∈ Z -  a | c 0 b | c !# m | c
ก c = 960 0 4# c ∈ Z
0&!# 24 | 960 0 40 | 960 !# 120 | 960 3B%2

6 ก ! 4 #$%& '()*+,

3. ก! a, b, c 3B# ,4#ก  # [ca, cb] = c ⋅ [a, b]
 ,2! m = [a, b]
0&!# a | m 0 b | m
 m = ap 0 m = bq %# ,4 p, q
0&!# cm = c(ap) 0 cm = c(bq)
% cm = (ca)p 0 cm = (cb)q
0&!# ca | cm 0 cb | cm " [ca, cb] = cm = c ⋅ [a, b]

4. 2$'# a | b ก4,  [a, b] = |b|

 ก! m = [a, b]
(fl) ,2# a | b
- 2  1.3 0,! #
1) a | b 0 b | b
2) % c ∈ Z 1! a | c 0 b | c !# b | c
ก a | b 3B%2,,2E 0 b | b 3B%2%/กF b ∈ Z 
00 4&! # 2) 3B%2- ,22%%'
 [a, b] = b
0ก%D b < 0 ก4%12$'&!  #ก
%0 0 [a, b] = |b|

(›) ,2# m = |b|
ก b>0
,2# m = b
ก b | m 0 r ∈ Z 5 m = br -----(3)
0 %0# a | m 0 s ∈ Z 5 m = as -----(4)
ก (3) 0 (4) 0&!# br = as
, m = b ก (3) 0&! r = 1
 b = as
" a | b
ก b<0
2%D  b > 0 #  ก42%D ก%D b > 0 50&!# a | b
%0 0 กก%D&!# a | b

-+.+ &/01+ 7
5. ก! a, b 3B# ,4#ก !#  # [a, b] = a ⋅ b ก4,  (a, b) = 1
 (fl) กก% (a, b) ⋅ [a, b] = a ⋅ b
a⋅b
0&!# (a, b) = [a, b]
,ก,2E [a, b] = a ⋅ b
a⋅b = a⋅b = 1
%0 0 (a, b) = [a, b] a⋅b
(›) ,2# (a, b) = 1
%0# [a, b] > 0 %/กF a, b ∈ Z
"$D, ก%!# [a, b] 0&!# (a, b) ⋅ [a, b] = 1 ⋅ [a, b] = [a, b]
,ก)*+ 1.7 %%# (a, b) ⋅ [a, b] = a ⋅ b
 [a, b] = a ⋅ b

6. ก! a, b 3B# ,4#ก  # (a, b) | [a, b]

 ก! a, b 3B# ,4#ก 0! d = (a, b) 0 m = [a, b]
0,! # d | m
ก%D (a, b) = 1 0 4&!  3Bก%2$'
 ,2# d = (a, b) > 1
0&!# d | a 0 d | b
 0# ,4 p, q 5 a = pd 0 b = qd
ก m = [a, b]
0&!# a | m 0 b | m
0# ,4 r, s 5 m = ar 0 m = bs
ก m = ar
" a = pd 0&! m = (pd)r = d(pr)
%0# pr 3B# ,4 0&!# d | m
  #ก ก m = bs
" b = qd 0&! m = (qd)s = d(qs)
%0# qs 3B# ,4 0&!# d | m

     

8 ก ! 4 #$%& '()*+,

 ก 2

ก 2.1
1. 2$'# 161,051 3B#3%0ก
 %0# 161,051 = 401
0 %0# 401 = 20
 # 0& ก2 20 &! ก 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19
ก 11 | 161,051 # 161,051 3B#3%0ก

2. 2$'# %# ,4#ก p 1! p 3B# 0 !# p 3B#,%%ก 0

 ,2# p 3B# 0 0 p 3B#,%%ก 0
 1 ก p 3B,#% p
ก p 3B#,%%ก 0 0&!## ,4 a, b ! p = ab
2
 p = a 2 %ก4" a2 = pb2
b
0&!# p = 1 5 3B&3&&! %0 0!"#,!ก%2$' 3B%2

ก 2.2
1.  # 147 ก 323 3B# 06'ก %!. #ก 2 ! 147 ก 323
&3 0,! # (147, 323) = 1 -  !,#26ก%% /" 20&!#
323 = 147(2) + 29
147 = 29(5) + 2
29 = 2(14) + 1
2 = 1(2)
%0 0 (147, 323) = 1
,&30 !#ก%!,! . #ก 2 !,&3
1 = 29  2(14)
= 29  14(147  29(5))
= (323  147(2))  14(147  5(323  147(2)))
= 323  147(2)  147(14) + 70(323)  140(147)
= 71(323)  156(147)
%0 0 . #ก 2 ! 147 ก 323 " 1 = 147(156) + 323(71)

2. 2$'# 1! k 3B# ,4#ก !# 3k + 2 0 5k + 3 3B# 06'ก
 ก- '0,! ## ,4 x, y ! (3k + 2)x + (5k + 3)y = 1
%$3ก%&! (3kx + 5ky) + (2x + 3y) = 1
(3x + 5y)k + (2x + 3y) = 1
 3x + 5y = 0 -----(1)
2x + 3y = 1 -----(2)
(1) × 2; 6x + 10y = 0 -----(3)
(2) × 3; 6x + 9y = 3 -----(4)
(3)  (4); y = 3 0&!# x = 5
%/3&!# # ,4 x, y ,!ก% 0&!,# 3k + 2, 5k + 3 3B# 0
6'ก,,!ก%

     

10 ก ! 4 #$%& '()*+,

 ก 3

ก 3.1
1. 2%D#ก%&- L&' 2 !ก!,&3. %& 1! . #&3
!#
1) 17x + 13y = 100
&3 %0# (17, 13) = 1 0 1 | 100  ก%. 3B# ,4 
2%D 17 = 13(1) + 4
13 = 4(3) + 1
4 = 1(4)
%0 0 1 = 13  4(3)
= 13  3(17  13)
= 17(3) + 13(4)
"$D, ก%!# 100 0&!
100 = 17(300) + 13(400)
 x0 = 300, y0 = 400
%0 0 . #&3" x = 300 + 13n, y = 400  17n  n ∈ Z

2) 1402x + 1969y = 1
&3 2%D 1969 = 1402(1) + 567
1402 = 567(2) + 268
567 = 268(2) + 31
268 = 31(8) + 20
31 = 20(1) + 11
20 = 11(1) + 9
11 = 9(1) + 2
9 = 2(4) + 1
%0 0 (1402, 1969) = 1 0 1 | 1 ,# #. 
2%D 1 = 9  2(4)
= 9  4(11  9)
= 5(9)  4(11)
= 5(20  11)  4(31  20)
= 20(5)  11(5)  31(4) + 20(4)
 = 20(9)  5(31  20)  4(567  268(2))
= 20(14)  31(5)  4(567) + 268(8)
= 14(268  31(8))  5(567  268(2))  4(567) + 268(8)
= 268(14)  31(112)  567(5) + 268(10)  567(4) + 268(8)
= 268(32)  112(567  268(2))  567(9)
= 268(256)  567(121)
= 256(1402  567(2))  121(1969  1402)
= 1402(256)  567(512)  1969(121) + 1402(121)
= 1402(377)  512(1969  1402(1))  1969(121)
= 1402(889) + 1969(633)
0&!# x0 = 889, y0 = 633
%0 0 . #&3" x = 889 + 1969n, y = 633  1402n  n ∈ I

3) 101x + 102y + 103z = 1
&3 4&! #. ก% " x0 = 0, y0 = 1, z0 = 1
0&!# x = 0 + 102n, y = 1  101n, n ∈ Z
" x, y - ' 0&!#
101(102n) + 102(1  101n) + 103z = 1
ก!ก%&! z = 1
%0 0 . #&3 " x = 102n, y = 1  101n, z = 1, n ∈ Z

     

12 ก ! 4 #$%& '()*+,

 ก 4

ก 4.1
1. "/- 6 %# ,4#ก 20 ,# %ก
&3
n n (mod 6) n n (mod 6)
1 1 11 5
2 2 12 0
3 3 13 1
4 4 14 2
5 5 15 3
6 0 16 4
7 1 17 5
8 2 18 0
9 3 19 1
10 4 20 2

2. "/- 7 %# ,4#ก 20 ,# %ก

&3
n n (mod 7) n n (mod 7)
1 1 11 4
2 2 12 5
3 3 13 6
4 4 14 0
5 5 15 1
6 6 16 2
7 0 17 3
8 1 18 4
9 2 19 5
10 3 20 6
3. "/- 21 %# ,4#ก, , 100  119
&3
n n (mod 21) n n (mod 21)
100 16 110 5
101 17 111 6
102 18 112 7
103 19 113 8
104 20 114 9
105 0 115 10
106 1 116 11
107 2 117 12
108 3 118 13
109 4 119 14

4. "/- 19 %# ,4#ก, , 171  200

&3
n n (mod 19) n n (mod 19) n n (mod 19)
171 0 181 10 191 1
172 1 182 11 192 2
173 2 183 12 193 3
174 3 184 13 194 4
175 4 185 14 195 5
176 5 186 15 196 6
177 6 187 16 197 7
178 7 188 17 198 8
179 8 189 18 199 9
180 9 190 0 200 10

14 ก ! 4 #$%& '()*+,

5.   -3% ก%"2# ,%' "/- 31 %# ,4#ก 100 ,# %ก
&3 .$!  0 %,!  (source code) 3BK*"2# ,%' 2 K*&! ก
1) K*3" (Pascal)
2) K*5 (C Language)

 
Program Modulo;
Uses CRT;
Var n, i, temp_mod : integer;
Begin
CLRSCR;
Writeln(=Programming to find modulo of the first hundred positive integersA);
For i := 1 to 100 Do
Begin
temp_mod := i mod 31;
Writeln(=i: A, i, = => remainder = A, temp_mod:5);
End;
Readkey;
End.

#include <stdio.h>
int n, i, temp_mod;
void main() {
printf(Programming to find modulo of the first hundred positive integers\n);
for (i=1; i<=100; i++) {
temp_mod = i%31;
printf(%d => remainder = %d\n,i,temp_mod);
}
}

     

-+.+ &/01+ 15
ก 4.2
1. ก! a, b, c, m 3B# ,4-  m > 0 2$'!"#,&3
ก) 1! ca ≡ cb (mod m) 0 (c, m) = 1 !# a ≡ b (mod m)
 ,2# ca ≡ cb (mod m) 0 (c, m) = 1
0&!# m | (ca  cb) %ก4" m | c(a  b)
ก m F c  m | (a  b)
" a ≡ b (mod m)

) 1! ca ≡ cb (mod m) -  c > 0 0 c | m !# a ≡ b ( mod mc )
 ,2# ca ≡ cb (mod m) -  c > 0
0&!# m | (ca  cb) %ก4" m | c(a  b)
%0# c | m 0&!# mc | (a  b)
" a ≡ b ( mod mc )

2. ก! a, b 3B# ,4 0 m, n 3B# ,4#ก5 a ≡ b (mod m) 2$'#1!

n | m !# a ≡ b (mod n)
 ก a ≡ b (mod m) 0&!# m | (a  b)
 0# ,4 k ! a = b + km
ก n | m 0# ,4 p ! m = np
0&!# a = b + k(np) = b + (kp)n
%ก4" n | (a  b)  a ≡ b (mod n)

3. ก! a, b 3B# ,4 0 m, c 3B# ,4#ก 2$'#1! a ≡ b (mod m) !#

ca ≡ cb (mod cm)
 ก a ≡ b (mod m) 0# ,4 k ! a = b + km
%0# c ≠ 0  "$D, ก%!# c 0&!# ca = cb + (km)c
 ca = cb + k(cm)
" ca ≡ cb (mod cm)

16 ก ! 4 #$%& '()*+,

4. ก! a, b, m 3B# ,4-  m > 0 0 a ≡ b (mod m) 2$'# (a, m) = (b, m)
 ก a ≡ b (mod m) 0&!## ,4 k ! a = b + km
ก! d = (a, m) 0&!# a = pd 0 m = qd %# ,4 p, q
 pd = b + k(qd)
pd  (kq)d = b
(p  kq)d = b
%0# p, k, q 3B# ,4 &!# d | b
0 %0# d | m &!# d = (b, m)
" (a, m) = (b, m)

5. 2$')*+ 4.3 !$%D'

 (›) ! d = (c, m) ,2# a ≡ b ( mod md )
0&!# md | (a  b)  0# ,4 k ! a = b + k ( md )
%0# d = (c, m) 0&!# d | c
 0# ,4 p ! c = pd
( )
0&!# a = b + k pmc
%0# c > 0  "$D, ก%!# c 0&! ac = bc + (kp)m
%0# kp 3B# ,40&!# m | (ac  bc)
" ac ≡ bc (mod m) %ก4" ca ≡ cb (mod m)

     

-+.+ &/01+ 17
ก 4.3
1. ก! a, b 3B# ,4 0 p 3B# 0#ก
1) 2$'# 1 + 2 + 3 + L + (n  1) ≡ 0 (mod n) ก4,  n 3B# ,4"
 (fl) ,2# 1 + 2 + 3 + L + (n  1) ≡ 0 (mod n)
#ก!K"!# 1 0&!# 1 + 2 + 3 + L + n ≡ 1 (mod n)
0 4&!# n ,! 3B# ,4" 
(›) ,2! n 3B# ,4"
 0 k ∈ Z 5 n = 2k + 1
2%D 1 + 2 + 3 + L + n = 1 + 2 + 3 + L + (2k + 1) ≡ 1 (mod n)
% 1 + 2 + 3 + L + 2k ≡ 0 (mod n)
0&!# 1 + 2 + 3 + L + (n  1) ≡ 0 (mod n)
2) 2$'#1! a2 ≡ a (mod p) !# a ≡ 0 (mod p) % a ≡ 1 (mod p)
 ,2# a2 ≡ a (mod p)
0&!# a2  a ≡ 0 (mod p)
 p | (a2  a)
%0# a2  a = a(a  1)  p | a(a  1)
%0# p 3B# 0  p | a % p | (a  1)
0&!# a ≡ 0 (mod p) % a ≡ 1 (mod p)

2.  8*  กก%%2',&3
1) % 13 + 23 + 33 + L + 103 !# 11
&3 1 ≡ 1 (mod 11) => 13 ≡ 1 (mod 11)
2 ≡ 2 (mod 11) => 23 ≡ 8 (mod 11)
3 ≡ 3 (mod 11) => 33 ≡ 5 (mod 11)
4 ≡ 4 (mod 11) => 43 ≡ 9 (mod 11)
5 ≡ 5 (mod 11) => 53 ≡ 4 (mod 11)
6 ≡ 6 (mod 11) => 63 ≡ 7 (mod 11)
7 ≡ 7 (mod 11) => 73 ≡ 2 (mod 11)
8 ≡ 8 (mod 11) => 83 ≡ 6 (mod 11)
9 ≡ 9 (mod 11) => 93 ≡ 3 (mod 11)
10 ≡ 10 (mod 11) => 103 ≡ 10 (mod 11)
%0 0 13 + 23 + 33 + L + 103 ≡ 1 + 8 + 5 + 9 + 4 + 7 + 2 + 6 + 3 (mod 11)

18 ก ! 4 #$%& '()*+,

 ≡ 45 (mod 11)
≡ 1 (mod 11)
" % 13 + 23 + 33 + L + 103 !# 11 !#0   8* ก 1

2) % 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + L + 101 !# 7
&3 1 ≡ 1 (mod 7)
3 ≡ 3 (mod 7)
5 ≡ 5 (mod 7)
7 ≡ 0 (mod 7)
9 ≡ 2 (mod 7)
11 ≡ 4 (mod 7)
13 ≡ 6 (mod 7)
15 ≡ 1 (mod 7)
17 ≡ 3 (mod 7)
19 ≡ 5 (mod 7)
L L L L
0&!# 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + L + 101 ≡ (1 + 3 + 5) + 0 + (2 + 4 + 6) + L (mod 7)
≡ [7(1 + 3 + 5) + 7(0) + 7(2 + 4 + 6)] + 99 + 101 (mod 7)
≡ 168 + 99 + 101 (mod 7)
≡ 0 + 1 + 3 (mod 7)
≡ 4 (mod 7)
" 8*  กก%%!# 7 " ก 4

-+.+ &/01+ 19
 3) % 12 + 32 + 52 + 72 + L + 1012 !# 131
51
&3 %0# 12 + 32 + 52 + 72 + L + 1012 = ∑ (2k − 1)2
k =1
51
= ∑ (4k 2 − 4k + 1)
k =1
51 51 51
= 4 ∑ k2  4 ∑ k + ∑ 1
k =1 k =1 k =1
= 4  516 (51 + 1)(2(51) + 1)   4  512 (51 + 1)  + 51
= 182,104  5304 + 51
= 176,851
0&!# 12 + 32 + 52 + 72 + L + 1012 (mod 131) = 176,851 (mod 131) = 1
 8*  กก%%!# 131 " ก 1

     

20 ก ! 4 #$%& '()*+,