ChE 453
Transport Phenomena
Topic: The Equations of Change for Nonisothermal Systems
Course Instructor: Dr. Iftheker Ahmed Khan
Chapter 11 Content
§11.1 The energy equation
§11.2 Special forms of the energy equation
§11.3 The Boussinesq equation of motion for forced and free convection
§11.4 The equations of change and solving steady-state problems with one
independent variable
§11.5 The equations of change and solving problems with two independent
variables
§11.6 Concluding comments
Objectives of this Chapter
● In Chapter 10 we introduced the shell energy balance method for solving relatively
simple, time-independent heat-flow problems. We obtained the temperature profiles, as
well as some derived properties, such as the average temperature and heat-transfer
rate.
● In this chapter, we generalize the shell energy balance and obtain the equation of
energy, a partial differential equation that describes the transport of energy in a
homogeneous fluid or solid.
Problem-solving ability to include nonisothermal systems
● Chapter 3:
1. Equation of continuity (conservation of mass)
2. Equation of motion (conservation of momentum).
● Chapter 11:
1. Equation of energy (conservation of energy)
Formulation of general ● The equation of continuity
mass and momentum ● The equation of motion
balance equation that ● The equation of change for mechanical energy
can be applied to any ● The equations of change (substantial derivative form)
problem ● Common simplifications of the equation of motion
● Equation of Continuity: Law of conservation of Mass
● Equation of Motion: Law of conservation of Momentum
● Equation of Change: The term “equation of change” may be used
to describe how any physical quantity changes with time and
position. Not based on conservation laws.
The energy equation
● The equation of change for energy is obtained by applying the law of
conservation of energy to a tiny element of volume Δx Δy Δz.
The energy equation
● Here we focus on a a) kinetic and internal energy may be entering and
stationary volume element, leaving the element by convection
fixed in space, through b) energy may be entering and leaving the element
which a fluid is flowing. by conduction,
● The kinetic plus internal
c) work is being done on the element by molecular
energy within the element
increases with time: processes.
d) external forces (such as gravity) are acting on
the fluid within the element of volume.
Total energy flux, e vector = a + b + c
Keep in mind that the e vector includes the convective transport of kinetic and internal
energy, as well as the heat conduction and the work associated with molecular processes.
in the absence of external forces:
This states that, in a small region of fluid going along with
the flow, the sum of its internal energy and kinetic energy
changes because of the heat being added to the fluid and
work being done on it.
The equations of change and solving steady-state problems with one independent
variable
