Course Note: Introduction to Journalism
1. Introduction to Journalism
Definition and History of Journalism:
Journalism is the activity of gathering, assessing, creating, and presenting news and
information. It began centuries ago with handwritten newsletters and evolved through
printing, radio, television, and now digital platforms. Journalism plays a key role in
informing the public, shaping opinions, and holding power accountable.
Principles of Journalism:
- Accuracy – Ensuring information is correct and verified.
- Fairness – Representing all sides of a story without bias.
- Objectivity – Remaining neutral and not letting personal feelings influence reporting.
Types of Journalism:
- Investigative Journalism – In-depth reporting to uncover hidden facts or wrongdoing.
- Broadcast Journalism – News presented on television or radio.
- Online Journalism – News delivered via the internet, including blogs, news websites, and
social media.
2. Media Studies
Overview of Media Industries:
This includes the study of how media organizations operate in print, broadcast, and digital
forms. Print media includes newspapers and magazines, while broadcast refers to radio and
TV. Digital media includes online platforms and streaming services.
Media Effects and Audience Studies:
This area focuses on how media content influences individuals and society. It examines how
audiences interpret messages, respond emotionally, and how media can shape culture,
behavior, and public opinion.
Media Representation and Diversity:
This examines how different groups (e.g., gender, race, age) are portrayed in the media. It
looks at issues of inclusion, stereotypes, and how media can promote or harm diversity and
equality.
3. News Writing and Reporting
Basics of News Writing:
Effective news writing requires clarity, structure, and engaging content. Key elements
include:
- Structure: Using the inverted pyramid – most important facts first.
- Style: Clear, concise language; avoiding jargon.
- Tone: Neutral and informative.
Reporting Techniques:
- Research: Collecting background information and verifying sources.
- Interviewing: Asking the right questions to get meaningful responses.
- Observation: Carefully watching events and recording details accurately.
Ethics and Law in Journalism:
Journalists must operate under ethical guidelines and legal standards, including:
- Truthfulness and integrity
- Respect for privacy
- Avoidance of plagiarism
- Awareness of defamation laws and journalistic responsibility
4. Digital Media and Journalism
Impact of Digital Media on Journalism and Society:
Digital media has revolutionized journalism, making news faster and more interactive. It
also raises concerns about misinformation and the need for media literacy among the
public.
Online Journalism:
- Blogging: Personal or thematic news/commentary.
- Social Media: Sharing news on platforms like Twitter, Facebook, etc.
- Citizen Journalism: Non-professionals reporting news, often via mobile phones or social
platforms.
Digital Storytelling and Multimedia Journalism:
This involves using videos, photos, audio, graphics, and text to tell stories. Multimedia
journalism makes stories more engaging and accessible to wider audiences.
Conclusion
This course provides a foundational understanding of journalism and its evolving role in
society. Students will develop critical skills in news writing, media analysis, reporting, and
digital communication, while also exploring ethical and legal issues in the profession.
