Exclusive-NOR Gate
JULY 15, 2015 BY ADMINISTRATOR 7 COMMENTS
Exclusive NOR gate is another exclusive gate in the logic gates. In our
previous tutorials, we have learned about the Exclusive – OR. This tutorial
explains about Exclusive – NOR gate.
Outline
Exclusive-NOR Gate
o Ex – NOR gate Logic Symbol and Boolean expression
o XNOR Truth table
X-NOR Gate using Basic logic gates
o Using NOR Gates
o Using NAND Gates
o Using NAND and OR Gates
o Ex – NOR Gate Pulsed Operation
3-input Ex-NOR Gate
o 3-Input Ex-NOR gate logic symbolTruth table
Ex-NOR Function Realization using NOR gates
Commonly available TTL and CMOS logic Ex-NOR gate IC’s
o 74266 Quad 2-input Ex-NOR Gate IC
Ex-NOR gate applications
o Construction:
Exclusive-NOR Gate
The operation of Exclusive NOR gate is reciprocal to the Exclusive OR gate’s
operation. As the basic AND gate implements the Boolean addition , while OR
gate implements Boolean multiplication and NOT implements inversion
function , there is no such Boolean function defined by the XNOR.This can be
derived by basic gates (AND , OR ,NOT).Below shows the diagram of EX-
NOR constructed from EX-OR gate.
The logic symbol and Boolean expression for the XNOR gate is shown below.
Ex – NOR gate Logic Symbol and Boolean expression
There are multiple standards for defining an electronic component. Generally
we follow IEC (International Electro-technical Commission) standards and
IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers). The XNOR logic
symbol in IEEE and IEC standards is shown below.
It is a Hybrid gate, the Boolean expression of output of XNOR gate is given as
below
The XNOR output is represented as
XNOR Truth table
If we observe the operation of XNOR gate, we can say that the XNOR gate
output will be HIGH when both the inputs are not same and will become LOW
for different combination of input. This we can see in truth table.
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X-NOR Gate using Basic logic gates
If a specific gate is not available directly, we can design the gate by
connecting multiple gates together. An EX-NOR gate can be designed by
using basic logic gates like NAND gate and NOR gate.
Using NOR Gates
Using NAND Gates
Using NAND and OR Gates
Ex – NOR Gate Pulsed Operation
The pulsed operation of 2 input XOR gate is shown below.
Initially when one of the two inputs of the XNOR gate is low, so the output is at
low level. When both the input changes to low level, the XNOR output will rise
to HIGH level and again when one of the inputs comes to low level, the output
also comes to low level.
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3-input Ex-NOR Gate
We can have XOR gate with more than 2 inputs, in some cases. The Boolean
function is same for the 3- input XNOR gate is
3-Input Ex-NOR gate logic symbol
Truth table
For Exclusive NOR gates, we can have the HIGH input when even numbers
of inputs are at HIGH level. So the 3-input XNOR gate is called as “Even
functioned OR gate”.The truth table and logic symbol for 3-input XNOR gate is
given below.
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Ex-NOR Function Realization using NOR gates
If A and B are inputs and Q is the output of XNOR gate then
Q= A XNOR B = (A XOR B)’
Q’= (A XOR B) = A’B + AB’ = A’B + AB’ + AA’ + BB’ = (A + B) (A’ + B’)
Q’= A’ (A + B) + B’ (A + B)
Take compliment
Q= (A’ (A + B) + B’ (A + B))’ = (A’ (A + B) )’ . (B’ (A + B))’ = (A + (A + B)’). (B +
(A + B)’)
Take compliment again
Q’= ( (A + (A + B)’). (B + (A + B)’) )’ = (A + (A + B)’)’ + (B + (A + B)’)’
Take compliment again
Q= [ (A + (A + B)’)’ + (B + (A + B)’)’ ]’
Now we can implement the XNOR circuit using NOR gates
Ex-NOR Function Realization using NAND gates
Q= (A XOR B)’ = (A’B + AB’ = A’B + AB’ + AA’ + BB’)’ = ((A + B) (A’ + B’))’
Now we need to implement this circuit using NAND gates
Q= ( (A + B) (AB)’ )’ = (A . (AB)’ + B. (AB)’)’
Taking compliment
Q’= A. (AB)’ + B. (AB)’ = (A. (AB)’). (B. (AB)’)
Taking compliment again
Q= (A. (AB)’)’. (B. (AB)’)
Now we can implement XNOR gate using NAND gates
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Commonly available TTL and CMOS logic Ex-NOR
gate IC’s
Some of the most used XNOR logic ICs are listed below
74266 Quad 2-input Ex-NOR Gate IC
Pin description:
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Ex-NOR gate applications
1. The XNOR logic gates are used in error detecting circuits which are to
detect Odd parity or even parity bits in digital data transmission circuits.
2. XNOR gate is mainly used in arithmetic and encryption circuits. This
process is the combinational operation of the XOR and XNOR gates, by
using 6 transistors for low power application.
This is also used as Heat exchanger tank, which will ring the alarm when the
water temperature level goes up or down, to the pre-set level. The Heat
exchanger circuit is explained below.
Construction:
This circuit is used to warm the water. It has two outlets and two float
indicators. The float indicators are connected as the inputs of XNOR gate. The
output of the XNOR gate is connected to the alarm circuit, which used to alert
when the water level changes in the glass beaker. There is a heating element
at the bottom of the beaker to heat the certain amount of water.
When the water reaches high level, the excess water will overflow from the
upper outlet. When the water comes to low level, then the heating element
situated at the bottom is not covered by water so it will burn out. As we said
earlier, it alerts the when the water level increases or decreases to certain
level. To do this, the float switches are to be placed at high level and low level
positions of water, inside the tank.
When a float indicator gets in contact with water level, it is pushed upwards.
This will cause the float’s leaver to disconnect from the armature. At this
situation, the XNOR gate’s input is 0. If the float indicator is not in contact with
the water level, then the leaver is connected to +5 V supply, making the
armature active. At this situation, the XNOR gate’s input will be HIGH, which
is equal to 1. When the 2 leavers are connected to the +5 volts supply or to
ground voltage, then the 2 inputs of the XNOR gate is 1, and thus the output
of the XNOR gate is high, so that it activates the alarm and alerts the person.
When the water level is between upper floater and lower floater indicator, then
logic 1 is applied from upper indicator and logic 0 from lower indicator, to the
input of XNOR gate. At this position no alarm will ring as the water level will is
at required level. This is how the logic XNOR gate used as a Heat exchanger
circuit.
