A.E.

O GRAMMAR 19/5/2016

Parts of Speech
Def= Language is a means of communication or speech. We speak in sentences. Sentences are made up of words. These words in the
language of English are classified into eight groups according to their different functions sentences. These are called “Parts of Speech”

1 The Noun : A Noun is the name of a Person ,Place, monuments, animal, quality, activity, a thing, an idea, a concept, or a condition.

Ex- Gold is a precious metal

Taj mahal is a monument

2. Pronoun: A Pronoun is a word used instead of a noun

EX: I, We, you, He, She, It , They ,Them.

EX: Mohanvamsi is a doctor. He is my best friend

3. Verb : A Verb is a word it describing the action or condition of the subject. It expresses doing ,being or possessing.

The boy is writing aletter.(Doing)

Upadhyula surya prakash is a teacher (Being)

He has a moped (Possessing)

4. Adverb: Adverbs are words modify a verb ,an adjective or another adverb. They are placed after the verb.

Ex- Padma pani acharya fought bravely in Kargil war

5. Adjective: An adjective is a word used to add something to the meaning of a noun.

Ex- Only few people come to meeting

The sky is blue

6.The Preposition : The preposition is a word which is usually placed before a noun or pronoun to show its relation with some other word or
words in the sentences.

Ex: A book is on the table

The monkey climbed up the tree.

7. Conjunction: Conjunctions are words used to connect single words such as nouns , verbs, adjectives and adverbs or group of
words(phrases) in a sentence. They are also used to join clauses or short sentences within one long sentence

Ex Dhanunjay and Rajvardhan are best friends.

Santhosh very clever but unemployed

8. Interjection: Interjections are words which convey the speakers emotions ,feelings and excitements.

Note: They are followed by the mark of Exclamation in writing

Oh! Ah! Hurray! Bravo! Alas! Oh God!

EX: Hurray! We have won the match.

Alas! He is dead

Exercise

Identify the Parts of speech of the underlined words

1 If it rains, the match will be cancelled.

2. I will be waiting for you at the railway station

3. She passed the examination

4 Mr.SatheeshReddy and pramod are good friends

5. Dhanushyaram speaks English very fluently

6. Birlamandir is in Hyderabad

7. Roshini is eating a wood apple

8. Oh God! I lost my pen

9. Rekhamsh is sitting between Sai and Shiva.

10. Pavannaik and Akhilraj are enemies

11. Rajesh is painting a picture

12 Jayakar is playing

13 I am a scholar

14. Saritha is walking briskly

15 Our security officer srinivas is a fat man

16. Hurray! India won the match.

17. Our soldiers fought bravely

18 Honesty is the best policy

19. We travelled by bus

20 Do your homework regularly or you may fail?

 Kinds of Nouns

Nouns can be divided into five kinds.

1. Proper Noun:
Def: A Proper noun is the name of a particular person or place.
Ex: Delhi is the capital of India.
Charminar is in Hyderabad
My name is subrhmanyam
2. Collective Noun:
Def: A collective noun is the name of a collection ,a group of people or things belonging to the same class.
Ex;1. The crowd was very big.
2 Dhoni is the captain of Indian cricket team.
3. Auto drivers form a federation.
3.Material Noun:
Def: A material noun denotes the substance of which things are made .
Ex: 1.Gold is a precious metal.
Rice is our staple food
I wear cotton clothes.
Note: These things are weighable or measurable

4 Abstract Noun :

Def: An abstract noun is the name of a quality ,state, or action. That is we are unable to see but only imagined.

EX : Honesty, Goodness, Kindness, cleverness (Quality)

Childhood, youth, death, Poverty (State)

5. Common Noun :

Def: A common noun is a name which is common to any and every person or thing of the same kind.

Ex: Boy, Dog, King, Man, City

Note: Common nouns can be subdivided into two kinds.

1. Countable noun:
Def: The noun which is able to count in plural is called countable noun
Ex: Book, Pen, Bench.
2. Uncountable noun:
Def: The noun which is unable to count in plural is called uncountable noun
Ex:.Water, Milk, Sugar.
Concrete Noun:
Def: The noun which is able to touch, it is called concrete noun.
Ex: Watch, Ring Dictionary.
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Number
Numbers are two kinds.
Singular:
Def:1The singular of a word is the form it takes to express only one number.
Def:2 The number denotes to one thing or one person is called “singular number”
Ex: I am having only one house
He appointed one assistant
Plural:
Def: 1 the plural of a word is the form it takes to express more than one.
Def:2 The number denotes more than one thing or one person is called “Plural number”
EX : There are twenty nine states in India.
There are ten states in the state of Telangngana.
 Personal Pronouns
There are nine kinds of pronouns. But personal pronouns are very important .They are classified into three kinds.
First Person (I Person)
Def: First person denotes about ourselves.
Ex I, We, Me, Us, My, Mine, Our, Ours.
Second Person: (II Person)
Def: The second person denotes who is in front of us
Ex You, You, Your, Yours.

Third Person (III Person)

Def: The third person denotes who is not in front of us.
Ex: He, Him, His, She, Her, Hers, It, Its, They, Them, Their, Theirs.

Person Pronouns Numbers

Person Singular Plural
First Person I We
Me We
My, Mine Our, Ours
Second Person You You
Your, Yours Your, Yours
Third Person He They
Him Them
His Their Theirs
She They
Her Them
Her, Hers Their Theirs
I They
It Them
Its Their Theirs

Gender
Def: Gender is that form of the Noun which shows whether what is spoken of is male, female, male and female or neuter. These are
four kinds.
1. Masculine Gender
Def : The names of males are of the “Masculine Gender”.
Ex: Lion, Tiger, God, Boy
Feminine Gender:
Def: The names of females are of the “Feminine Gender”.
Ex: Lioness, Tigress, Goddess, Girl.
3.Neuter Gender:
Def: The names of things without life are of the “Neuter Gender”.
Ex: Bench, Chair, Wall.
4.Common Gender:
Def: The names of Males and females are of the “Common Gender”.
Ex: Child, Servant, Orphan, Cousin.

Gender Personal Pronoun

Masculine Gender He, His, Him
Feminine Gender She, Her, Hers.
Neuter Gender It, Its
Common Gender I, You, They, Them, Our,Us.

III Person-Gender- Number

Gender Singular Plural

Masculine Gender He They
Him Them
His Their Theirs
Feminine Gender She They
Her Them
Hers Theirs
Neuter Gender It They
It Them
Its Their Theirs

Subject - Verb- Object

Subject:
Def: The Noun or Pronoun who is doer of the verb in the sentence is called Subject.
Ex: Columbus discovered America
Verb:
Def: The work which is doing in the sentence is called Verb.
EX: Hussain painting a picture
Object:
Def: The Noun or pronoun who is receiving the result of the verb in the sentence is called object.
Ex: Natwarsingh wrote “One life is not enough”.

Subject – Verb- Predicate

Def: The Predicate is all that tells about the subject.
Ex: Sanjay Baruva wrote “The accidental prime minister”
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Tenses
Tenses are three kinds . Every Tense has four forms.
I Present Tense II Past Tense III Future tense

I Present Tense
A. Simple Present tense or Present indefinite tense
B. Present Continuous tense.
C. Present Perfect Tense
D. Present Perfect Continuous Tense
Simple Present tense or Present indefinite tense
A: To express habitual actions.
Ex: He takes a walk every morning.
B: Religion customs and traditions.
EX: Hindus worship the idol.
C: Natural Truths.
Ex: The Sun rises in the east
D:Historical Presents:
Ex: Shivaji now rushes sword in hand at Shaista khan.
E: To Express future events:
Ex: We goes on an excursion next week.
F: Quotations:
Ex: Mahatma Gandhi said “I hate being late”.
G: Proverbs:
Ex: Prejudice is the child of ignorance.
H: Moral values:
Ex: Honesty is the best policy.
I. Sudden things:
Look, How the birds flies!
II Present Continuous Tense
Def: A: We use this tense when we want to say what is happening now.
Ex: I am playing chess.
Def: B:We use this tense when we want to say what is happening now a days
Ex:I am studying Intermediate.
C: This Tense is used when we think that the activity we are speaking about is not permanent.
 Ex: I am living in Dilsukhnagar.

III Present perfect tense:

Def:A/ We use the Present perfect tense for actions just completed.
Ex: I have just had my dinner
Def:B/ We use the present perfect tense for any action that started in the past and is still taking place, or going
on
Ex: I have lived here for five years now.
Def:C/ We use the Present perfect tense when we are talking about a present situation that is the result of a past
action.
Ex: I know the place well.
IV: The present perfect continuous tense:
Def: A/ The present perfect continuous tense tells us what is happening now and “for how long” it has been
happening.
Ex: They have been waiting for the bus since 10’o’clock.

II Past Tense
A. Simple Past tense or Past indefinite tense
B. Past Continuous tense.
C. Past Perfect Tense
D. past Perfect Continuous Tense

I Simple Past
Def: A/This tense is used when we want to tell somebody what happened some time back in the past.
Ex: He came here last week.
Def:B/ The simple past is used when we want to speak about a sequence of events in the past.
Ex: My brother knocked at the door and then I opened.

II The Past Continuous Tense

Def:A/ We use this tense to speak about an action which was happening in past.
Ex: Those fans were waiting for favorite hero.
Det: B/ We use this tense where we want to speak about background action.
EX: I was reading when you came in.
Def: C: If we want to say both the actions were taking place simultaneously for both the actions we should use the
“Past continuous Tense”.
Ex: She was singing, while I was reading the news paper.

III Past Perfect Tense:

Def: A/The past perfect tense is used when you want to speak about something that had happened earlier than what
you are speaking about.
Ex: I had written my examination before the bell rang.
Def:B/ You are speaking about a past situation and when you want to say what caused it, you use the past perfect tense
Ex: The thief escaped when the police arrived.

IV : Past perfect continuous tense:

Def: This tense is used when the work is already begin and continuous at that time .
EX: He had been reading a book.

IV: Future Tense

A: Future indefinite or simple Future:
B: Future Continuous tense.
C: Future Perfect Tense
D: Future Perfect Continuous Tense

I: Future indefinite or simple Future:

Def: A/ The simple way of saying that what we think will happen in the future is called simple future.
Ex: They will leave tomorrow.
Def:B/ “Future actions “ are also indicated by the simple future.
Ex: It is going to rain at night for it is very cloudly.
Def:C/ Future actions indicated by using the present work.
Ex: He is leaving for Chennai.
Def: D/We can refer simple future as a part of fixed program and certainly happen.
Ex: Our Prime minister arrives to Hyderabad on Saturday.

II Future Continuous tense:

Def: The future continuous tense is used to talk about an action or activity that will be in progress at some point of time
in the future.
Ex: I will be in meeting with some foreign delegates.

III: Future Perfect Tense

Def: The future perfect tense is used to say that an action or activity that will be complete before a particular point of
time in the future.
Ex: Our train reaches Delhi at tomorrow 10.30. A.M.

IV: Future Perfect Continuous Tense:

Def: The future perfect continuous tense is used to say that an action or activities that started at an earlier point of time
will be in progress at a later point of time in the future.
Ex: By 2023 Jahnavi will have been running the company for ten years.

Auxiliary verbs are Helping Verbs

Modal Infinitive Present Past Future

Be To Be Am, Is, Are, Was, Were Been
Have To Have Have, Has Had Had
Do To Do Do, Does Did Done
Can To be able can Could -------------
May ------------- May Might -------------
Must To have to Must Had to Had to
Need To Need need Didn’t need Needed
Shall ------------- Shall Should -------------
Ought ------------- Ought Ought -------------
Dare To Dare Dare Dared Dared
Used to ------------- ------------- Used -------------

Weak verbs Or Regular verbs

Present Tense Past Tense Past Participle Present Participle

Add Added Added Adding
Appear Appeared Appeared
Bless blessed blessed
Boil Boiled Boiled
Borrow borrowed borrowed
Call Called Called
Cheat Cheated Cheated
Copy Copied Copied
Chew Chewed Chewed
complete Completed Completed
connect Connected Connected
Design Designed Designed
develop Developed Developed
Dislike Disliked Disliked
Drop Dropped Dropped
Earn Earned Earned
End Ended Ended
Float Floated Floated
Found Founded Founded
Gather Gathered Gathered
Guess Guessed Guessed
Guide Guided Guided
Hang Hanged Hanged
Hop Hopped Hopped
Heat Heated Heated
hope Hoped Hoped
Hunt Hunted Hunted
Hurry Hurried Hurried
Ignore Ignored Ignored
Inform Informed Informed
Jog Jogged Jogged
Join Joined Joined
Jump Jumped Jumped
Kick Kicked Kicked
Kill Killed Killed
Kiss Kissed Kissed
Knock Knocked Knocked
Last Lasted Lasted
Laugh Laughed Laughed
Lie Lied Lied
Live Lived Lived
Load Loaded Loaded
LOOK Looked Looked
Love Loved Loved
Marry Married Married
Measure Measured Measured
Melt Melted Melted
Move Moved Moved
Nod Nodded Nodded
Obey Obeyed Obeyed
Observe Observed Observed
Obtain Obtained Obtained
Occur Occurred Occurred
Offer Offered Offered
Order Ordered Ordered
Pack Packed Packed
Place Placed Placed
Pour Poured Poured
Practice Practiced Practiced
Push Pushed Pushed
Question Questioned Questioned
Ready Readied Readied
Refuse Refused Refused
Regret Regretted Regretted
Reject Rejected Rejected
Remove Removed Removed
Repair Repaired Repaired
Retire Retired Retired
Return Returned Returned
Search Searched Searched
Skip Skipped Skipped
Slip Slipped Slipped
Smile Smiled Smiled
Smoke Smoked Smoked
Spoil Spoiled Spoiled
Suffer Suffered Suffered
Talk Talked Talked
Taste Tasted Tasted
Thank Thanked Thanked
Tick Ticked Ticked
Tie Tied Tied
 Touch Touched Touched
Type Typed Typed
Use Used Used
Vanish Vanished Vanished
Visit Visited Visited
Wash Washed Washed
Watch Watched Watched
Wave Waved Waved
Yell Yelled Yelled

Spellings or Miss Pelt words

Wrong word Correct word

Achieve Achieve
Beginning Beginning
Cheef Chief
Commited Committed
Embarrass Embarrass
Existance Existence
Foregn Foreign
Feul Fuel
Humourous Humorous
Independent Independent
Noticable Noticeable
Pronounciation Pronunciation
Saparate Separate
Vacccum Vacuum
Hygeine Hygiene
Fasinating Fascinating
Humourous Humorous
Neice Niece
Momento Memento
Curiousity Curiosity
Athelete Athlete
Camoflage Camouflage
 Cooly Coolly
Dilema Dilemma
Foregn Foreign
Heirarchy Hierarchy
Exercise
Spot and correct the spelling mistake in each sentence below
1.She is very careful about hygiene ( wrong spelling)
She is very careful about hygiene ( Correct spelling)

2. It is fasinating to see how the equipment works ( wrong spelling)

It is fascinating to see how the equipment works (Correct spelling)

3. We enjoyed his humourous anecdotes ( wrong spelling)

We enjoyed his humorous anecdotes (Correct spelling)

4.My neice works in the hospital laboratory ( wrong spelling)

My niece works in the hospital laboratory ( Correct spelling)

5.The principal and staff gave a beautiful Momento to the teacher who was retiring from
college ( wrong spelling)

The principal and staff gave a beautiful memento to the teacher who was retiring from college
( Correct spelling)

6 . The child watched the mechanic with curiousity (wrong spelling)

The child watched the mechanic with curiosity ( Correct spelling )

Articles
Def: There are two kinds of “Articles”in English.

The Indefinite Article and the definite Article.

1. Indefinite Article has two forms. A and An.
A
A)The Article “A” is used before a word that begins with a Consonant.
Ex: a pen
B) Some words Start with a vowel but have a consonant sound . So the indefinite Article “A” is used before them.
Ex: a university. a European
C) Few words begin with ‘H’ and the sound ‘H’ is pronounced. Then Article ‘A’ is used before them.
Ex: a humble man. a hint. a humorous poem a historian
D) The abbreviation is said as a word (acronym) and begins with a consonant sound ‘A’ is used before it.
Ex: A S A A R C country.
A N A T O member
E) A is used before a singular countable noun may mean one in some cases
Ex: He Stayed in England for a month.
Ex: Give me a hundred rupee mote
F) “A” is used some times means ‘anyone’ of a particular type or thing.
EX: Is there a five star hotel nearby here?
Ex: I am looking for a bungalow
G) ‘A’ is sometimes used to refer to what a person’s occupation.
Ex: He is a software professional.
Ex Prasad is a lecturer.
H) ‘A’ is used before a noun that is introduced for the first time
Ex I was born in a village in Telangana.
I)A is used before a noun which represents not an individual person or thing, but a whole class.
Ex: Cow is a domestic animal
J) ‘A’ judge should always be fair.
Ex: Dog is a faithful animal.
J) ‘A’ is used to indicate the numeral one.
Ex: The box of nuts and bolts weighs a kilo.
K) ‘A’ is used when the person referred to is a stranger to the speaker.
Ex: A Ramesh called for you while you were out
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AN
A)‘An’ is used before the sounds of “vowels”.
Ex: An elephant. An umbrella. An interesting book.
B) Certain words begin with consonant letters but have a Vowel sound . So an is used before them.
Ex: An hour. An honor. An honest person.
C) Before abbreviations beginnings with A, E, F, H, I, L, M, N, O, R, S, and X then an is used.
Ex: An M.L.A An A.T.M.
D) “An” is used when the qualities of a person and not the person herself / himself are being referred to.
Ex: Vidyacharan is growing up to be an Einstein(Very good in physics)
E) “An” is something is used to refer to what a person’s occupation is, was, or will be.
Ex: Satyanarayana was an accountant during the period 2000-------2005

Definite Article ”THE”

A)“The“ is used with a noun whose identity is clear to the listener.
Ex: Vijayanadh is the captain of our team.
B) The is used before a noun which is unique.
Ex: The Sun The Ganga
C) The is used before an adjective to represent a class of people.
Ex: Helenkeller was always interested in the blind.
D) The is used before a noun whose identity is a part of our knowledge.
Ex: The chief minister has promised to provide free primary education to every girl in the state.
E) Before the names of some countries.
Ex: The U.S.A. The U.K
 F) Before the names of rivers.
Ex: The Godavari . The Krishna
G)Before the names of channels
Ex: The English channel.
H) Before the names of canals
Ex: The Suez canal:
I)Before the names of holy books.
Ex: The Ramayana The Bible

J) Before the names of inventions:

Ex: The telescope enables us to see distant stars.
K) The definite Article The is used before a superlative adjective.
Ex: Sruthi is the most intelligent girl in the class.
L)We also use the definite Article before the words like middle, top, end, first, next and centre.
Ex: Aditya was the first to read the book.
M) In front of a noun that has already been mentioned and is referred to again in the same piece of speech or written.
Ex: I read a book which was written by Kushwanthsingh . The book was mostly influenced me.

N) In front of a noun that is made specific by the use of qualifying word, phrase or clause.
Ex: The iron that we brought is not expensive.
O) Infront of a singular countable noun to refer to a whole class of their object,e.t.c.
Ex: The new born baby sleeps most of the time.
P) In front of a noun which is the only one of its kind in a particular situation.
Ex: I would like to speak to either an employee or to the person in charge here.
Q) We also use the Article The in front of the names of Mountain Ranges.
EX: The Himalayas are northern side of India.
R) In front of the names of Islands we should use the definite Article The.
Ex: The Andaman and Nicobar islands are in India.
S) we should use the definite Article The in front of the oceans,Seas
Ex: The Indian ocean.
T) we should use the definite Article The in front of the Seas.
Ex. The Arabian Sea.
U) Before noun that representing the point on “earth” we should use the definite Article “The”.
Ex: The South Pole. The Equator.
V) Infront of the well known building.
Ex: The Rashtrapathi Bhavan.
W) Infront of the names of trains.
Ex: The GareeRadh. The janmabhoomi express.
X) Infront of the names of the News papers.
Ex: The Hindu. The Indian express.
Y) In front of the plural form of proper noun to refer to a family .
Ex: The Robert have moved to Delhi.
Z)In front of the names of countries which consist of more than one word.
Ex: The United States of America.

Omission of Articles
A) No Article is used before Proper noun.
Ex: Hindus worship ___x____ Rama as god.
B) No Article is used before material noun.
Ex :__X____ Gold is a precious metal.
C) No Article is used before abstract noun.
Ex: ___X____ Honesty is the best policy.
D) No Article is used before collective noun.
Ex:__x__ Scout is ever on progress.
E) No Article is used before names of academic subjects.
Ex: I am very interest in-----x-------- Mathematics.
F) No Article is used before names of games and sports.
Ex: We play ___x____ cricket on Sundays.
G) No Article is used before names of diseases.
Ex: He is suffering from ----x------cancer.
H) No Article is used to indicate time division.
Ex: Ramuyadav is born in------x--- August.
I) When places are visited for their primary purpose, no Article is used before them.
Ex: I went to -------x---------market to buy vegetables.
 J) No Article is used before uncountable nouns.
Ex: The pot is filled with ------x------ water.
K) No Article is used before names of illness.
Ex: He is in bed with ------x---------Flu
L) No Article is used before names of colleges.
Ex: Niharika is studying in Noble junior and Degree College.
M) No Article is used before names of Universities.
Ex: P.V Narasimhara obtained master degree in law from Nagapur University.
N) No Article is used before the names of meals had at different times of the day.
Ex: Let ’have to lunch together tomorrow.
O) No Article is used before church.
P) Ex: Mr Joseph is at ------x------- church.
Q) No Article is used before names of hospitals.
Ex: Mrs Mrudula is admitted in ------x-------Yashoda hospital.
R) No Article is used In phrases with preposition by/ on showing means of transport
Ex: Abraham came to the city by--------x—train.
Rithika go on foot to ---x--school.
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Syllables
Def: A syllable is a single unit of speech. It could be in the form of a whole word, or it could be part of a word, usually containing a
vowel .Words are made up of one or more syllables. These are four kinds.
1) Monosyllabic words.
Def: Words with only one syllable is called Monosyllabic words.
Ex: Eye, Bird, Time, Toy.
2) Disyllabic words:
Def: Words with two syllables are called Disyllabic words.
Ex: Accept, Animal, Answer, Carry, Extent, Return,
3)Trisyllabic words:
Def: Words with three syllables are called Trisyllabic words.
Ex: Natural, Beautiful, Signature, Syllable, Gigantic, Typical.
4)Polysyllabic words:
Def: Words with more than three syllables are called polysyllabic words.
Ex: Examination. Capability. Misbehavior, Extraordinary.

Synonyms

Def-A Synonym is a word with the same meaning but often with
different implications and associations

Words Synonyms

Absorb Assimilate, Digest ,Incorporate

Abstain Retrain, Forbear
Abandon Leave, Desert, Vacate, Forsake
Abhor Detest, Hate, Loathe
Abundant Plentiful, Rich, Ample, Over flowing
Absurd Silly, Foolish, Ridiculous
Accident Chance, Mishap, Casualty
Acquire Gain. Get, attain, obtain.
Accumulate Collect, amass, pileup
Active Busy, Alert, Brisk, Eager, agile, Sharp
Beg Beseech, Implore, Crave, Pray
Bar Cabaret, Cocktail, Lounge, Night club
Banish Exile, oust, Expatriate
Base Low, Mean, Shameful, Worthless
Beautiful Pretty, Charming, Fair, Good looking
Bitter Severe, Harsh, Cruel
Bliss Happiness, Joy, Delight
Bother Worry, Trouble, Annoy
Break Tear, Crack, Fracture, Smash,Destroy
Boast Brag, Vaunt, Swagger, Pride
Calm Quiet, Placid, Serene, Peaceful
Calamity Disaster, Misfortune, Catastrophe
Care Anxiety, Concern, Trouble, Regard
Casual Careless, Accidental, random
Circulate Spread, Propagate, Diffuse
Check Curb, restrain, reprimand, hinder
Celebrated Famous, notable, eminent
Close Shut, Conclude, finish, complete
Combat Fight, Battle, Struggle, Encounters
Damage Injury, Hurt, loss, harm
Dare Venture, Challenge, Defy
Dear Costly, precious, beloved
Decrease Diminish, lessen, subside
Decay Ruin, Decline, Waste, Fade
Decorate Adorn, Beautify, Ornament
Defile Corrupt, Contaminate, Spoil
Delight Joy, Happiness, gladness
Despot Tyrant, Autocrat, oppressor
Derry Contradict, refuse, disgrace
Eager Keen, intent, Enthusiastic
Eat Consume, Dine, Gobble
Edge Brink, Border, Brim, Verge
Earn Achieve, Win, gain, obtain.
Enemy Adversary, foe, opponent
Elaborate Gaudy, showy, Decorated
Encourage Buck up, embolden, foster
Escort Accompany, Conduct, Convey.
Eligible Capable, Suitable, Preferable
Essential Vital, necessary, inherent
Emotion Desire, Feeling, Passion
Faction Sect, splinter, group, wing
Faint Collapse, Swoon
Famous Noted, celebrated, renowned
Fable Story, legend, fiction, myth
Facility Quickness, Ease
Fade Pale, Decay, Drop
Fat Plump, Fleshy gross
Fate Destiny, lot, doom.
Fear Alarm, Fright, Dread
Fertile Rich, Productive, Luxuriant
Fling Cast, throw, Hurl
False Untrue, Lying, Dishonest
Get Acquire, gain, Obtain
Gaiety Joyousness, Festivity
Game Play, sport, pastime
Gather Collect, Pluck
Ghost Apparition, spirit, Phantom
Gift Present, boon, Grant
Glide Slide, Slip, Flow
Gloom Darkness, Dimness
Glory Fame, Renown, Celebrity
Genuine, Authentic, True, Real
Give Accord, Award, Grant
Grapple Seize, Wrestle, Cope with
Habit Custom, Practice, Usage
Habitual Regular, usual, general
Handsome Beautiful, graceful, lovely
Heal Remedy, Cure ,Restore
Harm Injury, loss, hurt
Heinous Hateful, Abominable
Icy Cold, Frozen, Chilling
Illiterate Ignorant, Uneducated
Illuminate Enlighten, brighten, Clarify
Immediate Close, Direct
Keep Hold, Retain, Detain
Kill Murder, Destroy, Slay
Kind Category, Sort, Type
Lasting Stable, Durable, Enduring
Lazy Sluggish, Indolent
Native Artless, Rude
Narrative Legend, Myth, Story
Pain Ache, Pang
Pale Livid, Pallid
Peace Calm, Quiet, Silence
Quantity Amount, Number
Sad Dejected, Depressed
Sacred Holy, Pious, Sanctified
Triumph Victory, Achievement, Jubilation
Urge Push, Drive
Vague Indefinite, Unsettled
Vain Empty, Worthless
Various Diverse, Several
Supper Dinner
Grave yard Cemetery
Drab Dull
Frail Weak
Exclusive Sole
Famished Starving
Exaggerate Magnify
Contrition Remorse
Abject Extreme
Impending Imminent
Wide Broad
Begin Start

Exercise

1.Sushma did not stay for supper. She was not used to having dinner
every night.

2. The old church graveyard was not as well –maintained as the

modern cemetery in the city.

3.It was a dull day,and the buildings appeared drab

4. The girl’s frail frame was emphasized by the weak voice in which she
spoke

5. Ihad sole charge of the cars for the exclusive use of the company’s
guest

6.The young boys who were famished after the day –long trek, ate like

They had been starving for a week

7.Please do not exaggerate. We should not magnify the tense
situation in the village and create more trouble

8.The students are filled with contrition at having hurt their classmate,
but remorse alone is not enough. They must learn to respect other
people’s feelings.

9.The abject poverty of the refugees filled us with compassion for their
extreme misery

10.The company is facing the threat of impending disaster.Asharp fall

in the stock market is imminent

Antonyms

Def- Antonyms is a word which is directly opposed to another in

meaning

Possible Impossible
Dependent Independent
Regular Irregular
Clever Stupid
Ability Disability
Ancient Modern
Base Noble
Cheap Dear
Courage Cowardice
Deep Shallow
Expand Contrast
Famous Notorious
Float Sink
Genuine Mean
Gradual Sudden
Jay Sorrow
Knowledge Ignorance
Kill Resurrect
Later Earlier
Idle Busy
Intelligent Dull
Justify Condemn
Lament Rejoice
Loud Low
Mighty Weak
Native Foreign
Negative Positive
Offer Refuse
Outward Inward
Popular Unpopular
Queer Normal
Reject Accept
Success Failure
Fertile Barren
Retail Wholesale
Sacred Unholy
Success Failure
Speedy Slow
Thick Thin
Tutor Pupil
Do Undo
Satisfy Dissatisfy
Faithful Faithless
Wise Foolish
Above Below
Alike Different
Belief Disbelief
Cheerful Gloomy
Complex Easy
Exterior Interior
Fact Fiction
Far Near

Glad Sad
Gloomy Gay
Hard Soft
Jovial Gloomy
Keen Dull
Kindle Extinguish
High Low
Inhale Exhale
Junior Senior
Living Dead
Long Short
Madness Sanity
Monopoly Competition
New Old
Odd Even
Original Duplicate
Punctual Late
Poor Rich
Quiet Noisy
Ripe Raw
Religious Irreligious
 Sure Doubtful
Stale Fresh
Swift Slow
Timid Bold
Transmit Prevent
Universe Multiverse
Unite Separate
Uniformity Diversity
Vigilant Careless
Wealth Poverty
Work Rest
Wake Sleep
Zeal Coolness
Zenith Nadir
Usually Unusually
Vanguard Rearguard
Vulgar Refined
Weal Woe
Wrong Right
Yield Resist
Zealous Cold
Zest Dislike

Xiii One word – Substitutes

A single word that can be used for a group of words without
changing its meaning is called “ one word substitute”.

Group of One word-Substitutes

words
Plain A Large area of flat land
Foot hill A low hill at the bottom of a large mountain
Monk A male member of a religious group who lives in a monastery
Desert An area covered with sand or rocks where there is little rain and few
plants
Solitude The state of being alone without other people
Credulous One who believes easily whatever he/she is told
Omniscient One who has unlimited knowledge
Amateur One who takes part in an activity for pleasure ,not as a job.
Atheist A person who does not believe in the existence of god
Idealist One who believes that very good things can be achieved
Egotist One who considers himself /herself better than others
Incorrigible Impossible to change or improve
Potable Clean and safe to drink
Infallible Never wrong
Eradicate To get rid of something bad completely
Pacifism The belief that war is wrong
Illicit Not legal or not approved of by society
Amphibian An animal that is equally at home on land and water
Ascetic A person who renounces the world and practices severe self discipline
in order to attain salvation

Theist A person who believes in the existence of god

Ambassador A diplomatic messenger of high order sent by one sovereign power
to another
Aquarium A tank where fish or water plants are kept
Aquatic Animals which live in water
Aviary A place where birds are kept
Anarchist One who is out to destroy all government s, law and order
Annual That which happens once in a year
Biennial That which happens once in two years
Triennial That which happens once in three years
Autobiography The life history of a man written by himself
Alliteration Commencement of words with same letter
Alien One who resides in a country of which he is not a citizen
Apostate One who abandons his religious faith
Anarchy Absence of government and law and order in a country
Antidote A medicine to counteract the effect of poison
Audience An assembly of listeners
Bellicose A person who is fond of fighting
Belligerent Engaged in war
Bilingual A person who speaks two languages
Linguist A person who speaks many languages
Bibliophile A lover and collector of books
Misologist A hater of learning and knowledge
Brunette A woman with dark skin and brown hair
Brittle A substance which can easily broken
Monogamy The practice of marrying one at a time
Polyandry The practice of marrying more than one at a time
Botany The science of vegetable or plant life
By sexual Having both sexes in one individual
Bankrupt Being unable to pay one’s debts
Bullion Gold or silver before coining or manufacture
Carnivorous Animals that eat flesh
Callous A person who is stone hearted
Contemporaries Persons living at the same time
Centipede An insect with many legs
Octagon A figure with eight sides
Cannibal One who eats humanflesh
Convalescence The period of gradual recovery of health after illness
Blasphemy Speaking disrespectfully about sacred things
Bigamy The practice of having two wives or two husbands at a time
Cosmopolitan A person who regards the whole world as his country
Agrarian Relating to agriculture
Adolescence Stage of growth from boyhood to youth
Autocracy Government by one person
Aristocracy Government by the nobles
Oligarchy Government by the few
Plutocracy Government by the rich
Bureaucracy Government by officials
Pant isocracy Government by all
Alimony Allowance due to a wife on legal separation from her husband
Aborigines The ancient inhabitants of a country
Amnesty General pardon of offenders

Comprehension of a prose passage

I Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions that follows-
Water is a resource used by every human being on this planet. That makes it the
responsibility of every individual to do his bit to conserve water.Government agencies
can never fight this battle alone. They can only take the initiative and provide the
necessary support. But ultimately conserving water has to be people’s programme.New
Strategies for generating awareness should be devised. The most important is to spread
awareness among youngsters, as they have to face the maximum challenges in the
coming future. Environment education has already been made compulsory in our
education system. The need is to make it more comprehensible so that students can
understand the practical aspects and challenges related to environment.
Questions:
1.What is the responsibility of every individual with regard to the use of water?
2.What is the role of government agencies in this regard?
3.Why is it important to spread awareness about water conservation among
youngsters?
4.In what way should environment education be modified?
5.The writer suggests(Choose the best answer) ( )
A. Individuals alone can devise ways to conserve water.
B. Government agencies alone can implement methods of water conservation
C. Both individuals and government have an important role to play in this regard.

II Read the following passage carefully

 Dr. Avul pakir jainulabhudin Abdul kalam was born in 1931.He was the twelfth
president of India and the father of missile technology. He contributed his services to the development
of India’s first satellite launch vehicle, S.L.V.3 AND Missiles such as Trishul, Agni, Prithvi etc.

He later conceived of the Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme

(I.G.M.D.P.) for five indigenous missiles. DrKalam has been awarded Padma Bhushan in
1981.Padmavibhushan in1990 and India’s highest civilian award,the BharatRatna,in
1997.He wrote many books also. Wings of fire, Indomitable spirit and Ignited minds are
few of them.
Questions:
1. Write the full name of Dr.Kalam
2. What is the India’s first satellite
3. What is the abbreviation of I.G.M.D.P.?
4. When did he awarded Bharat Ratna?
5. Write the name of one of his book
6. Dr Kalam was born in ----------------------
7. Dr Kalam was ------------------------------------------------------------ of India
8. Dr Kalam was father of----------------------------
9. Trishul, Agni, Prithvi are -------------------------------------------------------------

10.-------------------------------------------------------------- India’s highest civilian award.

IIIRead the following passage carefully and answer the questions that
follows
The Reserve Bank of India was founded on 1 April 1935. to respond to
economic troubles after the First world war. The bank was set up based
on the recommendations Hilton–Young Commission. The original
choice for the seal of RBI was The East India CompanyDoubleMohurc
with the sketch of the Lion and Palm Tree. However it was decided to
replace the lion with the tiger, the national animal of India The Central
Office of the RBI was established in Calcutta (now Kolkata), but was
moved to Bombay (now Mumbai) in 1937 Indian Currency has a
"Language Panel" with the denomination of the note in 15 different
regional languages. Besides these 15 languages, the other 2 languages
are "HINDI", the national language, and "ENGLISH". So Indian currency
is having “Seventeen” Languages.
Questions:

1When was the Reserve Bank of India founded?

2.Which war was mentioned in the above passage?
3. Which Commission was mentioned in the above passage?
4. What is the original choice for the seal of RBI?
5.what are the two animals mentioned in the above passage?
6.Which is our national animal?
7. Where was the Central Office of the RBI was established at first?
8. Where was the Central Office of the RBI at present?
9 Indian Currency has a -------------------------------------------------

10 Indian currency is having ---------------------Languages.

IV I Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions that
follows-
Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar is the full name of Dr,B.R Ambedkar..
Bhimrao Ambedkar was born to Bhimabai Sakpal and Ramji on 14 April
1891 in Madhya Pradesh.. Bhimrao Ambedkar was appointed as the
chairman of the constitution drafting committee. Ambedkar founded the
Bharatiya Bauddha Mahasabha In 1955. His book "The Buddha and His
Dhamma" was published posthumously. He completed his final
manuscript, "The Buddha or Karl Marx" on December 2, 1956. On 6
December, 1956 he died at his home in Delhi. He was popularly known
as Babasaheb Ambedkar He was awarded Bharata Ratna posthumously
 Questions
1What is the full name of Dr. B.R .Ambedkar?
2.Where and when he was born?
3. Write the names of his parents?
4. Ambedkar was appointed as the chairman of which committee?
5. In 1955 Ambedkar founded which organization?
6.Which of his book was published posthumously?
7 He completed his final manuscript, ------------------------------
8. He died at his home in ------------------------------------------
9.. He was popularly known as -------------------------------------------
10. He was awarded ------------------------------posthumously
V Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions that follows

Dr.Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan (1888 — 1975) was an Indian philospher. Hewas born on

September 5, 1888 at Tirutani, Madras.. In 1923, Dr. Radhakrishnan's book "Indian
Philosophy" was published. In 1946, he was appointed as Ambassador to UNESCO which
is the organ of the U.N.O.. He was elected first Vice-President of India in 1952. He was
honored with the Bharat Ratna in 1954. After serving two terms as Vice-President,
Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan was elected President of India in 1962. During his tenure as
President India fought wars with China and Pakistan. Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan died
on April 17, 1975.

1Who was the great Indian philosopher mentioned in the above passage?

2. Where and when Dr.Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan was born?

3,Dr.Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan was appointed as Ambassador to which organ of the

U,N,O.?

4.When was Dr.Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan elected first Vice-President of India ?

5. How many terms Dr.Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan served as Vice-President,?

6.How many other countries mentioned in the above passage ?What are they?

7. Dr. Radhakrishnan's book -------------------------------was published. In 1946

8. Dr.Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan was honored with the ------------------------------------in 1954

9. Dr.Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan elected ------------------------------------------------------in 1962.

10. Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan died on -------------------------------------------------

VI Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions that follows

Krishnadevaraya was the greatest emperor of the Vijayanagara Empire who

reigned from 1509–1530. He is the third ruler of the Tuluva Dynasty.The life size
panchloha idol of the GreatEmperorofVijayanagara kingdom, Sri
krishnadevaraya with his consorts Queen Chinnama Devi and Queen
Tirumala Devi in the postureof paying their worship inside the Lord
Venkateswara temple at Tirumala. In 2009 Andhra pradesh government
celebrated his 500th birth anniversary.
Questions:

1 Which King’s idol is above cited?

2,How many wives he had?Write their names?

3. At present In which temple the above cited idols are there?

4. Krishnadevaraya belongs to which dynasty?

5 Krishnadevaraya is the emperor of which kingdom?

6.Which is the “U.R.L.OF a Website” weare able to see in the above picture

7.Krishnadevaraya was the greatest emperor of the Vijayanagara Empire who reigned from ----------

8.. In 2009 Andhra pradesh government celebrated his------------------

9.. We are able to see “Telugu” language in the above picture . Write Yes or No.

10. “panchloha is an English word Write Yes or No

VII Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions that follows (5m)
At the age of 15,SrinivasaRamanujan borrowed an advanced mathematics textbook
from the local college library It captivated him and stimulated him to start his own
 Creative work. In 1903 Ramanujan got a first class in the school-leaving exam and won a
college scholarship. But much too wrapped in mathematics to study any other
subject,he was an academic disaster. He took the college exam twice and failed both
times. when his parents, upset by his failure in college, insisted that he earn some
money., he started giving maths tuitions. But he was a poor teacher-he talked abovethe
heads of the students and they stopped coming to him.His head teemed with
mathematical ideas and he worked on them feverishly, sometimes hiding under the cot
to avoid his parents’ wrath
1Which book imulated Ramanujan’s interest in maths?
2Why did Ramanujan earn some money?
3Why was Ramanujan not good teacher?
4.Pickout he word in the passage that is a synonym of ‘anger’
5.Answer true or false Ramanujan was interested in mathematics from a young age

“Teachers are builders of the nation”

Sarvepalli Radha krishnan

“WISH YOU BEST OF LUCK”

P.PHANEENDRA PRASAD.M.A
Faculty of English
NobleJunior and Degree college-
Moosaramagh Hyderabad

Expert in“competitive examinations”

Dilsukhnagar-Hyderabad
Cell 99481 -47935/ 970 19 18 471