ee EERE EEE IEEE EE EID EI EI IDI IDI EI IDI ID II II III II II IID IEEE EO ET 5 Secondary Activities Fastracl« Revision > Secondary Activities In secondary activities, we engage ourselves in transforming raw materlals gained from primary activities Into valuable products useful for human being, Shaping and transforming the raw materials Into usuble materials For human being is the main characteristics of this activity. > Manufacturing In the secondary activities are Included manufacturing, processing and construction or infrastructure Industries. > Row materiols are transformed Into finishad good with the assistance of man power and application of ‘machines, The manufacturing may be done by primitive methods cr by modern technology. > Standardised commodities are produced by modern ‘manufacturing techniques and application of power. > All type of articles and commodities are the products from handicrafts to moulding of iron and steel. Even outer space vehicles and computer components are manufactured. > Characteristics of Modern Large Scale Manufacturing > Specialisation of Sskills/Methods of Production: Under the ‘craft’ method, Factories produce only afew” plleces which are made to order. On the ather hand, large scale manufacturing Involves production oF large quantities of standardised parts by each worker performing only one task repeatedly. > Mechanisation: It refers to the use of gadgets to ‘accomplish tasks. Automation (without ald of human. thinking during manufacturing process) isthe advanced stage of mechanisation. Large scale manufacturing Industries use mechanisation > Technological Innovation: Technological innovations through research and development strategy are ‘an important aspect af madecn manufacturing For quality control, eliminating waste and Inefficiency and combating pollution > Organisational Structure and Stratification: Large organisations and infrastructure is need to run on the system smoothly and properly. > Uneven Geographic Distribution: Modern manufacturing is concentrated only on less than 10 per cent of world's land area. The site of secandary activities covers much smaller areas as compared to agriculture activities > Influential Factors of Industrial Location > Access to Raw Matorial: Industries which are engaged In manufacturing of perishable committees such as vegetables, milk and milk products should be located nearer to the source of raw materials, > Access to Skilled Labourers: Some manufacturing industries are run by skilled labourers. So the location. of the site must be at the place where they are avallable Inabundance. > AccosstoMarkat Place: Nearnossofthoslteofindustry toa market place for manufactured commodities Is the Important Factor In the location of industry. But some Industries such as aircraft manufacturing and ordnance factories, nearness of market place Is Immaterial as, they have global markets, > Access to Transportation: Transport Facility is the key for Industrial growth. Movements of raw materlals to Factory and finished goods to market is better dona by good transpart Facility. > Access to Communication Facility: Good communication facllty 1s very helpful in Industral sector, It assists exchange and provide information and dealings with, and From Industry site. > Avallability of Energy Source: There are some heavy industrial plants which cannot run smoothly without power or energy, such as aluminium industry, Iron and, steel industry, fertilizer industry, ete. Sites of such industries should be located near the source or supply of energy or power. > Government Policy: Government adapt ‘regional policies’ to promote ‘balanced’ economic development and hence set up industries in particular areas. wledge BOOSTER In case of footloose industries, they do not need any ‘aw materials. Their component parts con be obtained everywhere. They ore non-polluting industries, itis @ cequired thar thelr toccton should hove occessbity Se into the road network > Classification of Manufacturing Industries > Onthe Basis of Size: An industrial set-upis determined by the amount of its capital investment, number of employees and volume of net production. On these parameters, we became familiar with three types of Industriesee EERE EEE IEEE EE EID EI EI IDI IDI EI IDI ID II II III II II IID IEEE EO ET * Cottage Industries: These are also called as household Industries, In such 9 unit artsans with locally avalable materials produce everyday goods They Use simple tools in making them. Family members provide part time labour For the work Hand made Fans, kite, incense stick, arom, mud and wooden statues are created in cottage Indust, + Small Scale Industries: Semisklled labourers are used inthis type of Industry. Simple machines are used In producing the items. Such Industries are laboureroriented, They provide better employment opportunities for the vast population of @ nation, such as Ind. + Large Seale Industries: Many factors are responsible while they are elevated and flourished. Such Industries roqulre large capital investments and advanced technology s required. In establishing allarge scale industry a large market, different raw materials and heavy use of energy is needed. Thera should be a separate class of specialised workers ‘These Industries are grouped into two regions oF traditional large scale industrial regions and high technology large scale Industrial regions > On the 89s of Input of Raw Materials: + Agro-Based industries: For such industries the raw materials are obtained from agriculture, such as sugar pickles, Fruit juices, beverages (tea, coffee and cocoa, Food processing ols, textlles, ee + Mineral Based Industries: These industries are based upon minerals. On the basis of mineral, these are ofthree categories 1 Ferrous metallic minaral based industries + Non Ferrous metallic minerals based industries and + Non-metallic minerals based industries. + Chemical Based Industries: Natural chemical minerals are used in these industries. Mineral oll salt, sulphur and potash industries are natural mineral Plastiindusris also use natura chemicals Chemical industries ae aso based on raw materials abtained From wood and coat. + Industries Based on Forest Raw Materials: In these industries, forest products are used as raw materials. Furniture industry, timber industry, aper Industry, bamboo-grassiac Industry, all are dependant on raw material obtained from forest + Industries Based on Raw Material Obtained from Animals: These industries are fully based on the products obtained from animals. Leather industry is run by leather obtained from animals, wool is obtained from sheep For woollen textile industries. ory is also obtained frm elephant’s tusks. > On the Basis of Output of Product + Basle Industry: Such industry produces materials, which are used to make other goods, such as iron and steel Industry, + Nombasic Industry: Such industry produces consumer goods. It manufacture such goods or articles which are ready-to-use for consumers. Biscuits, breads, tea, soap, stationery, etc, are produced in such an industry. > On the Basis oF Ownership: + Public Sector Industries: These Industries are erected by governmant whether It is cantral or state government. The ovinarship Is vested in the government. The government manages the affairs of such Industries. + Private Sector Industries: In these Industries, the ownership vests in private individuals and assoclatlons, No Interferences dane by government In day-to-day working of these industries, + Joint Sector Industries: The industries of this category are managed jointly by government and Individuals. Thus both the public and private sectors ‘manage them. > Industries with High Technology Industries with high technology have acquired a unique place in Industrial sector. Advanced sclentific and engineering products are manufactured in this sector Intensive research and development devices are used and applied, in producing different items. White-collar workers are engaged in a large number. They are skilled and professional in their respective fields. The blue collar workers who are actual production workers find less ‘number In such Industrial setups. gS Practice Exercise “Q Multiple croice Questions ss QL Under the nnn Method, factories produce only a few pieces which are prepared as per order. 2. cast b. craft cut 4, Allo these Q2. Aircraft and arms industry have 2: a. local market © global market b. defence market 4d. no market Qs. add value to natural resources by transforming raw materials into valuable products. Primary activities. b. Secandary activities Tertiary activities. None of these Q4. Industries which use more power are located close to the source of the: ‘a. energy supply b. communication supply «. labour supply d. Both band c.