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Inspired by Biology: From Molecules to Materials to Machines
http://www.nap.edu/catalog/12159.html

inspired By

Biology
F r o m m o l e c u l e s t o m at e r i a l s t o m a c h i n e s

Committee on Biomolecular Materials and Processes

Solid State Sciences Committee
Board on Physics and Astronomy
Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences
Board on Life Sciences
Division on Earth and Life Studies

Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.

Inspired by Biology: From Molecules to Materials to Machines
http://www.nap.edu/catalog/12159.html

THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS 500 Fifth Street, N.W. Washington, DC 20001

NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National
Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National
Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report
were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.

This study is based on work supported by Contract No. DE-FG02-05ER46197 between the National Academy of
Sciences and the Department of Energy and Grant No. DMR-0426181 between the National Academy of Sciences
and the National Science Foundation. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in
this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the agencies that provided
support for the project.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Inspired by biology : from molecules to materials to machines / Committee on Biomolecular Materials and
Processes, Board on Physics and Astronomy, Board on Life Sciences, Division on Engineering and Physical
Sciences, Division on Earth and Life Studies.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references.
ISBN 978-0-309-11704-3 (pbk. book) — ISBN 978-0-309-11705-0 (pdf book) 1. Molecular biology. 2.
Biomolecules—Analysis. 3. Materials—Biotechnology. 4. Biomedical materials. 5. Biomedical engineering. I.
National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Biomolecular Materials and Processes.
QH506.I4817 2008
570—dc22
2008016751

Copies of this report are available from the National Academies Press, 500 Fifth Street, N.W., Lockbox 285,
­Washington, DC 20055; (800) 624-6242 or (202) 334-3313 (in the Washington metropolitan area); Internet,
http://www.nap.edu; and the Board on Physics and Astronomy, National Research Council, 500 Fifth Street, N.W.,
Washington, DC 20001; Internet, http://www.national-academies.org/bpa.

Cover: Three images are shown on the cover of this book, one each to represent a molecule (middle), a material
(bottom), and a machine (top) in biomolecular materials research. (Top) Myosin V (blue-green), a molecular
motor that moves cargo around the cell by walking on actin (red). Courtesy of Paul R. Selvin, University of Illinois
at Urbana-Champaign; created by precisiongraphics.com. (Middle) Antimicrobial peptoids are designed to mimic
the amphipathic structures of antimicrobial peptides; models of the folded structure of a synthetic peptoid are
shown in views both parallel and perpendicular to the helical axis. Residues are color coded: cationic, purple;
hydrophobic, orange; all others, gray. Published in N.P. Chongsiriwatana, J.A. Patch, A.M. Czyzewski, M.T. Dohm,
A. Ivankin, D. Gidalevitz, R.N. Zuckermann, and A.E. Barron, “Peptoids that mimic the structure, function, and
mechanism of helical antimicrobial peptides,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 105(8):2794-
2799 (2008). Copyright 2008 National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A. (Bottom) Array of microlenses on the skeletal
plate of a brittlestar Ophiocoma wendtii that functions as a sophisticated optical element. The whole structure is
composed of an intricately shaped single calcite crystal. The lens size is approximately 50 microns. Courtesy of
J. Aizenberg, Harvard University.

Copyright 2008 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.

Printed in the United States of America

Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.

Inspired by Biology: From Molecules to Materials to Machines
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The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished

scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and
technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it
by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal govern-
ment on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone is president of the National Academy
of Sciences.

The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National
Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its
administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences
the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also
sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research,
and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Charles M. Vest is president of the National
Academy of Engineering.

The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure
the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters
pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National
Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon
its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg
is president of the Institute of Medicine.

The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to
associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of further-
ing knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies
determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the
National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the
government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered
jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone and Dr. Charles M.
Vest are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council.

www.national-academies.org

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Inspired by Biology: From Molecules to Materials to Machines
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Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.

Inspired by Biology: From Molecules to Materials to Machines
http://www.nap.edu/catalog/12159.html

COMMITTEE ON BIOMOLECULAR MATERIALS AND PROCESSES

ARUP K. CHAKRABORTY, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Chair

JOANNA AIZENBERG, Harvard University
ANNELISE E. BARRON, Stanford University
KEN A. DILL, University of California at San Francisco
SHARON C. GLOTZER, University of Michigan
YALE E. GOLDMAN, University of Pennsylvania
ELIAS GREENBAUM, Oak Ridge National Laboratory
W. JOHN KAO, University of Wisconsin at Madison
DAVID NEEDHAM, Duke University
V. ADRIAN PARSEGIAN, National Institutes of Health
ALAN RUDOLPH, Adlyfe Inc.
CYRUS R. SAFINYA, University of California at Santa Barbara
CHARLES F. STEVENS, Salk Institute for Biological Studies
DAVID A. WEITZ, Harvard University

Staff
DONALD C. SHAPERO, Director, Board on Physics and Astronomy
FRANCES E. SHARPLES, Director, Board on Life Sciences
ADAM P. FAGEN, Senior Program Officer, Board on Life Sciences
NATALIA J. MELCER, Senior Program Officer, Board on Physics and Astronomy
BETH MASIMORE, Christine Mirzayan Science and Technology Policy
Graduate Fellow
CARYN J. KNUTSEN, Senior Program Assistant�����������������������
, Board on Physics and
Astronomy
PHILLIP D. LONG, Senior Program Assistant, Board on Physics and Astronomy
(until August 2006)
VAN AN, Financial Associate, Board on Physics and Astronomy

Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.

Inspired by Biology: From Molecules to Materials to Machines
http://www.nap.edu/catalog/12159.html

SOLID STATE SCIENCES COMMITTEE

PETER F. GREEN, University of Michigan, Chair

BARBARA JONES, IBM Almaden Research Center, Vice-Chair
DANIEL P. AROVAS, University of California at San Diego
COLLIN L. BROHOLM, Johns Hopkins University
PAUL M. CHAIKIN, New York University
GEORGE W. CRABTREE, Argonne National Laboratory
ELBIO DAGOTTO, University of Tennessee and Oak Ridge National Laboratory
DUANE DIMOS, Sandia National Laboratories
SIDNEY R. NAGEL, University of Chicago
MONICA OLVERA DE LA CRUZ, Northwestern University
ARTHUR P. RAMIREZ, Alcatel-Lucent
MARK D. STILES, National Institute of Standards and Technology
ANTOINETTE TAYLOR, Los Alamos National Laboratory
DALE J. VAN HARLINGEN, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
FRED WUDL, University of California at Santa Barbara

Staff
DONALD C. SHAPERO, Director, Board on Physics and Astronomy
NATALIA J. MELCER, Senior Program Officer
MERCEDES M. ILAGAN, Administrative Assistant
VAN AN, Financial Associate

vi

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Inspired by Biology: From Molecules to Materials to Machines
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BOARD ON PHYSICS AND ASTRONOMY

ANNEILA I. SARGENT, California Institute of Technology, Chair

MARC A. KASTNER, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Vice-Chair
JOANNA AIZENBERG, Harvard University
JONATHAN A. BAGGER, Johns Hopkins University
JAMES E. BRAU, University of Oregon
PHILIP H. BUCKSBAUM, Stanford University
ADAM S. BURROWS, University of Arizona
PATRICK L. COLESTOCK, Los Alamos National Laboratory
RONALD C. DAVIDSON, Princeton University
ANDREA M. GHEZ, University of California at Los Angeles
PETER F. GREEN, University of Michigan
LAURA H. GREENE, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
WICK C. HAXTON, University of Washington
JOSEPH HEZIR, EOP Group, Inc.
ALLAN H. MacDONALD, University of Texas at Austin
HOMER A. NEAL, University of Michigan
JOSE N. ONUCHIC, University of California at San Diego
WILLIAM D. PHILLIPS, National Institute of Standards and Technology
CHARLES E. SHANK, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
THOMAS N. THEIS, IBM T.J. Watson Research Center
MICHAEL S. TURNER, University of Chicago
C. MEGAN URRY, Yale University

Staff
DONALD C. SHAPERO, Director
NATALIA J. MELCER, Senior Program Officer
MICHAEL H. MOLONEY, Senior Program Officer
ROBERT L. RIEMER, Senior Program Officer
DAVID B. LANG, Associate Program Officer
CARYN J. KNUTSEN, Senior Program Assistant
MERCEDES M. ILAGAN, Administrative Assistant
VAN AN, Financial Associate

vii

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Inspired by Biology: From Molecules to Materials to Machines
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BOARD ON LIFE SCIENCES

KEITH YAMAMOTO, University of California at San Francisco, Chair

ANN M. ARVIN, Stanford University School of Medicine
RUTH BERKELMAN, Emory University
DEBORAH BLUM, University of Wisconsin at Madison
VICKI L. CHANDLER, University of Arizona
JEFFERY L. DANGL, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
PAUL R. EHRLICH, Stanford University
MARK D. FITZSIMMONS, John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation
JO HANDELSMAN, University of Wisconsin at Madison
KENNETH H. KELLER, Johns Hopkins University School of Advanced
International Studies, Bologna, Italy
JONATHAN D. MORENO, University of Pennsylvania
RANDALL MURCH, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
MURIEL E. POSTON, Skidmore College
JAMES REICHMAN, University of California at Santa Barbara
BRUCE W. STILLMAN, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
MARC T. TESSIER-LAVIGNE, Genentech, Inc.
JAMES TIEDJE, Michigan State University
CYNTHIA WOLBERGER, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine

Staff
FRANCES E. SHARPLES, Director
KERRY A. BRENNER, Senior Program Officer
ADAM P. FAGEN, Senior Program Officer
ANN H. REID, Senior Program Officer
MARILEE K. SHELTON-DAVENPORT, Senior Program Officer
REBECCA L. WALTER, Senior Program Assistant
MERCURY FOX, Program Assistant
ANNA FARRAR, Financial Associate

viii

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Inspired by Biology: From Molecules to Materials to Machines
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Preface

The National Research Council of the National Academies convened the Com-
mittee on Biomolecular Materials and Processes (BMAP) to assess current work
and future promise at the intersection of biology and materials science. The Solid
State Sciences Committee of the Board on Physics and Astronomy developed the
charge for this study in consultation with the Board on Life Sciences and the study’s
sponsors at the Department of Energy and the National Science Foundation. The
Committee on BMAP was charged to identify the most compelling questions and
the emerging scientific opportunities at the interface between biology and con-
densed matter and materials research, suggest strategies to best meet the identified
opportunities, and consider connections to national priorities, including health
care, security, the workforce, and economic and societal needs. The committee
did not address tissue engineering in this report, because it has been reviewed
elsewhere and was considered outside the scope of the committee’s charge. The
complete charge is reproduced in Appendix A.
The Committee on BMAP is composed of experts from many different areas of
biomolecular materials research (see Appendix B for biographical sketches of com-
mittee members). The full committee met in person three times (see Appendix C)
to address its charge. The committee formed subgroups to study areas in further
detail and to develop the text of the final report. At its meetings, the committee
heard from experts in the field and from the federal agencies that support BMAP

  National Research Council, Capturing the Full Power of Biomaterials for Military Medicine, Wash-

ington, D.C.: The National Academies Press (2004).

ix

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Inspired by Biology: From Molecules to Materials to Machines
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 Preface

research. Conference calls and e-mail were used to coordinate the work of the com-
mittee between meetings. This final report reflects the committee’s enthusiasm and
excitement for the research opportunities in BMAP.
The report is the product of input from many people. On behalf of the commit-
tee, I extend my thanks and appreciation to all who participated in this endeavor. I
also thank the speakers who made formal presentations at the committee meetings
(Appendix C); those presentations and the ensuing discussions strongly informed
the committee’s deliberations. In addition, the committee would like to thank
the following people for their insights: Ian Anderson, James R. Baker, Jr., Sergey
­Bezrukov, Mark S. Humayun, Nicholas A. Kotov, Ronald G. Larson, John Miao,
Dean A. Myles, Kevin Plaxco, Rudi Podgornik, Clinton Potter, Roger Pynn, Don
Rau, David A. Tirrell, Gregory Voth, Karen Wooley, Wenbing Yun, and Joshua
­Zimmerberg. In particular, Theresa Reineke is thanked for her insight and contri-
bution to the challenges in the area of synthesis.
Finally, I also thank the National Research Council staff (Natalia Melcer, Adam
Fagen, Don Shapero, Frances Sharples, Phillip Long, and Caryn Knutsen) for their
guidance and assistance throughout the development of the report.
As chair, I am grateful to the committee members for their wisdom, coopera-
tion, and commitment to ensuring the development of a comprehensive report.

Arup Chakraborty, Chair

Committee on BMAP

Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.

Inspired by Biology: From Molecules to Materials to Machines
http://www.nap.edu/catalog/12159.html

Acknowledgment of Reviewers

This report has been reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their
diverse perspectives and technical expertise, in accordance with procedures
approved by the National Research Council’s (NRC’s) Report Review Committee.
The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments
that will assist the institution in making its published report as sound as possible
and to ensure that the report meets institutional standards for objectivity, evidence,
and responsiveness to the study charge. The review comments and draft manuscript
remain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process. We wish to
thank the following individuals for their review of this report:

Robert H. Austin, Princeton University,

William F. Carroll, Jr., Occidental Chemical Corporation,
Robert J. Full, University of California at Berkeley,
Laura L. Kiessling, University of Wisconsin at Madison,
Robert S. Langer, Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
Monica Olvera de la Cruz, Northwestern University,
Jose N. Onuchic, University of California at San Diego,
Joel M. Schnur, Naval Research Laboratory, and
David A. Tirrell, California Institute of Technology.

Although the reviewers listed above have provided many constructive com-
ments and suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the conclusions or recom-
mendations, nor did they see the final draft of the report before its release. The

xi

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Inspired by Biology: From Molecules to Materials to Machines
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xii Acknowledgment of Reviewers

review of this report was overseen by Peter B. Moore, Yale University. Appointed by
the NRC, he was responsible for making certain that an independent examination
of this report was carried out in accordance with institutional procedures and that
all review comments were carefully considered. Responsibility for the final content
of this report rests entirely with the authoring committee and the institution.

Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.

Inspired by Biology: From Molecules to Materials to Machines
http://www.nap.edu/catalog/12159.html

Contents

SUMMARY 1

1 INTRODUCTION 5
Unifying Concepts, 5
Areas for Research, 6
Alternative and Renewable Energy, 6
Health and Medicine, 7
National Security, 7
Next-Generation Bioinspired Materials, 8
Enabling Tools, 8

2 UNDERSTANDING BIOMOLECULAR PROCESSES: 10

TOWARD PRINCIPLES THAT GOVERN BIOMATERIAL DESIGN
Multiple Cooperative Interactions, 11
Cells, 12
Cell-mimetic Materials, 14
Processes Far from Equilibrium, 15
Design Principles for Mechanics, 17
Self-assembly, Directed Assembly, and Spatiotemporal Assembly, 19
Hierarchical Self-assembly, 21
Complex Spatiotemporal Assembly, 23

xiii

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Inspired by Biology: From Molecules to Materials to Machines
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xiv Contents

Self-replicating, Self-healing, and Evolving Materials, 25

Self-replicating Materials, 26
Self-healing Materials, 27
Materials That Evolve, 27
Opportunities and Challenges, 28
Suggested Reading, 30

3 ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 31

Alternative and Renewable Energy from Biomolecular Materials and
Processes, 32
Biofuels and Processes, 33
Biomimetic Photosynthesis, 36
Biomolecular Motors, 41
Advanced Functional Materials in Health and Medicine, 48
Medical Diagnostics, 49
Targeted Drug Delivery, Targeted Imaging Systems, Targeted
Radiation, 51
Neural Prosthetics, 54
Advanced Functional Materials and National Security, 57
Environmental Surveillance and Biosensing, 57
Functional Biomaterials for Decontamination and Protection, 58
Next-Generation Bioinspired Materials, 59
Supermaterials from Biology, 59
Materials That Mimic Proteins and Membranes, 67
Opportunities and Challenges, 71
Alternative and Renewable Energy, 71
Health and Medicine, 72
National Security, 73
Next-Generation Bioinspired Materials, 74
Suggested Reading, 74

4 PROBES AND TOOLS FOR BIOMOLECULAR MATERIALS 76

RESEARCH
Three-Dimensional Electron Microscopy, 78
Hyperresolution Optical Microscopy, 81
X-ray Methods, 83
X-ray Tomography, 84
X-ray Diffraction, 85
Small-Angle X-ray Scattering, 86
Neutron Scattering, 87

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Contents xv

Single-Molecule Probes, 90
Single-Molecule Instrumentation, 92
Theory and Computation, 95
Modeling and Computer Simulation, 97
Access to High-Performance Computing Environments, 101
Informatics and Data Mining, 102
Public Domain Codes, 102
The Need for Theoretical Advances, 102
Synthesis of Biomolecular Materials, 104
Synthetic Methods for Materials Synthesis, 105
Materials Synthesis Using Natural Machinery, 107
Materials Synthesis Using a Natural Toolbox, 108
Macromolecular Assembly Routes, 109
Opportunities and Challenges, 113
Suggested Reading, 115

5 INFRASTRUCTURE AND RESOURCES 116

Education and Training, 117
Mechanisms for Bridging Biological and Materials Sciences, 120
Shared Resources and Essential Facilities, 122
Partnership Among Industry, Academia, and the National Laboratories, 125
Commercialization of Biomolecular Materials, 126
Biomolecular Properties, Processes, and Products, 126
Manufacturability and Production, 127
Specific Biomolecular Material Product Areas, 127
Challenges and Opportunities in Commercialization, 129

6 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 131

Supporting Interdisciplinary Research, 132
Developing and Evaluating Programs for Interdisciplinary Education, 133
Emphasizing Both Fundamental and Applied Sciences, 135
Developing and Evaluating National Facilities Based on Midrange
Instruments, 135

APPENDIXES

A Statement of Task 139

B Biographies of Committee Members 140
C Committee Meeting Agendas 146
D Glossary 149

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Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.

Inspired by Biology: From Molecules to Materials to Machines
http://www.nap.edu/catalog/12159.html

Summary

The ability of biological systems to carry out extremely complex functions in a

vast array of environments has long inspired scientists to create synthetic systems
that work with similar precision and efficiency. While a lack of understanding of
how biological systems function has hampered their ability to make such materi-
als and devices, scientists are nonetheless using an expanding toolbox of new ways
to measure, manipulate, and compute properties of matter, living and nonliving.
These efforts are beginning to uncover the principles that govern how biological
systems work. Application of the principles uncovered by these investigations will
one day allow scientists to create synthetic materials, processes, and devices that
can carry out tasks with the precision of biological systems. As demonstrated by
the opportunities and examples presented in this report, now is a very exciting time
for research at the intersection of the biological and materials sciences.
Practical design of biologically inspired materials has the potential to improve
the well-being of people everywhere and our nation’s economic competitiveness
by addressing some of the most urgent national challenges. Biomolecular materi-
als and processes may improve medical therapeutics, allow the creation of reliable
sensors to detect biological and chemical threats, and facilitate the transition to
energy independence. To realize these opportunities and fully harness the potential
of biology to inform the development of materials and processes, further advances
in fundamental physics, chemistry, and materials science will be required. Three
closely related strategies for the creation of new materials and systems may help
to realize the potential of biomolecular materials and processes: biomimicry, bio-
inspiration, and bioderivation.

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Inspired by Biology: From Molecules to Materials to Machines
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 Inspired by Biology

• Biomimicry. This strategy relies on first learning the mechanistic principle

used by a living system to achieve a particular function. One then attempts
to adapt that principle to achieve similar function in a synthetic material.
One example is the encoding of information into building blocks when
they are synthesized. One can also try to create materials that mimic whole
cells in their response to external stimuli. Such materials could be used in
devices for detecting hazardous biological and chemical agents.
• Bioinspiration. Merely knowing that a task can be achieved by a living sys-
tem can inspire scientists to develop a synthetic system that performs the
same function, even if the synthetic system uses a scheme quite different
from that employed by the biological system. Nature provides examples of
systems whose exceptional properties and performance might be replicated
for all sorts of applications. The adhesive gecko’s foot, the self-cleaning
lotus leaf, and the fracture-resistant mollusk shell have all fueled interest
in smart biological materials. Yet attempts to create synthetic analogs have
been largely unsuccessful, in part because our fundamental understanding
of the biological systems is limited.
• Bioderivation. This strategy involves using an existing biomaterial in concert
with an artificial material to create a hybrid. A prominent example is the
incorporation of biologically derived proteins into polymeric assemblies
for targeted drug delivery.

Progress will be facilitated by the efforts of research agencies, the scientific com-
munity, and other stakeholders. In particular, five recommended steps will help to
overcome the scientific challenges associated with these strategies and to translate
the resulting knowledge into achievements of social and economic value.
The synergistic application of approaches traditionally considered to belong
to distinct disciplines will be called for. While such concerted efforts are already
emerging in isolated cases, substantial interagency and interdepartmental coopera-
tion in support of interdisciplinary research and development (R&D) efforts will
be needed.

Recommendation 1: The Department of Energy (DOE), the National Insti-

tutes of Health (NIH), the National Science Foundation (NSF), and other
relevant departments and agencies should jointly sponsor programs of
innovative research at the intersection of different disciplines. Initiatives of
this type will provide incentives for universities to work across traditional
departmental boundaries. The Office of Science and Technology Policy
(OSTP) should take the lead in coordinating such programs.

Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.

Inspired by Biology: From Molecules to Materials to Machines
http://www.nap.edu/catalog/12159.html

Summary 

Physicists, chemists, biologists, and engineers need to work together to create

new biomaterials and technologies. Educating scientists and engineers so they can
work at the intersection of these fields is crucial.

Recommendation 2: University physics, chemistry, biology, materials science,

mathematics, and engineering departments and medical schools should
jointly examine their curricula, identifying ways to prepare scientists and
engineers for research at the intersection of the physical sciences, engineer-
ing, and the life sciences. The educational programs being created should be
evaluated from a wide range of viewpoints, including input from leaders in
industry and at the national laboratories.

Communication between scientists and engineers from different disciplines is

hampered by difficulties in understanding methods, concepts, and jargon. Mecha-
nisms that facilitate communication across and between disciplines are essential.

Recommendation 3: DOE, NIH, NSF, and other relevant departments and

agencies should support the development of 1- or 2-week summer courses
to train physical scientists and engineers in the tools and concepts of biol-
ogy and medicine and, conversely, biologists in the tools and concepts of the
physical sciences. Special attention should be given to finding ways of com-
municating fundamental physicochemical concepts to biologists using the
mathematical knowledge common to the biology community. Such summer
courses would help bridge the physical and life sciences communities, allow-
ing them to exploit research opportunities at the intersection of the fields.

Fundamental research is necessary to realize the applications envisaged in

this report and could lead to yet-unimagined technological applications, but the
translation of new discoveries into useful products is also crucial. Thus both fun-
damental and applied research should be carried out.

Recommendation 4: DOE, NIH, NSF, and other relevant departments and

agencies should collaborate to link fundamental research with commercial
applications. While it is imperative to recognize and exploit the connections
between fundamental advances and opportunities to transition them into
practice, curiosity-driven fundamental research on outstanding unsolved
questions should be encouraged, because it could lead to unforeseen tech-
nological advances.

It is difficult for a single laboratory to house the diverse instrumentation and

expertise required for interdisciplinary research in biomolecular materials and

Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.

Inspired by Biology: From Molecules to Materials to Machines
http://www.nap.edu/catalog/12159.html

 Inspired by Biology

processes. Standard equipment in biology laboratories, for example, is not usually

found in engineering laboratories and vice versa. Further, many researchers do not
in any case have access to facilities, shared or private, containing such equipment
and instrumentation. National facilities that house clusters of moderately sophisti-
cated instrumentation and individuals with the associated expertise are important
for fostering interdisciplinary research in biomolecular materials and processes.

Recommendation 5: DOE should continue to evaluate the effectiveness of

recently created facilities to provide access to midrange instrumentation and
computational facilities for the advancement of interdisciplinary research
in nanoscience and technology. Based on what is learned from this evalua-
tion, analogous, but distinct, centers could be created to facilitate research
in biomolecular materials and processes.

Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.

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