Wireless Communication Systems
Dr. Renjith R J
Department of ECE
SCT College of Engineering
February 15, 2023
Dr. Renjith R J (SCTCE) Wireless Communication Systems February 15, 2023 1 / 33
Cellular System Design Fundamentals: Frequency Reuse,
channel assignment strategies, handoff Strategies.
Interference and system capacity: Cell splitting, Sectoring,
Repeaters, and Microcells.
Wireless propagation mechanism, free space propagation model,
ground reflection model, knife edge diffraction model, path loss
prediction in hilly terrain.
Iintroduction to fading and diversity techniques, Introduction to
MIMO system
Dr. Renjith R J (SCTCE) Wireless Communication Systems February 15, 2023 2 / 33
Free space propagation model
Dr. Renjith R J (SCTCE) Wireless Communication Systems February 15, 2023 22 / 33
Free space propagation model..
The free space power received by a receiver antenna which is
separated from a radiating transmitter antenna by a distance d, is
given by the Friis free space equation,
Pt Gt Gr λ2
Pr (d) = (5)
(4π)2 d 2 L
The gain of an antenna is related to its effective aperture by,
4πAe
G= (6)
λ2
Dr. Renjith R J (SCTCE) Wireless Communication Systems February 15, 2023 23 / 33
Free space propagation model..
The path loss, which represents signal attenuation as a positive
quantity measured in dB, is defined as the difference (in dB) between
the effective transmitted power and the received power, and may or
may not include the effect of the antenna gains. The path loss for the
free space model when antenna gains are included is given by
Gt Gr λ2
Pt
PL( dB) = 10 log = −10 log (7)
Pr (4π)2 d 2
Dr. Renjith R J (SCTCE) Wireless Communication Systems February 15, 2023 24 / 33
Ground reflection (2 ray) model
Figure: Two-ray ground reflection model.
Dr. Renjith R J (SCTCE) Wireless Communication Systems February 15, 2023 25 / 33
Ground reflection (2 ray) model..
Two propagating waves arrive at the receiver: the direct wave that
′ ′′
travels a distance d and the reflected wave that travels a distance d .
The E field due to the LoS component at the receiver can be
expressed as
d′
′
E0 d0
EL◦S d , t = cos ωc t − (8)
d′ c
Dr. Renjith R J (SCTCE) Wireless Communication Systems February 15, 2023 26 / 33
Ground reflection (2 ray) model..
The E fleld for the ground reflected wave, which has a propagation
distance of d ” , can be expressed as
d ′′
′′
E0 d0
Eg d , t = Γ ′′ cos ωc t − (9)
d c
The resultant E field, assuming perfect ground reflection (Γ=-1) is the
vector sum of ELoS and Eg and and the resultant total E field envelope
is given by
|ETOT | = ELoS + Eg (10)
Dr. Renjith R J (SCTCE) Wireless Communication Systems February 15, 2023 27 / 33
Ground reflection (2 ray) model..
d′ d ′′
E0 d0 E0 d0
ETOT (d, t) = cos ωc t − + (−1) ′′ cos ωc t −
d′ c d c
(11)
Dr. Renjith R J (SCTCE) Wireless Communication Systems February 15, 2023 28 / 33
Knife edge diffraction model
The phenomenon of diffraction can be explained by Huygen’s
principle, which states that all points on a wavefront can be
considered as point sources for the production of secondary
wavelets, and that these wavelets combine to produce a new
wavefront in the direction of propagation.
Diffraction is caused by the propagation of secondary wavelets
into a shadowed region.
The field strength of a diffracted wave in the shadowed region is
the vector sum of the electric field components of all the
secondary wavelets in the space around the obstacle.
Dr. Renjith R J (SCTCE) Wireless Communication Systems February 15, 2023 29 / 33
Knife edge diffraction model..
Figure: Knife-edge diffraction geometry. Receiver is located in shadow region
Dr. Renjith R J (SCTCE) Wireless Communication Systems February 15, 2023 30 / 33
Knife edge diffraction model..
Consider a receiver is located in the shadowed region (also called the
diffraction zone). The field strength at point R is the vector sum of the
fields due to all of the secondary Huygen’s sources in the plane above
the knife edge. The electric field strength, Ed , of a knife-edge diffracted
wave is given by
(1 + j) ∞
Z
Ed
= F (v ) = exp −jπt 2 /2 dt (12)
Eo 2 v
Dr. Renjith R J (SCTCE) Wireless Communication Systems February 15, 2023 31 / 33
Knife edge diffraction model..
where F (v ) is the complex Fresnel integral. This integral, F (v ), is a
function
q of the Fresnel-Kirchoff diffraction parameter v , defined as
v = h 2(d 1 +d2 )
λd1 d2 , and is commonly evaluated using tables or graphs for
given values of v .
The diffraction gain due to the presence of a knife edge, as compared
to the free space E -field, is given by Gd ( dB) = 20 log |F (v )|
Dr. Renjith R J (SCTCE) Wireless Communication Systems February 15, 2023 32 / 33
Thank You
Dr. Renjith R J (SCTCE) Wireless Communication Systems February 15, 2023 33 / 33
