PARENTING PROCESS

EARLY CHILDHOOD DEVELOPMENT AND ITS DOMAINS,

CHILD REARING AND PARENTING STYLES
GROUP 4

NAMES
SOSAN WAHAB
ROBINA NASIR
SHIFA KHAN
SAIRA BAYAZEED
IRUM IQBAL
ROMAISA
SHAISTA
WAZHMA
ALISHBA
SARA UMER
AQSA ZAHIR

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PARENTING PROCESs
Parenting means rearing children by the parents and the process of promoting and supporting the physical,
emotional, social, and intellectual development of child from infancy to adulthood is called Parenting process.
Parenting influences multiple domains of development like cognitive development, socio-emotional
development, and physical development
Early childhood development is deeply intertwined with the parenting process because it provides foundation
for a child overall wellbeing and setting a stage for future success.
EARLY CHILDHOOD DEVELOPMENT
Early childhood development also known as ECD is a process in the life of a child from birth to around 7-8 years
in which the main focus must be child’s intellectual, socio-emotional, and physical development. Experiences
during this time shapes a child future, his learning, health, and behavior.
DOMAINS OF DEVELOPMENT
1) Cognitive development:-
According to Jean’s piaget theory of cognitive development there are four stages of cognitive
development but only two will be discussed related to early childhood development
1-Sensorimotor: birth through 2 years old
2-Preoperational: toddlerhood through early childhood (2-7 years old)

Sensorimotor stage:
 At the start of the sensorimotor stage (0 to 2 years old), infants are only aware of what is right in front
of them. They learn with their senses and motor skills, focusing on what they see and do. They have
physical and visual interactions with their current environment. They shake and throw things, put things
in their mouth.
 Between the age of 5 to 8 months, infants begin to realize that an object exists even though they can no
longer see it, this is also known as object permanence and this is a sign that the child is developing
memory. For example they may look for a toy when it’s not with them because they know it still exists.
They may also show stranger anxiety. As they start to crawl, stand, and walk their physical mobility may
leads to cognitive development.
 Near the end of sensorimotor stage (18 to 24 months) the early language developments starts. This is a
sign that they are developing some symbolic activities.
Preoperational stage:
The preoperational stage is the second stage in Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development, characterized by
the development of symbolic thought but a lack of logical reasoning.
Children in this stage can think symbolically, but their thinking is often egocentric and illogical, and they struggle
with concepts like conservation.

Here are the examples about the preoperational stage:

 Symbolic Function: A child using a banana as a telephone or a stick as a sword.

 Egocentrism: A child holding up a picture to show their parent, but they hold it facing themselves, not
realizing the parent can't see the image.
 Centration: A child unable to understand that a tall, thin glass and a short, wide glass can hold the
same amount of liquid, because they are only focusing on the height of the glass.

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  Lack of Conservation: If you pour the same amount of juice into two different-sized glasses, a child
might believe the taller glass has more juice.
 Animism: A child might believe that a teddy bear is sad or that a cloud is moving because it's tired.

2) Socio-emotional development:

Socio-emotional development is how children learn to understand their emotions, build relationships,
and navigate social situations.

Stages of socio-emotional development

Stage 1: Infancy (Birth to 18 months)

 Trust vs. Mistrust: The primary focus is on establishing a sense of security.

 Example: A baby cries because they are hungry. Their caregiver consistently responds by feeding them
and cuddling them. Over time, the baby learns to trust that their needs will be met, feeling secure and
optimistic.

Stage 2: Toddlerhood (18 months to 3 years)

 Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt: Toddlers start to assert their independence.
 Example: A toddler insists on trying to put on their own shoes, even if they can't do it perfectly. A
caregiver who patiently allows them to try helps the child develop a sense of autonomy. If the
caregiver gets frustrated and does it for them, the child may feel shame or doubt their abilities.

Stage 3: Preschool (3 to 5 years)

 Initiative vs. Guilt: Preschoolers become more purposeful and imaginative.

 Example: A group of preschoolers decides to build a "castle" out of blocks. One child takes the lead,
assigning roles and directing the others. This child is developing initiative. If a teacher or parent were
to constantly criticize their ideas or tell them they are doing it wrong, they might start to feel guilty
about taking the lead.

Stage 4: Early School Age (6 to 8 years)

 Industry vs. Inferiority: Children focus on mastering academic and social skills.
 Example: A seven-year-old is learning to read. They spend time practicing and eventually read a book
to their family. The praise and positive feedback they receive for this accomplishment help them
develop a sense of industry and competence. If they consistently struggle and are met with criticism or
are compared unfavorably to their peers, they may feel a sense of inferiority.

Infancy (Birth to 18 months)

This is when a baby's body grows quickly. They learn basic movements like lifting their head, rolling over,
sitting up, crawling, and eventually, walking.

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  Examples: A baby learning to hold their head up during "tummy time," a baby crawling to get a toy, or
a one-year-old taking their very first steps.

Toddlerhood (18 months to 3 years)

Children become more active and skilled at moving. They learn to run, jump, and climb. They also get better
at using their hands for things like scribbling and building with blocks.

 Examples: A two-year-old running around in the yard, a toddler trying to put on their own shoes, or a
child stacking several blocks on top of each other.

Preschool (3 to 5 years)

Kids' movements become smoother and more graceful. They learn to hop, ride a tricycle, and use small tools
like scissors.

 Examples: A four-year-old hopping on one foot, a child carefully cutting out a paper shape, or a five-
year-old pedaling their bike down the sidewalk.

Early School Age (6 to 8 years)

Children get stronger, faster, and more coordinated. They can ride a two-wheeled bike, play organized sports,
and write with more control.

 Examples: A six-year-old learning to ride a bike without training wheels, a seven-year-old playing a
game of catch with friends, or an eight-year-old writing a letter to a family member.

CHILD-REARING:-

Child-rearing is the process of caring for, teaching, and guiding a child as they grow into an adult. It includes all
the ways a parent or caregiver helps a child develop physically, emotionally, and socially.

STAGES OF CHILD REARING:-

Stage 1: The Caretaker (Baby to Toddler)

The parent's main job is to take care of all the child's basic needs. This stage is about building a strong, loving
bond so the child feels safe and secure.

 Examples: A parent immediately picking up a crying baby to comfort them; a parent feeding, changing,
and putting their toddler down for a nap at the same time each day; a parent making sure the house is
baby-proofed so their child can crawl and explore safely.

Stage 2: The Teacher (Preschool to Early School Years)

Parents teach children right from wrong, set clear rules, and help them understand how to get along with
others and solve simple problems.

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  Examples: A parent explaining why a child shouldn't hit their friend and showing them how to use their
words instead; a parent setting a rule that toys must be put away after playtime; a parent teaching
their child how to share a toy with a sibling.

Stage 3: The Coach (Middle Childhood)

The parent guides and supports their child but doesn't do everything for them. They help the child practice
what they've learned and become more independent.

 Examples: A parent helping their child study for a test by quizzing them, but not doing the homework
for them; a parent signing their child up for a sports team and cheering them on from the sidelines; a
parent letting their child solve a disagreement with a friend on their own, but being ready to talk about
it later if needed.

Stage 4: The Mentor (Teenage Years and Beyond)

The parent gives advice and wisdom, but trusts their teenager to make their own choices and learn from their mistakes.

 Examples: A parent talking to their teenager about the importance of saving money before they buy a
new phone; a parent listening to their teenager talk about a problem with a friend without
immediately jumping in to fix it; a parent allowing their young adult child to make their own travel
plans, even if they would have done it differently.

PARENTING STYLES AND HOW THEY AFFECT CHILDS PERSONALITY

1-Authorotative parenting style:

Warm, supportive, and set clear rules

Listens to the child’s views with respect

Encourages independence with limits

Leads to confident and responsible children

2- Authoritarian parenting style:

A strict and controlling parenting style

Parents set many rules and expect total obedience

Little flexibility or open discussion with the child

Focus is more on discipline than on emotional connection

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Leads to fearful and anxious child, low self esteem and lack of confidence

May become rebellious or overly shy

3-Permissive parenting style:

Very nurturing and warm

Few rules and boundaries

Rarely enforce discipline

Children have lot of freedom

Parents act like friends

EFEECTS ON CHILDREN

May develop low self-discipline

Can struggle with authority

May face difficulties in school and decision making

Neglectful / uninvolved parenting style:

Is a style where parents are emotionally detached and minimally involved in their child life, often meeting
only basic needs

Little emotional warmth or affection

Few rules or expectations

Low communication

Often absent physically or emotionally

Children are left to take care of themselves

EFFECTS ON CHILDREN

Poor social and emotional development

Low self-esteem and confidence

Struggle with relationships and school

May become aggressive

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Role of parenting in shaping personality

In family psychology, parents play a crucial role in shaping a child’s personality through various mechanisms,
including serving as a role model, providing guidance and direction, and fostering emotional development

KEY ASPECTS OF PARENTAL INFLUENCE:

1-Role modeling: Children learn by observing their parent’s behaviors, attitudes and interaction with others

2-Guidance and direction: Parents provide instructions and rules helping children to understand boundaries
and develop social skills

3-Emotional support: Parents ability to offer a secure and loving environment, where children feel safe to
express emotions and receive guidance, is vital for emotional development

4-Communication and Interaction: Open and effective communication between parents and children is
essential for building a strong parent-child relationship and fostering positive personality

5-Influence self concept: Parents belief about their children , their level of involvement , and the messages
they convey about their children abilities and worth contribute to the development of their self concept and
self esteem