LIGHT WEIGHT FOAM CONCRETE WITH PARTIAL

REPLACEMENT OF SAND WITH PULVERISED GLASS

A PROJECT REPORT

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the

requirements for the award of the degree
of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
in
CIVIL ENGINEERING
by
PUNEET CHOUDHARY (16EEACE037)
PAWAN SAINI (16EEACE034)
DEVENDRA RATHORE (16EEACE014)
MAHISHIKHA KUMPAWAT (16EEACE026)
POOJA BHASIN (16EEACE035)

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

ENGINEERING COLLEGE, AJMER

(An Autonomous Institute of Government of Rajasthan)

AJMER-305025 (RAJASTHAN)

May, 2020
 Acknowledgment

We would like to express our deep and sincere gratitude to my guide(s) Mr.
Dharmendra Singh Dhaka and Ms. Vishnu Priya Choudhary for their unflagging
support and continuous encouragement throughout the project work. Without
their guidance and persistent help this report would not have been possible.

We must acknowledge the faculties and staffs of Civil Engineering who helps in
completion of our project and help us in preparing this report and also for their
valuable guidance, encouragement and cooperation during the course of this
Project and its presentation.

We also thankful to our college faculties to help us in giving the practical

knowledge about MS Office.

My special thanks to our H.O.D. Dr. Ganpat Singh who helps me in the
execution of this work and for providing necessary facilities with full
cooperation, bestowing his excellent guidance, encouragement, inspiring
motivation, valuable suggestions and help throughout the Project.
Last but not the least, the cooperation and help received from teachers and
friends and department of civil engineering is great fully acknowledge.

Puneet Choudhary(16CE37)
Pawan Saini(16CE34)
Devendra Rathore(16CE14)
Mahishikha Kumpawat(16CE26)
Pooja Bhasin(16CE35)

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 Declaration

We hereby declare that the work, which is being presented in the project “Light
Weight Foam Concrete with Partial Replacement of Sand with Pulverised
Glass” in partial fulfilment of the award of degree of Bachelor of Technology in
Civil Engineering.

This project report prepared under the guidance of Mr. Dharmendra Singh
Dhaka and Ms. Vishnu Priya Choudhary department of Civil Engineering,
Engineering college, Ajmer.

Puneet Choudhary(16CE37)

Pawan Saini(16CE34)

Devendra Rathore(16CE14)

Mahishikha Kumpawat(16CE26)

Pooja Bhasin(16CE35)

3
 Abstract

Foamed concrete consists of cement, water, fine aggregate and air voids. It is
relatively homogenous and do not contain coarse aggregate phase. Foam
concrete is produced when pre-formed foam is added to slurry, the function of
foam is to create an air voids in cement-based slurry. Different foam concrete
mixers are produced with and with partial replacement of sand with pulverized
glass and attempts have been made for selecting the proportions of foam
concrete mix for the target plastic density of 1900kg/m³. In this project the issue
of environmental and economic concern is addressed by the use of waste glass
as partial replacement of fine aggregate in concrete. Fine aggregate was
replaced by waste pulverised glass as 10%, 20% and 30% by volume for 1:1
proportion of cement and sand. The use of waste glass has been focussed on the
production of light weight concrete that is able to improve thermal insulation in
addition to demonstrating good mechanical properties. The concrete specimens
were tested for compressive strength, flexural strength, permeability and water
absorption at 7 days and 28 days. Results obtained were compared with
standard results of normal concrete. If the results are equal or approximately
equal to standard results than this light weight foam concrete has been used in
place of normal concrete in construction.

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 Table of Contents
Chapter-1 Introduction..........................................................................................1

1.1 General....................................................................................................1

1.2 Material Used..........................................................................................2

1.3 Properties of Light Weight Concrete......................................................3

1.4 Uses of Light Weight Concrete..............................................................3

1.5 Advantages of Light Weight Concrete...................................................4

1.4 Properties of Glass..................................................................................5

Chapter-2 Literature Review................................................................................6

Chapter-3 Objective of this Project....................................................................13

Chapter-4 Methodology......................................................................................14

4.1 Collection of Raw Material..................................................................14

4.2 Preparation of Samples.........................................................................15

4.2.1 Mixing....................................................................................................15

4.2.2 Mix Design............................................................................................16

4.3 Curing of Samples................................................................................17

4.4 Tests for Samples..................................................................................18

Chapter-5 Result and Discussion........................................................................21

5.1 Compressive Strength Test...................................................................21

5.2 Flexural Strength Test...........................................................................22

Chapter-06 Safety Measures and Guideline’s....................................................24

Conclusion..........................................................................................................26

References...........................................................................................................27

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 List of Figures
Figure 1 Los Angeles abrasion machine.............................................................14
Figure 2 Glass waste crushed through abrasion machine...................................15
Figure 3 Foam formation and cube samples.......................................................16
Figure 4 Curing of cubes....................................................................................18
Figure 5 Centre point flexure load test...............................................................19
Figure 6 Three-point flexure load test................................................................19
Figure 7 Methodology Flow Chart.....................................................................20
Figure 8 results of compressive strength............................................................22

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 Chapter-1 Introduction
1.1 General
Light weight concrete can be characterised by good compressive strength,
durability, low density etc. Foam concrete is a type of aerated light weight
concrete; foam concrete does not contain coarse aggregate and can be regarded
as aerated mortar. Foam concrete is produced when pre-formed foam is added
to slurry, the function of foam is to create an air voids in cement-based slurry.
Foam concrete is a new type of light weight high strength and energy saving
building material widely used in construction industry. Properties of foam
concrete depends on the type of foaming agent used. Characteristics of Foam
concrete: Light weight, Good heat insulating property, high fire resistance, high
sound insulation, Good seismic performance etc. The focus of this project is to
an investigation on properties of foamed concrete with partial replacement of
sand with pulverised glass and identifying its physical and mechanical
properties.

Glass is widely used in our lives through manufactured products such as sheet
glass, bottles, glass wares etc. Glass is an ideal material for recycling. The use
of recycled glass saves lot of energy and the increasing awareness of glass
recycling speeds up focus on the use of waste glass with different forms in
various fields. One of its significant contribution is the construction field where
the glass waste was reused for concrete production. The application of glass in
architectural concrete still needs improvement. Several studies have shown that
waste glass i.e. crushed and screened is a strong, safe and economical to sand
used in concrete. During the last decades, it has been recognized that sheet glass
waste is of large volume and is increasing year by year in shops, construction
areas and factories.

1
The amount of waste glass is gradually increased over the years due to an ever-
growing use of glass products. When used in construction application, waste
glass must be crushed and screened to produce an appropriate design gradation.

Effect on properties of concrete with pulverised glass: provide resistance to

sulphur attack, density of concrete reduces as glass powder increases, resistance
to water absorption, the fineness of waste glass used as strong influence on
activity index of cement etc.

1.2 Material Used.

Cement: one of the most important building, material, is the binding agent that
sets and harden to adhere to building units such as stone, bricks, tiles etc.
cement generally refers to a very fine powdery substance cheaply made up of
limestone (calcium), sand or clay (silicon), bauxite (aluminium) and iron ore,
and may include shell, chalk, marl, shale, clay, blast furnace slag, slate. The raw
ingredients are processed in cement manufacturing plan and heated to form a
rock-hard substance, which is then ground into a fine powdered to be sold.
Cement mixed with water possess a chemical reaction and foam a paste that sets
harden to bind individual structure of building material.

Sand: Optimum properties are achieved when selecting the most suitable raw
material. Dust in sand increases the demand for water and cement, without
adding to the properties, it also increases shrinkage. A certain, small number of
fines contributes towards strength. As in conventional concrete, the sand should
be free of organic material or other impurities. Crushed sand, due to sharp edges
may destroy the foam mechanically.

Water: Mixing water for concrete should be clean and free from injurious
amounts of oils, acids, alkali’s, salts, organic matter, or other potentially
deleterious substances. When water is used to produce foam, it has to be potable
and for best performance, it should not exceed 25°C. Under no circumstances

2
must the foaming agent be brought in contact with any oil, fat, chemical or other
material that might harm its function. Water to prepare the mix has to conform
to general requirements for concrete.

Foaming Agent: Foam is a dispersion of a gas in liquid or in solid. Foam is

produced by distribution of gas in a liquid under the influence of a foaming
medium, such as soap, oil, acid or a wetting agent. During the production small
bubbles are formed and are separated from liquid by a membrane. Clearly, there
are many different types of foams with various applications.

Glass Powder: In sustainable construction importance of waste materials usage

in concrete is increasing in manner. The waste glass is disposing as a landfill
waste. Without changing its chemical property, the glass can be used so many
times. In cement manufacturing a replacing aggregate with glass waste will
reduce unit weight of the concrete, under laboratory studies glass has high silica
content on its feasibility condition. The use of fine glass powder as a cement
replacement material is giving good results. Objective is to study and compare
the performance conventional concrete and glass powder concrete. To
understand the effectiveness of glass powder in strength enhancement. The pH
Value found is within the limits (more Alkaline) hence it gives more resistant to
corrosion.

1.3 Properties of Light Weight Concrete

 The most significant property of lightweight concrete is reduced weight at
no sacrifice in strength.
 Lightweight concrete is characterized by good compressive strength,
durability and improved properties of thermal conductivity.

1.4 Uses of Light Weight Concrete

 Casting structural steel to protect it against fire and corrosion or as a
covering for architectural purposes.

3
  Construction of partition walls and panel walls in frame structures.
 Heat insulation on roofs.
 Insulating water pipes.
 Surface rendered for external walls of small houses.
 It is also being used for reinforced concrete.

1.5 Advantages of Light Weight Concrete

 Reduced dead load of wet concrete allows longer span to be poured un-
propped. This save both labour and circle time for each floor.
 Reduction of dead load, faster building rates and lower haulage and
handling costs. The eight of the building in term of the loads transmitted
by the foundations is an important factor in design, particular for the case
of tall buildings.
 The use of LWC has sometimes made it possible to proceed with the
design which otherwise would have been abandoned because of excessive
weight. In frame structures, considerable savings in cost can be brought
about by using LWC for the construction floors, partition and external
cladding.

 Most building materials such as clay bricks the haulage load is limited
not by volume but by weight. With suitable design containers much larger
volumes of LWC can haul economically.

 A less obvious but nonetheless important characteristics of LWC is its

relatively low thermal conductivity, a property which improves with
decreasing density in recent years, with the increasing cost and scarcity of
energy sources, more attention has been given the formerly to the need
for reducing fuel consumption while maintaining, and indeed improving,
comfort conditions buildings. The point is illustrated by fact that a 125
mm thick solid wall of aerated concrete will give thermal insulation about
four times greater than that of a 230 mm clay brick wall.
4
1.4 Properties of Glass
 Being amorphous and containing relatively large quantities of silicon and
calcium, glass is, in theory, pozzolanic or even cementitious in nature
when it is finely ground.
 The use of crushed glasses as aggregates for Portland cement concrete
does have some negative effect on properties of the concrete.

The use of recycled waste glasses in Portland cement and concrete has attracted
a lot of interest worldwide due to the increased disposal costs and
environmental concerns. Being amorphous and containing relatively large
quantities of silicon and calcium, glass is, in theory, pozzolanic or even
cementitious in nature when it is finely ground. Thus, it can be used as a cement
replacement in Portland cement concrete.

5
 Chapter-2 Literature Review

[1]They have studied about the replacement of normal weight concrete by light
weight concrete by using foaming agents with fulfillment of all necessary
requirements like bearing strength, water absorption etc. They concluded that
the properties of lightweight concrete depend on the type of foaming agent
used. They also concluded that the results of tests performed on foam concrete
are greater when natural foaming agent is used rather than synthetic.

[2]In this study the density of foam concrete is inversely proportional to the
percentage of foam i.e. added to the slurry/mortar. The compressive strength
and the density of foam concrete increases with age. The starting of strength
gain for foamed concrete is on higher side than that of normal weight concrete.
This study has shown that use of fly ash in foamed concrete can be greatly
improves its properties.

[3]The study indicated that waste glass can effectively we used as fine
aggregate replacement (up to 40%) without substantial change in strength. The
optimum replacement level of waste glass as fine aggregate is 10%,if
replacement is 20% than there is increase in 28 days strength but if replacement
is 30%-40% than there is decrease in strength.

[4]In this study, recycled waste glass can be incorporated into concrete as fine
aggregate up to 100% replacement ratio, without deleterious effect on concrete
properties. Up to 100% replacement ratio, glass sand did not reduce the
mechanical properties of concrete. On the contrary, it led to an increase in
compressive strength, flexural strength and splitting tensile strength. By using
glass sand there was significantly improvement in resistance to the chloride ion
penetration.

6
 [5]In this study, involves use of waste glass as partial replacement of fine
aggregate. with increase in waste glass content, average weight decrease by 5%
for mixture with 40% replacement, percentage water absorption decreases,
workability of concrete is increases and splitting tensile strength decreases.20%
replacement showed 15% increase in compressive strength at 7days, 25%
increase in compressive strength at 28 days and 30% replacement by weight
showing 9.8% increase in compressive strength at 28 days.

[6]In this study when the replacement of fine glass by fine aggregate at level of
20% by weight had significant effect on some properties of concrete paving
block samples as compared with the control sample. The compressive strength,
flexural strength, splitting tensile strength and abrasion resistance of the paving
block samples in the fine glass replacement level of 20% are 69%, 90%, 47%
and 15% higher as compared with the control sample, respectively.

[7]The study to investigate the potential of recycle the waste glass in light
weight concrete. The activity index, density and the preliminary compressive
strength of light weight concrete where studied and compared. Based on the
work the following conclusion can be drawn: the fineness of waste glass used as
strong influence on the activity index of cement, the bulk density of light weight
concrete was decreased as the waste glass was incorporated into the light weight
concrete samples, the use of waste glass as substitute is possible as maximum of
10% and the compressive strength gain is mainly controlled by the pozzolanic
characteristics in waste glass.

[8]In this study, recycled glass particles were used to replace natural sand as
fine aggregate and following conclusions can be drawn from this study: glass
sand had no obvious effect on the fresh properties of concrete, up to 100%
replacement ratio glass sand did not reduced the mechanical properties of
concrete, the dry shrinkage was slightly reduced with the use of glass sand in
lower strength concrete.
7
[9]The purpose this experimental study is to identify the performance of light
weight concrete in terms of density and compressive strength. Based on the
results it can be seen that compressive strength for light weight concrete is low
for low density mixture. The increment of void throughout the sample caused
by the foam in the mixture lower the density. As the result, compressive also
decreases with the increment of those voids.

[10]From the study of work presented in the various papers, it was observed that
waste glass, glass powder and glass powered with aggregate can be successfully
utilized in the partial replacements of fine and coarse aggregate in concrete. Out
of the three replacements in the ingredients of the concrete, glass powered was
found to be most suitable for the structural applications. The results
demonstrated that utilization of glass powder might increase the compressive
strength, flexural strength, workability and tensile strength of concrete.
Moreover, the concrete containing glass powder will also prove to be
economical and environment free as compared to conventional concrete.

[11]They studied that how the concrete behaves when glass powder used in it.
They concluded that BY USING GLAS POWDER with partial replacement of
cement it’s possible to achieve desire strength and durability properties through
the use of waste material Glass powder is having greater fineness than cement
and greater surface area so the consistency increase greatly, when glass powder
percentage increases. The normal consistency increases about 40% when glass
powder percentage increases from 0% to 40%. The optimum 7 and 28-day
compressive strength and flexural strength have been obtained in the range of
25-30 % glass powder replacement level. Increase in split tensile strength
beyond 10 % glass powder replacement is almost insignificant whereas gain in
flexural tensile strength have occurred even up to 30 % replacements. Glass
powder seems to have more pronounced effect on the flexural strength than the
split tensile strength.

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[12]They studied that the use of glass powder as fine aggregate in high strength
concrete. In this study natural sand was partially replaced (0%-30%) with glass
powder. They concluded that there is increase of 9% in the 28-day cube
compressive strength and increases cylindrical tensile strength of about 28% in
the 28 d of glass powder concrete when compared to the conventional concrete.
The also conclude that there is an increase of 78% in the 28-day flexural
strength of glass concrete when compared with conventional concrete. They
conclude that it is possible to replace glass waste by scare sand for concrete and
glass powder concrete is less workable strong and durable compared to sand
concrete.

[13]This study was on the use of recycled glass as a partial replacement for fine
aggregate in the structural concrete and observe the effects on compressive
strength. All mixes were proportioned in order to achieve a design compressive
strength of 40 MPa after 28 days. Corresponding water cement ratio was taken
as 0.42. Five resulting mixes incorporating waste glass as a partial replacement
for fine aggregates in proportions of 15, 20, 25, 30 and 40%. They concluded
that the workability of concrete followed a decreasing trend with the addition of
fine glass aggregate, due to the angular nature of the glass particles. Despite this
trend, the concrete was deemed workable and was within the specified tolerance
intervals. The optimum percentage replacement of sand with fine glass
aggregate was determined to be 30%. Compressive strength was found to
increase with the addition of waste glass to the mix up to the optimum level of
replacement reached. In proportions exceeding 30%, waste glass was found to
negatively impact the development of compressive strength. It is suggested that
in larger quantities, the angular nature of the glass aggregate reduces available
cement paste and leads to the formation of microscopic voids within the
concrete matrix.

9
[14]In this study Lightweight foamed concrete with foam agent (polyurethane)
addition and the influence of foam stabilizer and polypropylene fibre (PPF)
addition on mechanical performance of lightweight foamed concrete was
researched. They conclude that the density, thermal conductivity, flexural and
compressive strength of lightweight thermal insulation concrete suddenly
decreased when content of foaming agent becomes more and more which was
chiefly attributed to existence of high porosity in the specimens with foam agent
addition by decomposition of foam agent. The existence of foam stabilizer had a
positive effect on heat insulation performance and mechanical strength owing to
the improvement of pore structure. Besides, flexural and compressive strength
of foamed specimens were improved through adding PPF. However, excess
fibres had an opposite effect on mechanical properties due to aggregation of
PPF inside the composite matrix.

[15]They studied about the partial replacement of fine aggregate by using glass
powder. Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) was used in this project. Concrete
grade 25 was selected with proportion mix cement: sand: coarse 1:2:4 by
volume. The sand was replaced with 10%, 20% and 30% glass dust waste.
Concrete mixes were cured for 7 days, 14 days and 28 days. They performed the
slump test, compressive strength test for 7days, 14days and 28days.They
concluded that the effect of glass waste in concrete is more obvious at the later
age of 28 days. The optimum percentage of glass waste that gives the maximum
values of compressive strengths is 10%.

[16]They studied about the incorporation of waste glass powder as partial

replacement of fine aggregate in cement concrete and from theory study they
concluded that 20% replacement of fine aggregates by waste glass showed 35%
increase in compressive strength at 7 days and 30% increase in compressive
strength at 28 days. Fine aggregates can be replaced by waste glass up to 30%
by weight showing 8.5% increase in compressive strength at 28 days. With

10
increase in waste glass content, percentage water absorption decreases. With
increase in waste glass content, average weight decreases by 5% for mixture
with 30% waste glass content thus making waste glass concrete light weight.
Workability of concrete mix increases with increase in waste glass content.
Laboratory experiments were conducted to further explore the use of waste
glass as coarse and fine aggregates for both ASR (Alkali-Silica Reaction)
alleviation as well as the decorative purpose in concrete.

[17]The ratio of waste glass powder and cement powder should be well
balanced. Higher ratio may lead to reduced workability. With increase in waste
glass powder content beyond 10%, flexural strength reduced considerably, but
up to 10%, reduction in flexural strength was found to be negligible. The most
important result found was that the amount of silica present in 10% waste glass
powder was just adequate to exhaust the lime produced during hydration. Also,
beyond 10% replacement, the compressive strength of the concrete was found to
be reduced. That lead to the optimization of the amount of waste glass powder
to be at 10%.

[18]They studied about replacement of sand with thin glass sheet powder and
they concluded from their study that Maximum compressive strength was
achieve at 50% replacement. Compressive strength of concrete. Increased by
7.5% when 50% sand was replaced by glass powder. Tensile strength achieved
its peak value when sand was replaced by glass powder at 10% replacement
level. Tensile strength was increased by 6.2%. Flexural strength attained its
maximum value at 10% replacement level and the increase was by 13.8%.
Rapid Chloride Penetration Test was conducted to study the chloride ion
penetration. On conducting the experiment, the chloride ion permeability was
found to be moderate. Acid attack and alkalinity attack conducted on the
concrete showed a decrease in weight and compressive strength. Acid attack
showed a reduction of weight by 6.8% for conventional concrete and 7.24% for

11
glass powder concrete. The reduction in compressive strength for conventional
concrete was by 5.66% and that for glass powder concrete was by 5.66%.
Sulphate attack showed a reduction of weight by 1.49% for conventional
concrete and 1.13% for glass powder concrete. The reduction in compressive
strength for conventional concrete was by 3.3% and that for glass powder
concrete was by 3.13%.

[19]The main aim of this study is to compare the influence of glass powder on
the strength properties of cement concrete and compute percentage of glass
powder which gives maximum strength when compare to concrete. Concrete
with replacement of fine aggregate by waste glass powder such as 15%, 20%
and 25% were produced. They conclude that the replacement of cement by glass
powder in concrete increases the compressive strength of concrete. Increase of
27% strength can be achieved when 20% cement was replaced by glass powder
in concrete when water/ cement ratio was maintained constant. Slump test was
carried out and the slump was found to be 70 to 72mm even with 20%
replacement. With the increase in glass content, percentage of water absorption
decreases. Considering the strength criteria, the replacement of cement by glass
powder is feasible up to 20%.

[20] They did the experimental study on lightweight foamed concrete. They
prepared samples of 4”, 6”, 8” blocks have weight respectively 8.33 kg, 12.44
kg, and 16.42 kg. They performed water absorption test, density test and
compressive strength test on these block samples. They concluded that in the
density of the foam concrete blocks generally varies with the different sizes.
The design load of concrete prepared by the 2.5 N/m. Therefore, the
compressive strength of the concrete also depends on the loads and sizes of the
blocks. The loads verify the strength of the concrete block using area of the
blocks. In the optimum moisture content is mainly less than 5% in the foam

12
concrete block. The moisture content varies from the different sizes of the
concrete blocks.

13
 Chapter-3 Objective of this Project

The main objective of the study is to use the waste material (glass waste) in
place of fine aggregate in the foam concrete for the positive variation in the
properties of the concrete and also its impact on the economic growth of the
construction industry and to explore the use of replaced material. Further, the
effects of materials used as aggregate are to be determined by testing
workability, compressive strength, flexural strength, permeability and water
absorption of foam concrete. This test will unable a complete characterization
and evaluation of application possibilities. The main objective of the study is
summarized below;

 To investigate the influence of partial replacement of fine aggregate by

pulverized glass on mechanical and physical properties of the foam
concrete. Study on the effect of change in percentage of pulverized glass
on properties of foam concrete will also be deemed as an important part
of present experimental investigation.
 To find economical solution for high cost fine aggregate material like
sand and hence making concrete construction more sustainable.
 To prepare light weight concrete by using foaming agent and waste glass
as fine aggregate.
 Utilization of waste glass in the concrete construction sector, hence
eliminating the need of landfill disposal of this non-biodegradable waste.

14
 Chapter-4 Methodology

The first step in the project was to collect the raw material (waste glass) to be
used as fine aggregate replacement and foaming agent for making foam
concrete. After that the casting started.

4.1 Collection of Raw Material

The constituent material used in this investigation were procured from local
sources. OPC of 43 grades was used. The cement and sand are easily available
in the market. Well graded river sand is used as fine aggregate. Coarse
aggregate is not used in making light weight foam concrete. For this project
waste glass is obtained from waste glass present in college campus and also
from glass shop. Glass waste obtained is first broken down completely in the los
Angeles (abrasion testing) and then the sieve analysis is done to obtain the
waste glass passing through 1.18 mm and retained on 75-micron sieves.

Figure 1 Los Angeles abrasion machine

15
 Figure 2 Glass waste crushed through abrasion machine

4.2 Preparation of Samples

All the samples were prepared in the material testing laboratory at College
campus. The samples for compressive testing, permeability and water
absorption were cubes of size (150mm×150mm×150mm) while the beam of
size (70y70mm×150mm×150mm) were used for flexural testing. The various
steps involved in the sample preparation process are as follows.

4.2.1 Mixing
Firstly, the foam concrete is made by mixing the cement, sand, foaming agent
and water. The mix proportion of cement and sand is 1:1. In this project foam is
generated through open air mechanical stirring without using foam generator
and by maintain foam to water ratio 1:20 which means 1 part of form is added
into 20 part of water. Then after, generated foam is now mixing into the cement
slurry and entrained about 30% air by volume into the foam concrete so that it
attains a light weight concrete block when become hardening. Each sample is
prepared by taking 1:1 proportion and for replaced sample, different percentage
of fine aggregate were replaced by waste glass. The water/cement ratio was kept
as 0.45 for all mixes.
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 Figure 3 Foam formation and cube samples

4.2.2 Mix Design

I. No Replacement

Volume of 1 cube 0.15×0.15×0.15 = 0.003375 m³.

Unit weight of concrete 12kN/m³.
Weight of concrete in 1 cube 12×0.003375 = 0.0406 KN
0406×102 = 4.10kg (1KN = 101.97
kg)
Assume 20% wastage of concrete 0.20×4.10 = 0.82 kg
Total weight of concrete in 1 cube 4.10 + 0.82 = 4.92kg
Mix ratio 1:1 = cement : sand
Weight of cement in 1 cube 4.92×1/2 = 2.46 kg.
Weight of sand in 1 cube 4.92×1/2 = 2.46 kg.
Taking, w/c ratio 0.35
Quantity of water 0.35×2.46 = 0.861 L (1kg = 1 litre)
Quantity of foam 0.861×1/20 = .0431 L

17
 II. Sand Replace with Pulverised Glass by 10%.

Weight of cement in 1 cube 4.92×1/2 = 2.46 kg.

Weight of pulverised glass in 1 cube 0.246 kg
Weight of sand in 1 cube (4.92×1/2) – 0.246 = 2.214 kg.
Taking, w/c ratio 0.35
Quantity of water 0.35×2.46 = 0.861 L(1kg = 1 litre)
Quantity of foam 0.861×1/20 = .0431 L

III. Sand Replace with Pulverised Glass by 20%.

Weight of cement in 1 cube 2.46 kg

Weight of pulverised glass in 1 cube 0.492 kg.
Weight of sand in 1 cube (4.92×1/2) – 0.492 = 1.968 kg.
Taking, w/c ratio 0.35
Quantity of water 0.35×2.46 = 0.861 L (1kg = 1 litre)
Quantity of foam 0.861×1/20 = .0431 L

IV. Sand Replace by Pulverised Glass by 30%.

Weight of cement in 1 cube 2.46kg.

Weight of pulverised glass in 1 cube 0.738 kg.
Weight of sand in 1 cube (4.92×1/2) – 0.738 = 1.722 kg.
Taking, w/c ratio 0.35
Quantity of water 0.35×2.46 = 0.861 L (1kg = 1 litre)
Quantity of foam 0.861×1/20 = .0431 L.

4.3 Curing of Samples

Curing of concrete is the method by which the concrete is protected against loss
of moisture required for hydration and kept within the recommended
18
temperature range. Curing will increase the strength and decrease the
permeability of hardened concrete. Curing is also helping in mitigating thermal
and plastic cracks, which can severely impact durability of structure. It provides
higher serviceability performance by increasing abrasion resistance and
improved microstructure by developing better hydrate gels and solid mass.
Curing of concrete cubes has been done for 7 and 28 days.

Figure 4 Curing of cubes

4.4 Tests for Samples

Compressive Strength Test

Compressive strength is the ability of material or structure to carry the loads on

its surface without any crack or deflection. A material under compression tends
to reduce the size, while in tension, size elongates.
load
Compressive strength = cross section area

Compressive strength of concrete depends on many factors such as water-

cement ratio, cement strength, quality of concrete material, quality control
during the production of concrete, etc. tests for compressive strength is carried
out either on a cube or a cylinder.

19
Flexure Strength Test

Flexural test evaluates the tensile strength of concrete indirectly.it test the
ability of unreinforced concrete beam or slab to withstand failure in bending.

The result of flexural test on concrete expressed as modulus of rupture which

denotes as in MPa or psi.

The flexural test on concrete can be conducted using either three-point load test
or centre point load test.

Figure 5 Centre point flexure load test

Figure 6 Three-point flexure load test

20
 Light weight foam concrete

Replacement of sand
with pulverized glass

Without With 10% With 20% With 30%

replacement replacement replacement replacement

Tests for each

replacement

Compressive test Flexure test

No. of cube-6 No of beam-2

Figure 7 Methodology Flow Chart

21
 Chapter-5 Result and Discussion
5.1 Compressive Strength Test
Days 7 Days 28 Days
Replacemen
t
Sample
Of Sand I II III Avg. I II III Avg.
→
with glass
↓
Strengt
0% 11.9 12.6 11.4 11.9
h 6.75 7.22 6.97 6.98
(Without 1 6 2 9
(MPa)
replacement
Weight
) 4 4.5 4.1 4.2 4.1 3.8 4 3.97
(kg)
Strengt
h 8.97 9.55 8.44 9 - - - -
10% (MPa)
Weight
4.8 4.2 4.6 4.5 - - - -
(kg)
Strengt
12.3 12.2 12.8
h 12.5 - - - -
7 4 9
20% (MPa)
Weight
5.15 4.75 4.85 4.91 - - - -
(kg)
30% Strengt
10.8 11.5 10.9
h 10.6 - - - -
6 6 9
(MPa)
Weight 5.95 5.9 5.25 5.2 - - - -

22
 (kg)

 It is observed that when fine aggregate is replaced by 10% glass waste,

the compressive strength at 7 d is found to increase by about 28.57% on
average.
 It is observed that on replacing fine aggregate by 20% glass waste on
average there is an increase in compressive strength at 7 d by 78.57%.
 whereas at 7 d compressive strength is decreased marginally from 20% to
30% replacement level by approx. 21.43%.

Compressive strength(MPa)
7 Days 28 Days

11.99 12.5
10.99
9
6.98

0% 10% 20% 30%

Figure 8 results of compressive strength

5.2 Flexural Strength Test

Flexure test has also been performed on a beam sample after 7days, through
which it is observed that the failure load (P) obtained was1400 N.

23
 0 700 200 700
15

0
15
150
L

50 200 200 50

All dimension in mm.

Here a>20cm; for 15cm beam then,

Flexure strength of beam

PL
F = BD ²

B = 150mm; D = 150mm; P = 1400 N; L = 600mm

1400× 600
F = 150 ×150²

F = 0.257 N/mm²

Where,

F = Flexural strength

L = Effective span of beam

B = Breath of the beam

D = Failure point depth

P = Max. load or failure load

24
a = The distance b/w the line of facture and the nearer support, measured on the
centre line of the tensile side of the specimen

25
 Chapter-06 Safety Measures and Guideline’s

There are several labs located throughout the civil engineering buildings. The
following information is intended to make you better informed:

 The most important safety practice you can follow is do nothing until you
are sure that what you are doing is safe. When in doubt, ask the technical
staff, graduated student, or faculty whether you are following
recommended safety procedure.
 Know the location of exits, telephone, fire extinguisher, material safety
data sheet, safety showers and eye washes for use in case of emergency.
 Safety glasses or goggles must be worn at all times in the laboratories
which required them.
 Report all chemical spills immediately to lab contact person and clean up
following established procedure.
 Do not store open and unlabelled chemicals or solutions at any time.
 All waste chemicals and broken glass must be disposed of in approved
containers. Put broken glass or other sharps only in sharps container
 Wear protective clothing (lab coats) when handling strong chemicals.
 Tie back or otherwise secure long hair, dangling jewellery, or clothing.
 Always wear shoes in the laboratory. Do not wear sandals or perforated
shoes.
 Do not run in the laboratory areas (to avoid collision with people who
may carry chemicals).
 Do not work alone in the laboratory if you are working with hazardous
material.
 Do not drink water from any sources other than drinking fountains or
kitchens.

26
 Do not cover up accidents – they happen, when they post a no admittance
sign detailing the hazard. Do not move problem out of the areas.
 If you discover a fire or fire related emergency such as abnormal heating
of material, hazardous gas leaks, hazardous material or flammable liquid
spills, smoke, or odour of burning, immediately follow these steps:
o Activate the building fire alarm system (fire full station).
o Notify the fire department.

27
 Conclusion
From the above findings, the following conclusions may be made out of the
study:

 While using waste glass as fine aggregate replacement, 7 d strength is

found to marginally increase up to 20% replacement level.
 Marginal decrease in strength is observed from 20 to 30% replacement
level of waste glass with fine aggregate.
 This study concludes that the utilisation of waste glass as fine aggregate
in concrete not only helps in getting them utilised in concrete but also has
numerous indirect benefits such as reduction in landfill cost and
protecting environment from possible pollution effect.
 The density of foam concrete with synthetic foaming agent (SLES i.e.
Sodium Laurel Ether Sulphate) is lower than as compared to foam
concrete with natural foaming agent.
 The optimum replacement level of waste glass as fine aggregate is 20%.

28
 References

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