RAWS 3.
CONCLUSION - Provides a closure
TEXT to the text by summarizing or
● Set of written words, phrases, and highlight the points presented in the
sentences that are coherently body.
combined to convey a central idea to
its readers. DEDUCTIVE ORGANIZATION
● Expresses the meaning of it. ● Expresses the main idea presented
through a topic sentence.
DISCOURSE ● TOPIC SENTENCE - Sentence
● Extended expression of ideas about states the main idea at the beginning
a certain topic. of the text.
● Two Types: Written and Oral ● The details, examples and
● Kwentuhan with a person illustrations presented in the
sentence
READING - Process of decoding the ● General ideas to specific ideas.
meaning of written symbols presented in a
text. INDUCTIVE ORGANIZATION
● Begins with a piece of evidence,
THREE STAGES OF READING: details and examples to support the
1. PRE-READING - Activate the main idea.
previous knowledge in this stage. ● Specific to general ideas.
2. WHILE READING - Where you
decode and understand the meaning OUTLINE - A framework that helps writers
of the text that you are reading. achieve a logical sequence and structure of
3. POST-READING - Summarize, ideas in a text.
Reflect and draw conclusions based
on the information that you learned. COHERENCE
● Overall oneness of ideas, sentence
PROPERTIES OF WELL-WRITTEN and paragraph in the text.
UNITY - All parts of text serve one purpose ● All relevant ideas, sentences, and
only. paragraphs stick together in the text.
CONNECTEDNESS - Able to weave your
ideas in such a way that they flow logically TRANSITIONAL DEVICE
from one point to another. ● Serve as signposts to signal shifts or
ideas in the text.
ORGANIZATION - Arrangement of ideas in ● Use to maintain coherence
a text.
COHESION
WRITTEN TEXT PARTS: ● Focus on grammatical aspects of
1. INTRODUCTION - Present the writing at the sentence level.
central or main idea.
2. BODY - The main idea is elaborated LANGUAGE - The medium through which
and is explained. writers transmit the message they intended
to impart to their readers.
CYCLE DIAGRAM - Illustrates the steps
MECHANICS - Refers to the conventions involved in a continuous or repeated series
that writers follow regarding the correct use of events.
of punctuation marks, spelling, format,
capitalization, abbreviation, contractions, TIMELINE - Visual representation of event
acronyms and numerals. and allows you to see the chronological
sequence of significant events.
BRAINSTORMING
● Gather thoughts and write down PLOT DIAGRAM - Representation of the
specific topics. plot of a story and is also used to show the
● End product is a list of possible relationships between ideas.
topics that you may consider in
developing your text. OUTLINE - A framework or a plan that
helps writers arrange ideas and concepts
GRAPHIC ORGANIZERS according to hierarchy, importance, or
● Visual and structured representation chronology.
of ideas and concepts that you wish
to include in the written text. ALPHANUMERIC FORMAT - Combine
● Help you arrange your ideas roman numbers and letters
logically through the use of pictures,
charts, maps and diagrams. DECIMAL FORMAT - Uses arabic
numbers.
CONCEPT MAP - Diagram that shows
relationships between and among ideas or NARRATION
concepts. ● Objective - Factual information and
accurate language to recount a
CLUSTER MAP - Diagram of how ideas chronological sequence of verified
can be grouped according to certain criteria events.
or similarities. ● Subjective - The writer's own
feelings and personal impressions.
FISHBONE MAP - Diagram shows cause
and effect relationships. THREE MAIN PARTS :
1. INTRODUCTION - Offer a sneak
VENN DIAGRAM - Illustration that uses peak of what the reader can expect
circles to show the similarities and and is started with a hook.
differences of ideas or concepts. 2. BODY - Delve in-depth into the
actual events and where the
KWLH - What I KNOW, What I WANT to narrative text present the supporting
know, What I LEARNED, HOW Can I Learn details.
more. 3. CONCLUSION - Summarize the
major points or emphasize the
FLOW CHART - Shows you the steps important ideas you presented in the
involved in a process. body of your narrative text.
DESCRIPTION CONTRAST - Entails looking into their
● Pattern of development that aims to differences.
create a vivid mental picture of a
particular person, object, place, or POINTS OF COMPARISON - Serve as the
eventin the reader’s mind. bases of your discussion.
SPATIAL ORDER - Sequence ideas and BLOCK PATTERN - One of the ways to
details by space or location. write comparison and contrast. This is used
when you discuss an item completely based
DOMINANT IMPRESSION - Thesis on some points of comparison before you
statement of a descriptive text that shows compare and contrast it with another object,
the writers opinion and overall feeling about idea, or concept.
the topic.
POINT BY POINT PATTERN -One of the
DEFINITION - Aims to clarify the meaning ways to write comparison and contrast.
of an unfamiliar or ambiguous term. Discuss the two items based on the points
of comparison until all their similarities and
DENOTATIVE DEFINITION - Gives exact differences have been discussed.
meaning of an unfamiliar or ambiguous
term. CAUSE AND EFFECT - Understand human
CONNOTATIVE DEFINITION - Explains the experiences and analyze complex
meaning of a term in a more personal phenomena.
manner.
CAUSE - Brings about something to occur.
EXPANDED DEFINITION
● Essays that deal with complex ideas EFFECT - The result between two ideas.
usually begin with a sentence that
defines a term, which is further PERSUASIVE - To influence the readers
extended into a longer piece of into believing what the writer is saying.
writing.
● Provides readers with details and SPECULATIVE - Suggest possibilities.
explanations.
PROBLEM-SOLUTION TEXT
CLASSIFICATION- The process of ● Present viable solutions to particular
categorizing items according to their problems.
common characteristics. ● Provides a detailed report on how it
was solved through the scientific
EXEMPLIFICATION - Giving specific method.
examples to generalize ideas to expound a ● Can be used in persuasive speech.
concept or support an argument.
FOUR PARTS:
COMPARISON - Examining similarities ● SITUATION - Present background
between two or more items. information about the problem.
● PROBLEM - Shows the issue that CLAIM - Central argument or thesis
needs to be addressed. statement that the writer wants you to
● SOLUTION - Proposed actions to accept.
address the problem.
● EVALUATION - Effectiveness of the CLAIM OF FACT - Something that exists by
proposed solution. presenting credible sources of information,
factual data, and testimonies. Present
PERSUASIVE TEXT - Influence the readers pieces of evidence to prove their claim.
to accept an idea, to implement a proposed
action, or to change their perception about a CLAIM OF POLICY - Argues that a policy
specific topic. or a law needs to be implemented to solve a
problem.
ARGUMENT - Standpoint that you want
your readers to accept or do. CLAIM OF VALUE
● Assert s the importance or the
THREE MODE OF PERSUASIVE: goodness of an argument.
1. Ethos - Credibility ● Based on a person's taste,
2. Pathos - The readers emotion philosophy, and moral judgement.
3. Logos - Readers reasoning through
the use of logic proofs. CONTEXT - Circumstance surrounding a
text and influencing the writer collectively.
CRITICAL READING - Allows readers to
analyze claims and evaluate message INTERTEXT
based on proofs. ● Refers to a text which connects to or
uses another text.
CRITICAL READERS - Know how to ● Meaning is interpreted by pointing
distinguish facts from opinions and to judge back to another.
whether or not the information presented to
them are logical and credible. HYPERTEXT
● A nonlinear text which connects to
WRITERS - Influenced by their ideologies, other works through hyperlinks.
culture, and personal experiences.
COUNTER CLAIMS - Statement that
SUMMARY - Tells the main idea and opposes or contradicts a writer's claim.
presents the major points of the text.
TEXTUAL EVIDENCE -
Details found in the text that support a writer's claim.
