MA 102: Linear Algebra, Integral Transforms
and Special Functions
Tutorial Sheet - 2
Second Semester of the Academic Year 2023-2024
1. Let W1 , W2 be two subspaces of a vector space V (F) and define W1 +W2 = {w1 +w2 | w1 ∈
W1 , w2 ∈ W2 }. Prove that W1 + W2 is a subspace of V (F). Also establish that it is the
smallest subspace of V (F) containing both W1 and W2 , where F = R or C.
2. A vector space
L V (F) is called the direct sum of two subspaces W1 and W2 and denoted
by V = W1 W2 if V = W1 + W2 and W1 ∩ W2 = {0}. Show that the direct sum of any
two subspaces is again a subspace and every vector has a unique representation as sum of
vectors from W1 and W2 .
3. Let W1 be the subspace of Mn×n (R) consisting of all the skew symmetric n × n matrices
L of Mn×n (R) consisting of all the symmetric n × n matrices. Prove
and W2 be the subspace
that Mn×n (R) = W1 W2 .
4. Determine whether the following sets are subspaces of R3 (R) under the component wise
addition and scalar multiplication. Find W1 ∩W2 , where
W1 = {(a1 , a2 , a3 )∈ R3 : a1 = 3a2 and a3 = −a2 },
W2 = {(a1 , a2 , a3 )∈ R3 : 2a1 − 7a2 + a3 = 0}.
5. Show that the matrices
1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
, , and generate M2×2 (R) over R.
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
6. Write the vector v = (a, b, c) ∈ R3 over R as linear combination of the vectors u1 =
(1, 2, 0), u2 = (−1, 1, 2) and u3 = (3, 0, −4).
7. Examine in each case which of the following sets are linearly independent over R:
1 −3 −2 6
(a) , in M2×2 (R).
−2 4 4 −8
(b) x3 + 2x2 , − x2 + 3x + 1, x3 − x2 + 2x − 1 in P3 (R).
(c) {(1, −1, 2), (2, 0, 1), (−1, 2, −1)} in R3 .
7. Check the linearly independence of the sets {f, g} over R, where:
(a) f (x) = x, g(x) = |x|.
(b) f (x) = cos(x), g(x) = sin(x).
(c) f (x) = erx , g(x) = esx , for r 6= s and r, s ∈R.
1
8. Consider the vector space M3×3 (R) over R. Let A ∈ M3×3 (R) and v = 2 , w =
−2
2 −1
−1 . Suppose that Av = −v and Aw = 2w. Then find the vector A5 8 .
3 −9
9. Let S = {(1 + i, 2 i, 2), (1, 1 + i, 1 − i)} ⊂ C3 . Check the linear independence of S over
R.
10. Is the set S considered in problem 9 linearly independent over C ?
11. Let v1 = (a, b, c), v2 = (d, e, f ), v3 = (g, h, i) be any three vectors in R3 (R). Show
that the set {v1 , v2 , v3 } is linearly dependent over R if and only if there
exists anon zero
a d g
vector x = (x1 , x2 , x3 ) such that AxT = O, where A is the matrix b e h .
c f i
12. Prove that any set S in a vector space V (F) containing the 0 vector is linearly dependent,
where F = R or C.
1 h
13. Find the value of h for which the following set of vectors v1 = 0 , v2 = 1
0 −h
1
and v3 = 2h are linearly independent over R.
3h + 1
14. Let V be a vector space over a field F and S1 ⊆ S2 ⊆ V , then prove that:
(a) If S2 is linearly independent set over F then so is S1 .
(b) If S1 is linearly dependent set over F then so is S2 , where F = R or C.
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