What is DevOps??

DevOps is a software development and IT operations approach that combines cultural

philosophies, practices, and tools to enable faster, more reliable delivery of software.

In simpler words — it’s about developers (Dev) and operations (Ops) working together
instead of in separate silos, so that building, testing, deploying, and maintaining software
becomes faster, smoother, and less error-prone.

Key Ideas in DevOps

1. Collaboration & Communication

Development, operations, QA, and security teams work closely together.

2. Automation
Automating repetitive tasks like code building, testing, deployment, and
infrastructure setup.

3. Continuous Integration & Continuous Deployment (CI/CD)

o CI: Merging code changes frequently into a shared repository and running
automated tests.

o CD: Automatically deploying tested code to production or staging

environments.

4. Monitoring & Feedback

Constantly tracking application performance and user feedback to improve
software quickly.

5. Infrastructure as Code (IaC)

Managing servers and infrastructure with code (e.g., Terraform, Ansible), making it
easy to reproduce environments.

Benefits

 Faster software releases

 Better product quality

 Reduced downtime and bugs

 More predictable deployments

 Improved collaboration and transparency

Role of DevOps Engineers:-
A DevOps Engineer is the bridge between software development and
IT operations — the person who ensures that software can be built,
tested, deployed, and monitored quickly, reliably, and at scale.
They don’t just write code or manage servers — they design and
maintain the entire automation pipeline that turns developer code
into a running, monitored application.

Main Roles & Responsibilities

1. Collaboration & Communication
 Work with developers, testers, and sysadmins to ensure smooth
code delivery.
 Break down silos between development and operations teams.
2. CI/CD Pipeline Management
 Set up and maintain Continuous Integration (CI) and Continuous
Deployment (CD) systems (e.g., Jenkins, GitHub Actions, GitLab
CI).
 Automate building, testing, and deploying applications.
3. Infrastructure Automation
 Use Infrastructure as Code (IaC) tools like Terraform, Ansible, or
AWS CloudFormation.
 Manage cloud and on-premise resources efficiently.
4. Monitoring & Performance Management
  Implement monitoring tools (Prometheus, Grafana, ELK stack,
Datadog).
 Set up alerts to detect performance issues and downtime early.
5. Security & Compliance
 Integrate security scans in CI/CD pipelines (DevSecOps).
 Ensure compliance with industry standards.
6. Version Control & Code Management
 Manage repositories, branching strategies, and code reviews
using Git.
7. Incident Response & Troubleshooting
 Quickly identify and resolve deployment or infrastructure
issues.
 Reduce Mean Time to Recovery (MTTR).

Skills Needed
 Technical: Linux, networking, cloud platforms (AWS, Azure,
GCP), scripting (Bash, Python), containers (Docker, Kubernetes).
 Soft Skills: Problem-solving, communication, collaboration.

💡 Analogy:
If software development is like manufacturing a car, the DevOps
Engineer is the production line manager — making sure every step is
automated, efficient, and high quality, so the car is delivered fast and
without defects.
Responsibilty of DevOps Engineer:-
1.Continuous Integration and Continuous Deployment (CI/CD)
 Design, implement, and maintain CI/CD pipelines to automate software
builds, testing, and deployment.
 Ensure that new code is integrated smoothly without breaking existing
functionality.
 Automate repetitive tasks like deployment, testing, and monitoring.
2. Infrastructure Management
 Manage cloud infrastructure (AWS, Azure, GCP) or on-premises servers.
 Use Infrastructure as Code (IaC) tools like Terraform, Ansible, or
CloudFormation to provision and configure servers and services.
 Optimize resource utilization and ensure high availability.
3. Monitoring and Logging
 Set up monitoring tools (Prometheus, Grafana, ELK stack, Datadog) to
track application performance and infrastructure health.
 Analyze logs to troubleshoot issues and improve system reliability.
 Implement alerting mechanisms for critical failures or performance
degradation.
4. Collaboration and Communication
 Work closely with development, QA, and operations teams to streamline
workflows.
 Ensure smooth handoff between development and operations.
 Promote a culture of shared responsibility for system reliability and
quality.
5. Automation and Scripting
 Write scripts (Python, Bash, PowerShell) to automate repetitive
processes.
  Reduce manual intervention in software deployment and system
maintenance.
6. Security and Compliance
 Implement security best practices for applications and infrastructure.
 Manage access control, secrets, and compliance standards.
 Ensure systems are updated and patched regularly.
7. Performance Optimization
 Identify bottlenecks in applications or infrastructure.
 Optimize deployment pipelines, servers, and network configurations.
 Ensure systems can scale efficiently to handle traffic.
8. Disaster Recovery and Backup
 Plan and test backup and disaster recovery strategies.
 Ensure minimal downtime in case of system failures or outages.

Continuous Integration:-
Continuous Integration (CI) in DevOps
Definition:
Continuous Integration is a software development practice where developers
frequently merge their code changes into a central repository. Each merge
triggers an automated build and testing process to detect errors early, ensure
code quality, and reduce integration issues.
Key Points:
 Code is integrated multiple times a day.
 Automated builds and tests catch bugs early in development.
 Helps maintain a stable codebase for faster delivery.
 Often paired with Continuous Deployment (CD) for full automation.
Continuous Integration Flow Diagram (Simple Version)
+------------------+
| Developer Code |
+--------+---------+
|
v
+------------------+
| Version Control |
| (Git, SVN, etc)|
+--------+---------+
|
v
+------------------+
| Automated Build |
| (Compile Code) |
+--------+---------+
|
v
+------------------+
| Automated Tests |
| (Unit/Integration)|
+--------+---------+
|
v
+------------------+
 | Feedback Report |
| (Pass/Fail Status)|
+------------------+
|
v
+------------------+
| Deployment or |
| Merge to Main |
+------------------+
Flow Explanation:
1. Developer writes code locally.
2. Pushes changes to a version control system (like Git).
3. CI server (like Jenkins, GitLab CI, or Travis CI) automatically builds the
code.
4. Automated tests run to ensure no new bugs are introduced.
5. Developers get immediate feedback.
6. If everything passes, code is merged into the main branch or deployed
to a test environment.
Key Points of Continuous Integration (CI)
1. Frequent Code Integration
o Developers merge code changes into the main repository multiple
times a day.
o Reduces integration problems and conflicts.
2. Automated Builds
o Each code commit triggers an automatic build to compile the
code.
 o Ensures the code is always in a runnable state.
3. Automated Testing
o Unit tests, integration tests, and sometimes functional tests run
automatically.
o Detects bugs early, improving software quality.
4. Immediate Feedback
o Developers get quick notifications if the build or tests fail.
o Helps fix errors before they accumulate.
5. Stable Codebase
o Frequent integration ensures that the main branch remains
stable.
o Reduces the risk of "integration hell" at the end of a project.
6. Supports Collaboration
o Teams can work concurrently without overwriting each other’s
code.
o Encourages a culture of shared responsibility for quality.
7. Foundation for Continuous Delivery/Deployment
o CI is the first step towards CD, enabling automated deployments.
8. Tools Commonly Used
o Jenkins, GitLab CI, Travis CI, CircleCI, Bamboo.

Continuous Delivery (CD) in DevOps

Definition:
Continuous Delivery is a software development practice where code changes are
automatically built, tested, and prepared for release to production. Unlike Continuous
Integration, the deployment to production may still require a manual approval, but the
software is always in a deployable state.

Key Points:
  Builds on Continuous Integration.

 Automates the release process up to production.

 Ensures code is always ready to be deployed.

 Reduces risks associated with manual deployment.

 Shortens the time from development to delivery.

Continuous Delivery Flow (Simple)

Developer Code

Version Control (Git)

CI: Automated Build & Tests

Continuous Delivery Pipeline

(Staging/Pre-production)

Manual Approval (Optional)

Deployment to Production

Flow Explanation:

1. Developers push code to the repository.

2. Automated CI pipeline builds and tests the code.

 3. CD pipeline deploys the code to a staging or pre-production environment
automatically.

4. After testing and approval, the code is released to production.

💡 Tip for exams:

 CI = ensures code integrates successfully.

 CD = ensures code is always ready for deployment.

Key Points:-

Continuous Delivery (CD) Key Points

Automated Deployment Pipeline

Code is automatically built, tested, and deployed to a staging or pre-production
environment.

Always Deployable Code

Software is always in a state ready for release, minimizing deployment risks.

Builds on Continuous Integration

CI ensures code integrates successfully; CD ensures it is ready for production deployment.

Manual Approval Before Production

Final release may require manual approval, giving teams control over production
deployment.

Faster and Reliable Releases

Reduces time between development and production and ensures consistent, reliable
software releases.

DevOps Culture – Dilution of Barriers

 In traditional IT, development, testing, and operations teams often work separately.

 This separation can cause delays, miscommunication, and conflicts.

 DevOps breaks these barriers by encouraging collaboration and shared

responsibility.

 Everyone works together on planning, coding, testing, and deployment.

 Result: faster development, fewer errors, and smoother software delivery.

DevOps Culture – Detailed Explanation with Example
1. Definition

DevOps culture is a way of working that combines development (Dev) and operations (Ops)
teams to improve collaboration, efficiency, and speed in software delivery. It focuses on
automation, communication, continuous improvement, and shared responsibility
throughout the software lifecycle.

2. Core Principles of DevOps Culture

a) Collaboration and Communication

 DevOps encourages open communication between developers, testers, and

operations teams.

 Teams share goals, updates, and responsibilities instead of working in silos.

b) Shared Responsibility

 Everyone is responsible for the success of the software, not just development or
operations.

 Example: If a feature causes a bug in production, both Dev and Ops work together to
fix it quickly.

c) Continuous Improvement

 Processes are regularly reviewed and optimized.

 Teams adopt new tools and best practices to increase efficiency and quality.

d) Automation

 Repetitive tasks like code builds, testing, deployments, and monitoring are
automated using CI/CD tools (Jenkins, GitLab CI, etc.).

 This reduces human errors and speeds up delivery.

e) Fast Feedback and Iteration

 Continuous feedback from automated tests, monitoring, and users helps identify
issues early.

 Teams can iterate quickly and improve software frequently.

3. Practical Example of DevOps Culture

Scenario: A team is developing a hotel booking website.

 Development Team: Writes new features like hotel search, booking, and payment.

 Operations Team: Manages servers, deployment, and website uptime.

Without DevOps:

 Developers finish a feature and hand it over to operations.

 Operations deploys it manually; if something breaks, developers and Ops blame each
other.

 Delays happen, bugs remain in production, and users complain.

With DevOps Culture:

1. Developers push code to a shared repository (Git).

2. CI/CD pipeline automatically builds and tests the code.

3. If tests pass, the pipeline deploys the code to staging.

4. Both Dev and Ops monitor performance and fix issues together.

5. Feedback from staging or production is used to improve the next release.

Benefits in this example:

 Faster feature delivery (weekly instead of monthly).

 Fewer bugs in production.

 Teams collaborate, reducing conflicts.

 Users get a better and more reliable website.

4. Tools Supporting DevOps Culture

 Version Control: Git, GitHub, GitLab

 CI/CD: Jenkins, GitLab CI, Travis CI

 Automation: Ansible, Puppet, Chef, Terraform

 Monitoring: Prometheus, Grafana, ELK Stack

 Collaboration: Slack, Jira, Confluence

5. Summary in Simple Words

DevOps culture is about:

 Teams collaborating instead of working in silos

 Automating repetitive tasks

 Continuously improving software and processes

 Delivering features faster, more reliably, and with fewer errors

Process Automation in DevOps

Introduction

In DevOps, process automation means using tools and scripts to perform repetitive
software development and operations tasks automatically instead of doing them manually.
It is one of the core principles of DevOps because it improves speed, accuracy, and
reliability of software delivery.

Why It’s Important

 Manual processes are slow, error-prone, and inconsistent.

 Automation ensures tasks are done faster, in the same way every time.

 Helps achieve Continuous Integration (CI), Continuous Delivery (CD), and

Continuous Deployment.

Common Areas Where Automation is Used in DevOps

1. Code Building – Automatically compile source code whenever a developer commits

changes.

2. Testing – Run automated unit, integration, and functional tests without manual
intervention.

3. Deployment – Automatically move code from development to staging or production

using CI/CD pipelines.

4. Infrastructure Provisioning – Use Infrastructure as Code (IaC) tools like Terraform or

Ansible to set up servers, networks, and databases automatically.

5. Monitoring and Alerts – Automatically collect metrics and send alerts if performance
drops or errors occur.

Benefits of Process Automation in DevOps

  Faster Delivery – Reduces time from coding to deployment.

 Consistency – Same process every time, reducing human errors.

 Efficiency – Frees teams from repetitive work, allowing focus on innovation.

 Scalability – Automation can handle large-scale deployments easily.

 Reliability – Ensures stable and predictable software releases.

Example

Imagine a developer pushes new code to GitHub:

 Without Automation: Someone manually builds the code, tests it, and deploys it —
which takes hours.

 With Automation: A CI/CD pipeline (e.g., Jenkins) automatically builds, tests, and
deploys the code within minutes.

1) Automation Process

 Function: Executes repetitive and predefined tasks automatically without manual

intervention.

 Purpose in DevOps: Speeds up development, testing, deployment, and monitoring

by removing human delays.

 Example: CI/CD pipeline automatically building and deploying code after each
commit.

2) Centralizing Information

 Function: Collects and stores logs, metrics, and system information in a single
accessible location.

 Purpose in DevOps: Makes monitoring, troubleshooting, and decision-making easier

for all team members.

 Example: Using tools like ELK Stack or Grafana to centralize application and server
performance data.

3) Reduce Requirement for Input from User

  Function: Minimizes the need for manual data entry or confirmations during
automated workflows.

 Purpose in DevOps: Reduces human error, speeds up processes, and ensures

consistent results.

 Example: Automated test scripts running without asking developers to manually

select test cases each time.

Disadvantages of Process Automation

 High Initial Setup Cost

o Requires investment in tools, infrastructure, and skilled personnel.
 Complex Implementation
o Setting up automation pipelines and integrating tools can be technically
challenging.
 Maintenance Effort
o Automated scripts and pipelines need regular updates as software, tools, or
processes change.
 Over-reliance on Automation
o Teams might neglect manual checks, causing undetected errors if automation
scripts fail.
 Training Requirements
o Developers and operations staff need to learn automation tools and workflows,
which takes time.
 Security Risks
o Poorly configured automation can expose sensitive data or cause accidental
deployments.

Agile
What is Agile?

Agile is a way of developing software step-by-step instead of making the whole project at
once.
Work is divided into small parts (called sprints), and after each part is done, it is shown to
the customer for feedback.
This way, changes can be made quickly if needed, and the product improves continuously.

Key Points in Simple Words:

1. Work in small steps, not all at once.

2. Show progress quickly to customers.

3. Accept changes anytime, even in the middle of the project.

 4. Teamwork and communication are important.

5. Focus on making working software quickly.

Agile Practices (Simple Language)

1️⃣ Iterative Development

 Work is done in small parts (iterations or sprints) instead of making the whole
project at once.

 After each part, the product is shown to the customer for feedback.

 Helps make changes easily and improve step-by-step.

Example: First build login feature → then add search → then payment.

2️⃣ Daily Meeting (Daily Stand-up)

 Short meeting (10–15 minutes) held every day with the team.

 Each member answers:

1. What I did yesterday

2. What I will do today

3. Any problems I’m facing

 Keeps everyone updated and avoids delays.

3️⃣ Using Professional Tools

 Agile teams use special tools to plan, track, and manage work.
 Tools help in task management, bug tracking, and communication.
Examples: Jira, Trello, Slack, GitHub.

 1) Creating Product Backlog and Product Vision Together

In Scrum, the Product Owner and the Scrum team work together to define the
product vision — a clear picture of what they want to build and why. Along with
this, they create the product backlog, which is a prioritized list of all the features,
improvements, and fixes needed in the product. Doing this together ensures that
everyone understands the goal, the customer’s needs, and the order in which work
should be done.

 2) Use Burn-Down Charts for Sprints

A burn-down chart is a simple graph used in Scrum to track how much work
remains in a sprint compared to the time left. It gives the team a quick visual view of
their progress every day. If the chart shows work is not reducing as expected, the team
can take quick action to get back on track. This helps avoid last-minute delays and
improves time management.

 3) Setting Communication Guidelines for Teams

In Scrum, clear communication is very important. The team decides how and when
they will communicate — for example, using tools like Slack, email, or Jira, and
setting rules for response time. These guidelines avoid misunderstandings, make
collaboration smooth, and ensure that important updates are never missed.

 4) Practicing Stand-Ups
Daily stand-up meetings are short 10–15 minute discussions where each team
member shares three things: what they did yesterday, what they will do today, and if
they are facing any issues. This keeps everyone updated, allows quick problem-
solving, and makes the team more accountable. Stand-ups also help maintain the
sprint’s pace and ensure that no one is stuck for long.
Reason for Adopting DevOps:-
1) Efficient Development and Deployment Planning
DevOps helps plan software development and deployment in a more organized way. By
using automation tools and collaboration, teams can decide what to build, when to release
it, and how to deliver it without confusion or delays.

2) Continuous Improvement and Software Delivery

DevOps focuses on small, frequent updates instead of big releases after a long time. This
means the software is improved step-by-step, bugs are fixed faster, and new features reach
users quickly.

3) Improve Software Security

Security checks are included throughout the development process (called DevSecOps). This
ensures vulnerabilities are found early and fixed immediately, reducing the risk of
cyberattacks.

4) Improve Customer Experience

Because DevOps delivers updates faster and fixes problems quickly, customers get a
smoother, more reliable product. This improves their trust and satisfaction with the
software.

5) Better Collaboration Among Teams

DevOps removes barriers between development, testing, and operations teams. Everyone
works together from the start, shares information, and solves problems as a team instead of
blaming each other.

6) DevOps Practices Create More Time to Innovate

Automation in DevOps reduces repetitive manual work. This frees up time for developers to
focus on new ideas, features, and experiments instead of just fixing routine issues.

7) DevOps Enhances Decision Making

With continuous monitoring, performance reports, and feedback from users, teams have
accurate data. This helps them make smarter decisions about what features to build or what
changes to make.
8) DevOps Encourages Higher Trust and Team Collaboration
When teams work closely, share responsibilities, and deliver successful results together,
trust naturally grows. This positive work culture motivates people to contribute more and
support each other.

Who are involved in DevOps??

1) DevOps Engineer

A DevOps Engineer is the core member who connects development and operations. They
handle automation, CI/CD pipelines, monitoring, and infrastructure.

 They make sure software moves smoothly from development to production.

 Example: If developers make a new feature, the DevOps engineer ensures it’s tested,
packaged, and deployed automatically without delays.

2) Release Manager

The Release Manager plans, schedules, and controls software releases.

 They make sure updates happen on time, with minimal risk.

 They coordinate between teams to ensure the release doesn’t break existing
systems.

 Example: Before launching a new payment system in an app, the release manager
checks that all teams are ready and deployment will not affect users.

3) DevOps / CloudOps Architect (person who able to handle the all resources for cloud and
devOps).(planning of using and maintaining software.)(apply best practices to make sure
automation and CI/CD pipeline workflow)

This person designs the overall infrastructure for DevOps or cloud-based systems.

 They decide how servers, storage, and networks should be set up.

 They choose the right tools for automation, monitoring, and scalability.

 Example: For an e-commerce website expecting huge sales traffic, the CloudOps
Architect designs a cloud system that can handle millions of users without crashing.

4) Security and Compliance Engineer

This role ensures the system is safe from hackers and follows legal or company rules.

 They integrate security into every stage (DevSecOps).

 They check vulnerabilities, encrypt sensitive data, and follow compliance standards.

 Example: For a banking app, they ensure customer data is encrypted and follows RBI
or GDPR regulations.

5) Software Developer / Tester

 Developers write the code and create new features.

 Testers check the software for errors before it reaches customers.

 In DevOps, developers and testers work together more closely and even share some
responsibilities.

 Example: A developer creates a chat feature, and the tester ensures it works on all
devices without crashing.

6) DevOps Evangelist

A DevOps Evangelist is like a promoter and motivator for DevOps practices within the
organization.

 They spread awareness, encourage teams to adopt DevOps, and help remove
resistance to change.

 They train people and show the benefits of automation, collaboration, and
continuous delivery.

 Example: In a company still using slow manual deployment, the DevOps Evangelist
explains how DevOps can save time and reduce errors.

Changing the Coordination:-

In traditional software development, different teams like developers, testers, and
operations used to work separately. Developers would write the code, pass it to testers for
checking, and then testers would pass it to the operations team for deployment. This “step-
by-step handover” created gaps in communication, delays, and sometimes even blame
games when issues came up.

With DevOps, this coordination changes completely. Instead of working in isolation, all these
teams come together as one cross-functional team. They plan, build, test, and deploy
collaboratively from the start of the project until delivery. They share the same goals, use
common tools (like CI/CD pipelines, monitoring dashboards), and have real-time
communication through chat tools, daily stand-ups, and dashboards.

This shift reduces misunderstandings, speeds up decision-making, and ensures that

problems are solved quickly because everyone has the same information and works towards
the same outcome. It also builds a culture of trust and shared responsibility, where success
and failure are owned by the whole team — not just one department.

In short, DevOps changes coordination from a relay race (passing work from one team to
another) to a team huddle where everyone works together in sync.

Introduction to DevOps Pipeline Phases:

1) Continuous Development

 This means writing and updating code in small, frequent changes instead of doing
everything at once.

 Developers keep adding new features, fixing bugs, and improving the software
continuously.

 Example: Instead of waiting 3 months to release a feature, you push small updates
every few days.

2) Continuous Integration (CI)

 Every time a developer makes changes, the new code is automatically merged with
the main codebase.

 Automated tools check if the new code works well with the existing code.

 This reduces the risk of big conflicts or errors later.

 Example: GitHub Actions or Jenkins automatically build and test the code after each
commit.

3) Continuous Testing

 Automated tests run on the code regularly, often immediately after integration.

 It helps find bugs early, before the software goes live.

 Types of tests include unit testing, integration testing, and UI testing.

  Example: Selenium tests run every time you push new code to check if all buttons
and forms work correctly.

4) Continuous Deployment

 The process of automatically releasing tested code into the staging or production
environment.

 There’s no long waiting time for manual approvals in fully automated setups.

 Example: A successful build in Jenkins is automatically deployed to AWS without

human intervention.

5) Continuous Monitoring

 After the software is live, its performance, uptime, and errors are tracked
continuously.

 This ensures that if something breaks, the team gets alerts immediately.

 Example: Prometheus or Grafana sends alerts if the server CPU usage is too high.

6) Continuous Feedback

 Gathering regular feedback from users, testing teams, and monitoring tools.

 This feedback helps improve the next updates and fixes.

 Example: User surveys, error logs, and analytics reports are reviewed every week to
improve the app.

7) Continuous Operations

 Making sure the application is running smoothly 24/7 without downtime.

 Involves using automation for backups, scaling, and incident handling.

 Example: Kubernetes automatically adds more servers during high traffic to keep the
site fast.
1. What is Orchestration?

Orchestration means automatically managing and coordinating multiple services or

containers so they work together properly.

 It’s like a conductor of an orchestra who tells all the musicians when to play.

2. Why do we need it?

Modern apps often have many microservices or containers.

 Managing them manually is hard.

 Orchestration automates deployment, scaling, and monitoring.

3. Key Things Orchestration Does

1. Deploy services automatically – puts services in the right order.

2. Scale up/down automatically – adds or removes containers when traffic changes.

3. Load balancing – shares traffic evenly among containers.

4. Monitor health – restarts failed services automatically.

5. Manage configuration – makes sure services have correct settings.

4. Tools for Orchestration

 Kubernetes – most popular tool.

 Docker Swarm – built into Docker.

 AWS ECS / EKS – cloud-based orchestration.

5. Example

Imagine an app with frontend, backend, and database containers.

Orchestration makes sure:

 Containers start in the right order.

 Backend scales when traffic increases.

 Failed containers restart automatically.

  Traffic is shared among frontend containers.

6. Simple Diagram

+------------------+

| Orchestration |

| (Kubernetes) |

+------------------+

| | |

v v v

+--------+ +--------+ +--------+

|Frontend| |Backend | |Database|

+--------+ +--------+ +--------+

| | |

Auto-scale Auto-scale Monitor & Restart

Load Balance

Summary:

Orchestration = automatic management of many services/containers so your app runs

smoothly, scales easily, and recovers from failures.

Parameter Orchestration Automation

Definition Coordination of multiple tasks together Automatic execution of a

Parameter Orchestration Automation

task

Scope Entire workflow/system Single task

Complexity Complex Simple

Dependencies Interdependent, order matters Usually independent

Deploy multi-container app with scaling & Auto-start container,

Examples
monitoring backups

Tools Kubernetes, Docker Swarm, Airflow Jenkins, Ansible, Scripts

Goal Ensure efficient system operation Reduce manual effort

Monitoring &
Automatic monitoring & error recovery Limited
Recovery

Outcome Smooth, reliable workflow Task completion