CORRESPONDENCE LEARNING MODULE

SCTS 1013 – Science, Technology and Society

LESSON 1: INTRODUCTION TO SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY

Topic: INTERACTION AMONG SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY

Learning At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:
Outcomes:
A. Explain the core characteristics and processes of science as a body
of knowledge, a method of inquiry, and a social enterprise.
B. Analyze how scientific knowledge is developed through
observation, experimentation, and critical inquiry.
C. Assess the interrelationship between science, technology, and
society, with a focus on ethical considerations and social
responsibility.
D. Demonstrate an understanding of the evolving and provisional
nature of scientific knowledge through reflective and inquiry-based
activities.
E. Examine the reciprocal relationship between science, technology,
and society.
F. Evaluate the role of technological innovations in advancing
scientific progress and societal development.

INTRODUCTION:

Science is more than just a collection of

facts; it is a way of understanding the
world around us. It involves systematic
observation, experimentation, and
analysis to uncover patterns, principles,
and truths. As both a body of knowledge
and a process, science is integral to
addressing the challenges of modern
society and advancing humanity's
understanding of the natural and
technological world.

Before we begin, take a moment to

reflect on your prior knowledge and
perspectives about science by
answering the pre-test. Your responses will help gauge your understanding of the topic and
guide our discussion.

LEARNING CONTENTS:

Science, as old as the world

itself, has been humanity's
response to curiosity and the
need to understand the natural
and physical realms. While the
exact moment humanity began
seeking knowledge is lost in
history, its impact is evident in
the civilizations and
advancements it has shaped
through the ages. Science,
therefore, is not merely a
collection of facts but a
testament to the human spirit
of inquiry and innovation.

This lesson seeks to refine your understanding of science and technology, connecting them
with society while encouraging the values that make a successful scientist. These values
include critical thinking, intellectual humility, perseverance, and ethical responsibility,
which transcend the classroom and resonate with professional and personal development.
Let’s examine the core characteristics that define the nature of science in greater depth.

CHARACTERISTICS OF SCIENCE

1. Systematized Knowledge: The Foundation of Scientific Inquiry

At its core, science is a systematic and organized body of knowledge. It stands apart from
myths, beliefs, or pseudo-science due to its reliance on the Scientific Method, a step-by-
step process that ensures reliability and validity.

▪ The Role of the Scientific Method

The scientific method is central to science, involving observation, hypothesis
formulation, experimentation, analysis, and conclusion. This rigorous process not
only generates reliable data but also provides a framework for revisiting and
refining knowledge. For instance, Mendel's genetic experiments were methodical,
leading to the foundational principles of inheritance that still hold today.

▪ Why Systematized Knowledge Matters

Systematic processes distinguish science from speculation. Whether studying the
stars or decoding DNA, scientific processes ensure that findings are not random

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 but a result of deliberate inquiry. This systematic nature enables the
reproducibility of experiments and the verification of results by others, ensuring
the integrity of scientific endeavors.

2. Dynamic Nature: Science is Ever Evolving

Science is not static. It grows and changes as new evidence emerges, and old paradigms
are challenged. The dynamic nature of science reflects its ability to self-correct and adapt.

▪ Example: The Reclassification of Pluto

Pluto's reclassification as a dwarf planet in 2006 exemplifies science's evolving
nature. Initially classified as a planet, advancements in astronomical tools
revealed new evidence that Pluto did not meet all the criteria to be a planet. This
shift underscores that scientific knowledge is not absolute but subject to
refinement as technology improves and discoveries deepen.

▪ Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts

Thomas Kuhn's concept of scientific revolutions highlights how new discoveries
can disrupt established knowledge, leading to a shift in the scientific community's
perspective. For example, the shift from Newtonian physics to Einstein's theory
of relativity revolutionized our understanding of the universe, challenging long-
held assumptions about space and time.

▪ Science Will Never Be "Finished"

As new questions emerge from existing knowledge, science continually expands
its horizons. This dynamic nature keeps it relevant and ensures that it remains a
powerful tool for understanding the world.

3. Requisite to Technology: The Practical Application of Science

While science seeks to understand the natural world, technology applies this
understanding to solve real-world problems, making life easier and more efficient.

▪ Technology as a Product of Science

Technology is born from the systematic application of scientific knowledge.
From the wheel to artificial intelligence, technological advancements stem from
scientific inquiry. For instance:
o The study of electricity led to the invention of light bulbs and modern
electronics.
o Knowledge of microorganisms revolutionized medicine, leading to
vaccines and antibiotics.

▪ Processes as Technology
Beyond physical products, technology also includes processes derived from
science. In education, teaching methodologies are based on theories of learning

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 and development. In business, models and protocols are refined through years of
research and analysis.

▪ Science and Technology in Society

The interplay between science and technology shapes societies. It fosters
innovation, addresses global challenges, and improves the quality of life.
However, this relationship also requires ethical consideration to ensure
advancements benefit humanity and the environment.

THE HUMAN SIDE OF SCIENCE

Science is not just about facts and experiments—it is an intellectual, personal, and social
activity. Successful scientists exhibit curiosity, creativity, and perseverance. These values
inspire individuals to pursue knowledge not only for personal growth but also for the
betterment of society.

As students, you are called to emulate these values. Whether you aim to become a scientist,
educator, entrepreneur, or policymaker, understanding the nature of science equips you to
think critically, innovate, and make informed decisions that contribute to a better world.

This lesson is not just about informing you—it’s about transforming you. By understanding
science’s nature, you are encouraged to seek knowledge and use it responsibly and
passionately. While the pandemic has tested our resilience, let it also inspire us to innovate
and grow. Remember, science is more than a subject; it is a way of thinking and a tool for
creating positive change.

Let us embrace this journey together with curiosity, determination, and purpose!

THE INTERACTION AMONG SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY

Science, Technology, and Society (STS) refers to the complex interaction between scientific
knowledge, technological innovations, and the socio-cultural, political, and economic
contexts in which they exist. These three domains are deeply intertwined, with each
influencing and being shaped by the others. Understanding their interplay reveals how social,
political, and cultural values impact scientific research and technological innovation, and
conversely, how these innovations shape society.

A. The Relationship Between Science and Technology

▪ Technology as Applied Science
Technology, often referred to as "applied science," relies on scientific knowledge to
be developed and implemented. Advances in scientific knowledge frequently lead to
new technological applications. For instance, scientific principles such as evaporation
and osmosis are fundamental to technologies like desalination, which is crucial in
countries like Saudi Arabia and the UAE where fresh water is scarce. Similarly, the

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 functioning of the human heart has inspired the development of artificial hearts,
demonstrating how understanding biological processes can drive technological
innovation.

▪ Technology's Role in Advancing Science

Technological advancements significantly enhance scientific research by providing
tools and instruments that facilitate data collection, experimentation, and analysis.
For example, Galileo’s improvements to the telescope enabled groundbreaking
discoveries that contributed to the Scientific Revolution. In the modern era, satellites,
guided by principles of gravitational force and planetary motion, provide essential
data for fields like weather forecasting and space science. Similarly, computers,
initially designed for calculations, now support a broad range of scientific research
by enabling complex data analysis, simulations, and storage.

B. The Relationship Between Science and Society

▪ Science as a Driver of Social Change
Science serves as a tool for societal progress, helping to identify and solve
problems through research and innovation. The knowledge generated by science
shapes how societies understand themselves, their environments, and their roles
in the world. As scientific progress accelerates, it can change societal approaches
to problem-solving and social issues. Societies with more advanced scientific
knowledge often have different methods for addressing challenges compared to
those with slower progress. However, the rapid pace of scientific advancements
can also create societal challenges, as new technologies and discoveries raise
ethical, moral, and cultural questions.

▪ Societal Influence on Scientific Research

Society plays a significant role in shaping the direction of scientific research,
often through funding priorities and ethical considerations. For example, during
the COVID-19 pandemic, governments allocated substantial funding to
accelerate research on vaccines and treatments. Additionally, societal values and
ethical dilemmas can influence the acceptability of certain types of research, such
as genetic engineering or the use of animals in experiments. Each society has
different views on what is considered acceptable research, which can limit or
expand the scope of scientific inquiry based on cultural, moral, and religious
beliefs.

C. The Relationship Between Technology and Society

▪ Technological Advancements Shaping Society
Technology plays a fundamental role in shaping the way people live and interact.
Technological progress is often driven by societal needs, with innovations
emerging to address issues such as transportation, communication, and
healthcare. For example, the growing demand for electric vehicles reflects
society's concerns about climate change and air pollution. As environmental

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 issues gain more attention, advancements in technology, such as more efficient
and affordable electric cars, are being rapidly developed to meet the demand for
sustainable solutions.

▪ Societal Influence on Technological Development

Society's attitudes toward certain technologies can influence their development
and acceptance. Societal values, norms, and ethics determine which technologies
are prioritized, and how quickly they can evolve. For example, a society that
places a high value on environmental conservation may encourage the
development of renewable energy technologies, while one that emphasizes
economic growth may prioritize technological advancements in industrial
production. The pace and direction of technological progress are thus shaped by
the cultural, political, and economic climate within a society, as well as the
public’s openness to change.

IN SUMMARY…

✓ Science embodies humanity's curiosity and innovation, guided by critical thinking,

humility, perseverance, and ethical responsibility.
✓ Science relies on the Scientific Method to ensure reproducibility, reliability, and the
distinction between fact and speculation.
✓ Science evolves with new discoveries, adapting through paradigm shifts and
expanding its horizons.
✓ Science drives technological innovation, applying knowledge to solve real-world
problems and enhance society.
✓ Science is a social, intellectual, and personal pursuit, requiring creativity,
perseverance, and a commitment to societal growth.
✓ STS explores how scientific knowledge, technological advancements, and societal
values mutually shape and influence one another.
✓ Scientific principles inspire technological applications, while technology enhances
scientific research and discovery.
✓ Science drives societal progress while societal values and funding priorities guide
scientific research.
✓ Technology transforms societies by addressing needs, while cultural and ethical
values influence technological development.

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