Module 5: Data Collection Methods
1.0 Qualitative and Quantitative Data Collection Techniques
1.1 Quantitative Data Collection
Quantitative methods involve the collection of numerical data that
can be statistically analyzed to identify patterns, relationships, and
trends.
Common Techniques
Method Description Examples
Surveys/ Structured tools with Household surveys,
Questionnaires closed-ended questions online polls
Systematic counting or
Headcounts, time-
Observations rating of
use tracking
events/behaviours
Health statistics,
Data from government or
Administrative Data school enrolment
institutional records
figures
Strengths
Can be generalized to larger populations
Efficient for large-scale data collection
Enables statistical analysis
Limitations
Lacks depth and context
Rigid design may miss nuanced insights
1.2 Qualitative Data Collection
Qualitative methods collect non-numerical and context-rich data
to explore perceptions, experiences, and social dynamics.
Common Techniques
Method Description Examples
One-on-one, open-ended Key informant
Interviews
questions interviews
Guided discussions with Community feedback
Focus Groups
small, targeted groups discussions
Participant Researcher immerses in the Field notes from
Method Description Examples
Observation setting program activities
In-depth examination of a
Case Studies Stories of change
single case or instance
Strengths
Provides deep understanding of context
Captures complexity and human experiences
Useful for formative research and exploration
Limitations
Time-consuming and resource-intensive
Smaller sample sizes may limit generalizability
Subjectivity may introduce bias
2.0 Designing Tools: Surveys, Interviews, Focus Groups
2.1 Survey
Structure: Closed-ended or Likert-scale questions
Purpose: To collect standardized data across large groups
Tips: Pre-test for clarity, keep language simple, avoid bias in
wording
2.2 Interviews
Types: Structured, semi-structured, unstructured
Use Case: Key informants, program staff, or beneficiaries
Tips: Use open-ended questions, ensure confidentiality, build
rapport
2.3 Focus Group Discussions (FGDs)
Composition: 6–12 participants with shared characteristics
Facilitation: Guided by a moderator and note-taker
Tips: Use a discussion guide, promote equal participation,
avoid domination by few voices
3.0 Data Quality Assurance and Ethics in Data Collection
3.1 Data Quality Assurance (DQA)
Ensuring the accuracy, reliability, and validity of data is critical
for credible monitoring and evaluation.
Key Dimensions of Data Quality
Dimension Description
Accuracy Data correctly reflects reality
Reliability Consistency across time and collectors
Data is up-to-date and collected on
Timeliness
schedule
Completene
No missing or partial data
ss
Data is protected from manipulation or
Integrity
loss
DQA Techniques
Data verification and validation checks
Regular training of enumerators
Supervision and spot-checks during data collection
Double data entry or automated checks for digital tools
3.2 Ethics in Data Collection
Ethical principles must be followed to protect the rights, dignity, and
safety of participants.
Key Ethical Principles
Principle Explanation
Informed Participants voluntarily agree with full
Consent understanding of the study
Confidentiality Personal data must be kept private and secure
Anonymity No identifiable information is shared in reports
Data collection should not cause physical,
Do No Harm
emotional, or social harm
Respect and Consideration for local customs, gender, and
Inclusion power dynamics
Best Practices
Provide clear explanation of study purpose
Allow participants to withdraw at any time
Store data securely and restrict access
Get ethical clearance from relevant boards (e.g., IRB or REC)
