-- ---- .

E-:xrt~l{\t\1\l::N·1· Nt): 2.

() l1,i cc tivc:

To n1crlsurc s~~p response of 1~(~ and Rl, circuits using oscilloscope

~:,ck.ground Tucory:

TIie transient response of a circuit (1. r u system) is the dynamic behavior or the circuit (or lh1.:
1

s ystcm) when a input or forcing [ui1ction is applied to it. Before i1 attends u steady stale .Siep
response and the impulse response are the transient responses or the circuit to the step and
impulse input functions.
l . , Unit Step input :
It is a function of time which is zero for all values of time less than zero and is unity for
all times greater than zero. The function can be expressed mathematically as.
- -
u (t) = }
ro t c o
· t1·t~O 2.l
f

\ Whose plot ts shown in ti.g ( l. l.)

I'

u(t)

--- ------- ;,,

2. . l J nit l ru p u lse I n put:

I.t ts a function (ii. time '.'. l1i·~11 has unity amplitude tor an infinitc'5i1nal tune. ft can be
defined ::1~.
,. ro r :~ O
,.. . . \ ~·
..
() l .•• • - I 1. •• . ' - \
·,-··1··-··)
-·, . -·1
\0 t :., ·J

. - ~--.
l•
...
,..l
.
t. -• •J
..·, . :··'
-·
. :,:,
 )
\
I

'\
·.
\
' . .
•
•
\
I
.
\
I,
\
\
•\
'.
\ •.

I01 l
\
\\
•
\

Fi~ ( \ .2) Unit lrnpul se Function

-
3. Step Respo nse of an R~ and RC Circuit : . . ...
Fi~ ( \ .3) shows a series RL circuit with a constant voltage applied by closing the
';;\.\.':"iLch. S at t = O. The: operation of the switch with the b~.ttt:~Y is equivalent ro a
forcing function V.u(t) where u(t).is a unit step input. t·.: .~·~
.- .
-
,!"
~
..

s ., ::-.

~---~~~--~<V""'\____.
·\ o t ·~
~ ~~~ L
ii.;.; •
\_.,I

I
i -
- .• . v R

Fi~ ( 1.3) Series RL circuit

- .

lf inductor is de-energised such that the current before the instant of switching, il O') is
zero. the response i(t) of the circuit is governed by the followir{g differential equation,
v,.. ri ue n .5 i mply by apply i n·g Kirchhoff's voltage I~\,. in the circuit of fig ( i.3 ).

di (r)
Ri(r) + L-·· = \/ulr)
cir ( l .4)
On solving \Ve get,

( l . 5)
•
where l == V/R is the. steady state value of the current and,
r = !_/R is kno)vn as the time constant of thc~ircLM·c.
::
...., .

The vu l uige across the resistor is gi ven by.

-, ~
vr(c) = \.1(\-e /:)
( I . 6)
Seep response of un RC circuit can obtained in the s.irne 1r,~u'nc,· n c ·11. cl . h
. I I l . r,r- . . · .,,., , 1 e c ·..
1 s ... o
._ '- t r I;:"
R I circuit. F 1~ ( .-t) s rows a :;;er1.::s L,l_ cucuu <: ,.:.:it.::d bv a con:;c·,nc ''Ole·,.
• - - · ~- ,,gc ":>Ourcc.
,
s R
../\/\/\;-
~~- I

I
I- .
I
I
•
\J I-- c
~

I
l
•
t
I

The: capacitor to be cornplcte ly di sch arged. When the switch S. is closed.

is assumed
· the step voltage Vis applied to thecircu it. By applying Kirchotfs voltage law to the!
circuit. the fo\lo\ving differeruiu! equution is obtained.

l
Ri(r) + - J i(c)dr =V ~ I . 7 .l
c
.. Differentiating cquntion ( 1.3) yields .

Rcli(c) I
+ · -- i(c) =0 l l . 8)
le c
O n so I vi n g v: c g c l.
-,/
.,
1•t
) = e · ,_·
I
' " l I .9 I
where l = V /R. is the
. initial value of the current and
r = RC is 1h1~ time constant of the circuit.

The voltage across the capacitor v.:(t). is given by.

v •. l r ) = \.,' ( l - e -:;; )
u.ro:
-, The step response of the first order ( low pass 1 circuits can be char:.i.cterisc:d by the
- . ...... , . '· . . .: ' . -' .. ...'.".....
\
\,,....
- ' • C'" •.• , • t. ,: ., :_ ·'-., :; - I ~
\
..... : ·-

.-:. \
•• ~-------------:----· ..

\.
..•.
. . . . •I
' '
.
t i
II/ ••

. .,.
: i
I ~
• I

I•
•J

. ·-·---
I... -· --------
------------ --- ---

-L Pu lse Rc-: • >n ......

. . 11.J ' ' ' .. .. "\. .~ :,...... f ..
. \,·······1'
'-•'•' .... \.. ,. . ...
,1':i;,
.....·:... · ' ll I l ....;"\\ . ,,"
. . :. ",· . . . . ~ , '
,.,. 11 \

. - ... -
. ' I ......
 . \
\

\\
..~·•
.J

•\
I
•\
( \l 0<£<!. I'.,
J (I.II)
v,(rY=\_o { c t «: t I'/' \
,,,, <,
I \
\
where tp~, = pulse width and lpp = pulse period. •

vi( l)
1

.
0 ll)\\ l~p l ~

Fig ( I .61 Pulse! Wave forrn

'""--./·
Using the similar method of analysis as· the case of the. seep response of the system, the
output v0(t)·is given by,
.;
.
f V ( I - e ~Y: ) 0 < ( < ( .,,~
·.
v ,, (l)=1
. «t ..
\le l: (1.12)
( ,... < ( < ( ....

The: plot of the output v0(t) is shown in figt I."/).

: . .. . . . . . . . .

0
l

f:ig ( 1.71 Rc!sponsc! of ch~ Firs: Order s:.-scc:n1 r'Jr Puls l

c.~ . ~ • ' • :>c! npuc

The irnpujse input function c~111 be clcri,·~ct :.is the li111icin.z case ·\Jf. .. ,.
ch~figll.S). - :.ipul~e
I - 1 v J
i
!
I
. I.
i
2VI .-- --. I
v\:-----, .•.

T 0
I
T,2
l --1) T • • ... l _j_
I t :,

0
F ·, ..
-
{I~,\
• ·•I,
.. , ..
do, •\.,
·I .
sc ,\, \,\' -
·I ..
Jl;\t1(•,• I
.
• \'" '( ti-,,, "'ti.
- • • • : .... ... ...... '. • • .... t I~ :::.t: •
 'I

u· \V·~.·ni.:1k..>
. . the
. pulse width lpw very small and period of the pulse. t11r very larg:~. then
the input ,·.t.t) can bt' upproxinuued as the impulse input. [n such a case. when tp\\ --,Q
an cl \ · --7. cc • the output is g i v c: n by .

l t I

= -1"
-r

The cqu~Hion ( l .13) represents

v ,, (!) e tr
theirnpulse response of any first order circuit.
(1.\3)
I
5 Tirue Constant: Tune taken by the system to obtain the 63(7c of its steady suue
value is known as the time constant of the circuit. It is usually denoted by r.

L .:.\. B o R .--\. T O R Y i.\· I E .:.\. S U R E i\ I E N T S v S T E i'v I

l_ist of Equipment und Acc~ssories :

L Signal generator
~. Oscil loscope
3. Decade Resistor Box !
l
,
't
I·

4. Dec''ade Inductance Box.

5.;Dc~:.idl: Capacitance Box

6. Connecting Leads
7. BNC -r Connector

•
The step function is obtained in the labor.uorv by using a square wuve r'orrn trorn :..1

t'unc tion ~1:nl:..'.r:nur. The rising c.:Jg~ of a square wave looks like a step functil;n~ Ir' the:
. .
square wavctorm is applied co the first order circuit. the response is chc sequence of
. -··
seep response as sho vvn in fig( 1.7). An oscilloscope is adjusted co display these ·
wuvet'orm. The time period of the square waveform should be long enough c~ permit
• r,o • \
ere step response {0 reach the steady state valee before the next step occurs. The re rore. . ,:,-

the rime period of the square waveform should be upproximarety l Oruen times the

--------·----------·-·------------------ ·-----
: Pretiminory Calculation : ·(',- 1
I
•

L· ,, i n ~ t ll~
- v ~ d u-.: s 0f c k.' n 1 c: n t , ~ i'- .: : 1 ..
. \: I)
~ •.. ,._, I LI '·""....
.... ' I ,
.. .. ,,(
\...~tl\....1,
,., ....
... - :
""
•
..
--
-
t~
,i.: rn c· I:
I

\~i)flStanC ~ of th~ tir~l order. ~~C ~U~·.: ::·.t. _. I

I
I I
'------------------····-··· .. ------ ---·----··- ·--·-··-·-

I
I'

•
'•
 ''\
\
'\

·r. . x ao f{.i\ --r o 1~ v 1? rt o c r~ r> tr I{ 1~ :

.. . t rand the Oscilloscope
, I
O pc r H l i On () l. I...· u "t: t~l
. l:2_!) IQ.lJCj.
,r£C• .!.!ll£.C£r1}_,
, \~OQI..3!.,!.~..!-..!..!.£..:~~:..:.;.,;;..___.___

\
\
l . Identify the cquipmeru supplied. \
2. Set the function ...zenerutor to produce a+ IV . I Ok Hz squarewave and display on
the osc i l\oscope.

3. To accornpl ish th is, meusu re the amp! itude and frequency using the osc i 11 oscope
I •
and adjust the [unction ge ncraror amplitude and frequency controls. to produce
desired output.

4. Report to the instructor before proceeding to the part B.

Part B l\·'leasurernent of step Response

.
1. Ensure that the Function Generator and the CRO are switched off. \ .......I
'. .
.., . Connect the first order RC circuit as shown in the fig ( 1.9).
. ..

3. Set the values of resistance and capacitance as R=50k:Q" and c · 1 OOpF

respectively .
·,
...' t:.. . . ..:
l ...
4. Report co the Instructor. '

5. Display and sketch the response co a IV step input.

r, 6. Measure the time constant.

r 7. Increase the time constant ofthe circuit and make n1cJsureqJc:nts.

8. Reconnect the first order RL circuit as shown in fig ( 1.10). ··

- .
. 9. Set the values of resistance and inductance ls R = l kQ and L ==. I Ornl-l
~- respectively. ~:
(."

I 0. R·epeat Step 5 co 7.
........

I I. Get the observation signed from one 'or' the staff.

Your report should include all your rc::;ults· and f

de . scription
.. . . ,. orrn sketches .. ~ dct ailed
of the proc~dure is not nece ssary- ·, '-'·ave
... 1 ~ ere nee to this ::ihcec '-'-~"' '4
su f fie ien L \V j l [ be

r ' '<>(
I
I
 ()l1ser\.'atio11 Sl1eet :
---· -
I Seep f-!.l!~non~e of the RL Circuit:
--· .
F-requency o f t h e .input si2:na I . . .......... . ...
,
z
-
l
I
Calculated Observed
s.~o Res istunce. 0.. Inductance, mH
Time Constant. s
Time Constant, s
•
.
.
I .
I

l
I .
' -
,)
~
.
.- I
·. \
. .•
•
' i I•
I
I
3. Draw the observed output waveform (the step response) for any one case. Show I
I
how you measure the time constant graphically.
I
I ~

•
.
. ..

3. Ste!(' Response of the! RC Circuit :

. - k~Hz
F-re que nc y o f t I re input si sna I . .. ..........

pF .
s.~o Re si stunce , D. Capaci ranee.
1
Calculated
Ti me Constun t. s I Observed
Time Constant. $

. -
I
I I • \
,_ .
I -.. .
I - ,o
' ,. I
.. • \ .'
I··- .
~ -=:
, ·-· ..• •

I
(~ I

I--- .• ..
I .

-L [)i-,1-..v the observed output \\· :i. vcf en 111 ( lhc: ~le:µ response) fur :.1.11y one cuse . S iiow
no-v y0u measure the time constant graphically.

,..
, '

\
\
.. \
fllh . l t'\1.\l lh,' rime t;\.)l\~t,\l1l 1..'lt' tl\\' \'\\\'\'\l~ ft\\\\\ l\\1.' t', p .. ·1'\ll\1.'IU, l 'ul\\l\,('l\l un your
•
\'~~1...\\l,,. \\.'h,ll f~\~l\.'ll~ 1.'\)U\ l ~h'1..'1.\l\l\l \'\.'l th1.' dilf1.'l'i..'l\1..'t' \1\'l\\'l'l..'I\ tlh' tl\1;i1S\lll'd Hild

~~\\~1 -\t~tl~(\ values "'l the tuuc \.'<.'n~t~\nl~. \•

I

c-----------
\ I . -- ·---. --- .. l
I

I
"".
~•gr,~1\ l,enerator
I
I
I CHA
c 11 o CHO
I

. OUTtSOoh,"1 \
s~c • ·------------L---'t------
. , . - __ J

T c ,H'Uh! c UH
R
'\l\t\.
I
•
•
' '
J_
c
..
T I
•

••
'"'!!""
Gr~uno

Fi~ ( \ .9\ Circuit for tT'\~~,surin~ -5t~o re~oo_nse of RC circuit

. .
•
I
'
·-
I .•
Signal Generator c
. ' l'; CHA
R 0
. csa
OUT(SOonm1 • ."
u ~c
T C ,,nn::,:t.,r
J
. .
l
•
- ·~
-~---..-. .·~-
I
. .
.
,•
~

""
I"\ _. '
'
'

r , I •- ...., ,. •
. ,- -· ·- -· -- t" , •
\ -
. ...
..... , .. , • .....
. - .-
•'- .. '
:• • ·"'
·--·-· '--: •11· \.". ..:..·' I · I
'' t

••
•
f
..
' •I
r
I
•
.
 --------
----- - -

EXPF.R11vlENT N0.3

Title:

Transient Response in Second order Passive C ircuits

Objective:

To measure step responses of RCl., and I\L circuits usin]; oscilloscope

Step Response o{RCJ_ Circuit:

The behaviorlof a circuit or system which contains two independent cn~;rgy i,tori11e c:1~lr11.:n1:~ i:;
•1 completely described by a second order differential equation. ;\ series l<CI. circuit i~i shown i11
fig(?.\)
R_ L c
--''l'ft~W'--!l,;3'6'!"J)__ \ , ---1

Fig: 2.1 series IZLC~ circuit

The governing differential equation for the circuit: alter the switch Si!'., closed i~i l<)U11d 11p<Jll
applying Kirchhoff's voltage law. Thus,

L di
-1 ..:...' Ri ~ -1
4, ;
J ct. .. =
i
r'
1. 1r
~
(3 .l)
at ·- C

d2.idi: 1
L--+R-+-l=O (3.2)
dt:2 dt C
Amusing all initial contains zero and differentiating w.r.i gives
R di 1
.•
~----z ' . =. •
0 (3.3)
L dt LC

Equation (2.3) is a homogeneous di llcrcntiul cquaiio» c,r scc ourl order a11d it's tlh: 1:<.:rH.:r~ll
solution is civcn
._ as

r:
. . ; .j

\V here: K

-((
are determined
,---
.=
1r-·i?
from the initial coudition:
1
-
(I. - I
-;, I : l.".t•' .•I '))
- I,
I, • -;-- ) . • • ·~
•... . . . l. , .. f
 11"
\
\ -,

or. s.,. - = -CJ. : )r;. ~ - w,;

« here o. :::: R/2 L .rs known as I h e d arnpi "noz: Lcoe tflcien: and \'."n
'
. the natural of resonant frequency of the circuit. \
\
.
'

. . th adical in the above equ;iuon the tr;Jns1ent '.

Dcp~nd1ng upon the expression unoer er . . f (1') err i iuc all ,
.
re soonse ·
can b~ anv. one of the Iollowing: ( 1 > un a c rdurnped
~ i a< c.0n: - -
dumped rf ~=CD:, and : (3) overdurnped ii Cl> Wn.

The .step re s ponse of the series RLC circuit is given below. assuming all zero initial
. .
conciuons.

The under dumped response offhe circuit i:,; given :.l:- Iollowing ,
•, ,}v .
i(_r) = wL
t:-w sinw,1
. ( ,., . I I ) .1
J

- cc.~ and is known as damped natural frequency. Equation (>. \ 2)

where c.u..i =·'1Wr-.:.
represents 3 damped sinusoid. i.e .. the current in the circuit varies v,:ith respect to time
as a sinusoid with frequency. ffid but gradually damping out ill a rate CJ.. as shown in fig
t1.'). Since the current in the circuit reaches its final value of zero in .m oscillatorv
mariner. the circuit in this case is said to be under-damped.

Case II: Criricnllv dancne(! (a.= Cu.,1

The response of the circuit when it is critic allv d.irnped is si ve n
.. . - JS.
.

v
i lr) = - re-,,,
L ( ')- .
,~)
l .)

CClse Ill: Ovt!rdnn,oecl fa> w,,)

-- .
The response of the circuit when it is overdamped is ~i\·en bv
v .e - ·:: - , .
· i l r) =· ( e - ':' - 1
• Li s, - s~) ·

.•.

'
I

1 ~ .L, 13 t) 1~ ,:_\, l' o l{ \' 0i 1 r~ .-\ s u R E \ , E:\ 1' s y s T E i\ r

I

'
2 Osc i lloscc pc

-I. o~c~\d~ Inductance Box

6. C onnect in~ Leads

7. BNC ·1~, Connector

s. 8:\iC 50 rJ. T er minaror. t

,.I
Square wavetorrn of suit~tblc frequency is applied lO the second order circuit lO study
the step response .. i\n oscrlloscope is adjusted to display the response wavetorrn.

The tre quency of the square waveform should be sm:111 enough co perrrut the step

response to reach the steady state value before the next step occurs. ''

Preliinin ary Calc ulatio n : · \

Calculate the values of crit icul v:.iluc of res1st~1ncc RcR· for v:. ducs otinductunce and
capucitunce as 6mH und 6500pF respective iy.

LABORATOR\"PROCEDURE:
I. Set the· function ~ener;.itor to produc~ ;,i : l V. 5kHz squarew ave and display on
- the osci I Iosco pe.

,•
2. Connect the series RLC circuit as shown in the Fi~ ('">.3). -
i
• 3. Report to the lab stuff .

4. Sec values of R .= I kD.. L = 6n1H and C - 6500pf co obtain underdarnped

response this circuit.
.
!
•
.
• 5. Measure the frequency of undcrd:11npccJ oscillations .
i
•

{
6. Obtain cr iuc ally dumped of this circuu.by changing the damping ratio.
r••
·. 7. Ascertain the value
of the (riticJi re~i~tJni:c or' thi:i circuit bv obtainin z a
:
cruically dumped output response.

S. Further increase ihc ·d:.irnpin;? ruuo .1:;J obi: . un the r.ve rdarnped response or the
i
•!
~i rcuu.
l !
I
I
I

17
\
. .

-~.----·
 \\
\
\
...
, .• , ,. l' . •
"'·"'.. ·£·: .. · .• ,_ . . . . ..
''!I."'
'""',... ,•• , • ..•,~-. ....'•·:'. ..,,_ ..
"'')~ t,1

..t"i,~;~.~, ...•• -:- . .

!~f~,7 . , ~-
·t· '",-... ,,~- .,
•• 1 • • •
• in the observation
\..,,..,.•,,-.. • . .
: ..f'.:"'':"\
\""~·:·. ·.. .
.. .~ : the CRO for eJ<.:h case '•.
: • ! ·. ·......
··;~ . l th~ r~,01..)1·,sc·:i
9 . S 1r-.ct.. : 1
(!i.,µl.\yej in \
. '. . . .. . '
I
>he~l. \
\
.' -,
\I CRO \ .
I
I

\
\
•

CHA C:-!B 1·
· Signal Generator .' ....
\
J ()'JT 1 :iucnr.. I I

B -.:c
T C ~, n n, ~ IIH

Ground

Fig t2.3) Circuit d iag rarn for measuring the seep response of a R.L·c circuit

I
I I
I
t REPOR1.
Your report should include ;.111 your results andwave form sketches

Compare the crjticul resistance RcR- arid frequency of underdurnped "~J- obtained from
the e x pe rirne nt with the values Of the same obtained from the theoretical calcularions

and comment. \\ih:1t factors could account for thedifference between the experimental
and c :.1 le u Lue d v a I u e s ·:

You ff11.l'::,1. hnv e observed that the response of the system has an overshoot of the

re spon-c. 1.c. the output voltage has ::l rnax irnurn value gre.uer than the input step.

voltage. Discuss tile reuson behind it.

;
I
!
f.
I
I
••
1.
.
,~ r
I
I
hI,
~-.

··--·
 '
I
........... \\)\l~ Frcqucucv kl·[z
• .
•
.... ~, t ''\'\''"''''
' '\' \. '-"" . . ... '. \ . . '' . . . .. . . . . . luductuncc : .
•

.. '-' Fr ·qu ·n~) ct L;n1..h:1d~\n,p~d Os~lllalion:-. (\vJ)til·I~

•
~'

•
.
.... :\ ...

\
•
I
l~ ·'~ i -:-l,\11~
.
~ )i 2.
I_\ I'\ lc.isurcd I Ca I c L\ I .uc d
.

-·....
I
l I -
.' . \ I
t.
\

Ca-;;I! !I: Critic:\I\,· d:1mocd Rcsoonsc

Critical Resistance
~ le usu red ill \ Obser,·cdJQ \ t7c Re \~ti ve Error
I

I I

-;
 ClertricE MaCing-I
EG 741EE

perinent 4

PhaRaafor Stai an
Characlenstics
of Single
Stating and Running
"

Title Induction Molor"

Required
Equipmeut and lnstrumen
-se

ac motor couplcd vith dc generafor

I) Singl phase -) n
i) de Ammeler no
1u) ac A m e t e r -1 no
iv Wattmeter
v) RrM meler - n
vi) Torque meter

Circuit Diagram lor Experiment

Maun wnding
C
(v
RL
Startin 1wndig
N

220
xed de

c uenexator Stgle phage ACMoks

 i
.

2) Ct the crcunt checicd by the laB: r - t i . t

3 Set the vanable volt: e knob ai 2ero

4) Check that the ixcc de supply to f:ld ot ic ueCraio Is 'oli
(Note Step S vill be demonstratd by th: leacier. Da1ot start vo!rsel. h: tna

bnout)
5) Turn on the power supply module
Lncrease the input vollage V u ) 220and obscre wncther the motor 1s ai 1o
6)
start or not.
7) Complete the circuil diagram with the -apailor
8) Increase the input voltage "V;' up to 220 .
9) Notc down ihe reacings of wattmcter, Ammeter, Voltinet:r, specd and torquc
10) Switch on the fixed de supply 1o field of de generator. then roie down the radurgs of
wattmctcr, Anumeler. Voltmeter, Speed and torque.
11) Increase the load on the generator and note down the readings of watimetet. Anuneta
Voilmeti, Speed and torque.
12) Repeat the procedure (11) unti the motor draw a current sl i.3 amp
13) Reduce, the load on the de gcneralor to zero. lurn o!f the xec de supply to fiel! oi dc
generator.
14) Dasconnect the vwinding By-B, of the motor so that the motot rins with main winding ordy
15) Repeat the pro: zdurc {9) to (12) until thc motor curent cxCCcd 1.5 ainp

Observatini

Raling of Single phase ac motor

Reading vith capac:tor :

SN W V SpeedtN Torquel T) Output= PF
watt) (2mp} (Volis) (RPA N-n
Eicency =
27tNT/60 WIV, utpu ---1

Readung Wi!hou' capacitor

SN W

(wati 1np(Voltsì SpeediN)Torcqne(T)

(RPAM) Output=F
N-m 2NT/600 WiV.I output/W