General Chemistry
CHM115
The Molecular Nature of Matter and
Change
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Chapter 3
Stoichiometry of Formulas
and Equations
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Mole - Mass Relationships in Chemical Systems
3.1 The Mole
3.3 Writing and Balancing Chemical Equations
3.4 Calculating Quantities of Reactant and Product
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Mole - Mass Relationships in Chemical Systems
3.1 The Mole
3.3 Writing and Balancing Chemical Equations
3.4 Calculating Quantities of Reactant and Product
Learning outcomes:
❑ Estimation of molar mass
❑ Estimation of number of moles
❑ Estimation of number of atoms/molecules
❑ Estimation of percentage of elements in a molecule
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The Mole
The mole (mol) is the amount of a substance. Like
dozen, the mole tells you the number of entities
One mole (1 mol) contains 6.022x1023 entities (to
four significant figures).
This number is called Avogadro’s number and is
abbreviated as N.
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Figure 3.1 One mole (6.022x1023 entities) of
some familiar substances.
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Molar Mass
The molar mass (M)
For monatomic elements, the molar mass is the
same as the
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Periodic table : Needy for the calculation of
molar mass
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For molecular elements and for compounds, the
formula is needed to determine the molar mass.
The molar mass of O2 = 2 x M of O
= 2 x 16.00 g/mol
= 32.00 g/mol
The molar mass of SO2 = 1 x M of S + 2 x M of O
= [32.00 + 2(16.00)] g/mol
= 64.00 g/mol
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Table 3.1 Information Contained in the Chemical Formula
of Glucose C6H12O6 ( M = 180.16 g/mol)
Carbon (C) Hydrogen (H) Oxygen (O)
Atoms/molecule 6 atoms 12 atoms 6 atoms
of compound
Moles of atoms/ 6 mol of atoms 12 mol of atoms 6 mol of atoms
mole of
compound
Atoms/mole of 6(6.022x1023) atoms 12(6.022x1023) atoms 6(6.022x1023) atoms
compound
Mass/mole of 72.06 g 12.10 g 96.00 g
compound
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Interconverting Moles, Mass, and
Number of Chemical Entities
n=
Number of entities (molecules in covalent compounds or formula units in ionic
compounds) =
Number of entities (atoms in covalent compounds or ions ionic compounds) =
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Interconverting Moles, Mass, and
Number of Chemical Entities
Figure 3.2
Mass-mole-number relationships for elements.
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Sample Problem 3.1
Converting Between Mass and
Amount of an Element
PROBLEM: Silver (Ag) is used in jewelry and tableware but no
longer in U.S. coins. How many grams of Ag are in
0.0342 mol of Ag?
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Sample Problem 3.2
Converting Between Number of Entities
and Amount of an Element
PROBLEM: Gallium (Ga) is a key element in solar panels,
calculators and other light-sensitive electronic
devices. How many Ga atoms are in 2.85x10-3
mol of gallium?
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Sample Problem 3.3
Converting Between Number of Entities
and Mass of an Element
PROBLEM: Iron (Fe) is the main component of steel and is
therefore the most important metal in society;
it is also essential in the body. How many Fe
atoms are in 95.8 g of Fe?
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Sample Problem 3.4
Converting Between Number of Entities
and Mass of Compound I
PROBLEM: Nitrogen dioxide is a component of urban smog
that forms from the gases in car exhausts. How
many molecules are in 8.92 g of nitrogen dioxide?
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Sample Problem 3.5
Converting Between Number of Entities
and Mass of Compound II
PROBLEM: Ammonium carbonate, a white solid that decomposes
on warming, is an component of baking powder.
a) How many formula units are in 41.6 g of
ammonium carbonate?
b) How many O atoms are in this sample?
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Mass Percent from the Chemical Formula
Mass % of element X =
moles of X in formula x molar mass of X (g/mol)
x 100
molar mass of compound
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Sample Problem 3.6
Calculating the Mass Percent of Each Element
in a Compound from the Formula
PROBLEM: Farmers base the effectiveness of fertilizers on
their nitrogen content. Ammonium nitrate is a
common fertilizer. What is the mass percent of
each element in ammonium nitrate?
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Mass Fraction and the Mass of an Element
Mass fraction can also be used to calculate the
mass of a particular element in any mass of a
compound.
Mass of any element in sample =
mass of element in 1 mol of compound
mass of compound x
molar mass of compound
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Sample Problem 3.7
Calculating the Mass of an Element in a Compound
PROBLEM: Use the information from Sample Problem 3.6
to determine the mass (g) of nitrogen in 650 g
of ammonium nitrate.
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Mole - Mass Relationships in Chemical Systems
3.1 The Mole
3.3 Writing and Balancing Chemical Equations
3.4 Calculating Quantities of Reactant and Product
Learning outcomes:
❑ Balancing chemical equations
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Chemical Equations
A chemical equation uses formulas to express the identities and
quantities of substances involved in a physical or chemical change.
Figure 3.6
The formation of HF gas on the macroscopic and molecular levels.
The masses per 1 mol are conserved!
The number of atoms is conserved!
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Figure 3.7 A three-level view of the reaction between
magnesium and oxygen.
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Features of Chemical Equations
A yield arrow points from
reactants to products.
Mg + O2 MgO
Reactants are written on the left.
Products are written on the right.
The equation must be balanced; the same number
and type of each atom must appear on both sides.
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Balancing a Chemical Equation
magnesium and oxygen gas react
Translate the statement to give magnesium oxide:
Mg + O2 → MgO
Balance the atoms using coefficients;
formulas cannot be changed
2Mg + O2 → 2MgO
Adjust coefficients if necessary
Check that all atoms balance Specify states of matter
2Mg (s) + O2 (g) → 2MgO (s)
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Sample Problem 3.12
Balancing Chemical Equations
PROBLEM:Within the cylinders of a car’s engine, the hydrocarbon
octane (C8H18), one of many components of gasoline,
mixes with oxygen from the air and burns to form carbon
dioxide and water vapor. Write a balanced equation for
this reaction.
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Mole - Mass Relationships in Chemical Systems
3.1 The Mole
3.3 Writing and Balancing Chemical Equations
3.4 Calculating Quantities of Reactant and Product
Learning outcomes:
❑ Estimation of number of moles of products
❑ Estimation of mass of products
❑ Writing overall equations
❑ Finding Limiting Reactants
❑ Estimation of percentage yield
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Stoichiometric Calculations
● The coefficients in a balanced chemical equation
represent the relative number of reactant and product
particles and the relative number of moles of each.
● Since moles are related to mass, the equation can be
used to calculate masses of reactants and/or products
for a given reaction.
● The mole ratios from the balanced equation are used
as conversion factors.
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Table 3.4 Information Contained in a Balanced Equation
Viewed in Reactants Products
Terms of C3H8(g) + 5 O2(g) 3 CO2(g) + 4 H2O(g)
Molecules 1 molecule C3H8 + 5 molecules O2 3 molecules CO2 + 4 molecules H2O
Amount (mol) 1 mol C3H8 + 5 mol O2 3 mol CO2 + 4 mol H2O
Mass (g) 44.09 g C3H8 + 160.00 g O2 132.03 g CO2 + 72.06 g H2O
Total Mass (g) 204.09 g 204.09 g
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Figure 3.8
Summary of amount-mass-number relationships
in a chemical equation.
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Sample Problem 3.14
Calculating Quantities of Reactants and
Products: Amount (mol) to Amount (mol)
PROBLEM: Copper is obtained from copper(I) sulfide by roasting
it in the presence of oxygen gas to form powdered
copper(I) oxide and gaseous sulfur dioxide.
How many moles of oxygen are required to roast
10.0 mol of copper(I) sulfide?
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Sample Problem 3.15
Calculating Quantities of Reactants and
Products: Amount (mol) to Mass (g)
PROBLEM: During the process of roasting copper(I) sulfide, how
many grams of sulfur dioxide form when 10.0 mol of
copper(I) sulfide reacts?
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Sample Problem 3.16
Calculating Quantities of Reactants
and Products: Mass to Mass
PROBLEM: During the roasting of copper(I) sulfide, how many
kilograms of oxygen are required to form 2.86 kg of
copper(I) oxide?
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Limiting Reactants
• The limiting reactant will be completely used up in
the reaction.
• The reactant that is not limiting is in excess – some
of this reactant will be left over.
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Figure 3.10
An ice cream sundae analogy for limiting reactions.
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Sample Problem 3.18
Using Molecular Depictions in a
Limiting-Reactant Problem
PROBLEM: Chlorine trifluoride, an extremely reactive substance,
is formed as a gas by the reaction of elemental
chlorine and fluorine. The molecular scene shows a
representative portion of the reaction mixture before
the reaction starts. (Chlorine is green, and fluorine is
yellow.)
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Permission required for reproduction or display.
(a) Find the limiting reactant.
(b) Write a reaction table for the process.
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Sample Problem 3.19
Calculating Quantities in a Limiting-
Reactant Problem: Amount to Amount
PROBLEM: In another preparation of ClF3, 0.750 mol of Cl2
reacts with 3.00 mol of F2.
(a) Find the limiting reactant.
(b) Write a reaction table.
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Sample Problem 3.20
Calculating Quantities in a Limiting-
Reactant Problem: Mass to Mass
PROBLEM: A fuel mixture used in the early days of rocketry
consisted of two liquids, hydrazine (N2H4) and
dinitrogen tetraoxide (N2O4), which ignite on
contact to form nitrogen gas and water vapor.
(a) How many grams of nitrogen gas form when 1.00 x 102 g
of N2H4 and 2.00 x 102 g of N2O4 are mixed?
(b) Write a reaction table for this process.
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Reaction Yields
The theoretical yield
The actual yield
% yield = actual yield x 100
theoretical yield
The effect of side reactions on
the yield of the main product.
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Sample Problem 3.21
Calculating Percent Yield
PROBLEM:
Silicon carbide (SiC) is made by reacting sand (silicon
dioxide, SiO2) with powdered carbon at high temperature.
Carbon monoxide is also formed. What is the percent
yield if 51.4 kg of SiC is recovered from processing 100.0
kg of sand?
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