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Notes 9 Science

The document provides an overview of genetics, heredity, variation, and inheritance, explaining how traits are passed from parents to offspring through genes. It highlights the importance of variation for survival and evolution, and introduces Gregor Mendel's foundational work in genetics, including his three laws of inheritance. Key terms related to genetics, such as gene, allele, and phenotype, are also defined.

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Claudine Baldecasa
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14 views3 pages

Notes 9 Science

The document provides an overview of genetics, heredity, variation, and inheritance, explaining how traits are passed from parents to offspring through genes. It highlights the importance of variation for survival and evolution, and introduces Gregor Mendel's foundational work in genetics, including his three laws of inheritance. Key terms related to genetics, such as gene, allele, and phenotype, are also defined.

Uploaded by

Claudine Baldecasa
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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🧬 HEREDITY, VARIATION, AND INHERITANCE (Grade 9 Science)

📌 GENETICS

 Genetics is the branch of biology that studies how traits are passed
from parents to offspring.

 It helps explain why we look like our family members — like having
your mother’s nose or your father’s height.

 Genetics focuses on genes, DNA, and how they control traits.

📌 HEREDITY

 Heredity is the process of passing traits from parents to children


through genes.

 Traits include things like eye color, blood type, height, and even certain
health conditions.

 Each trait is controlled by a gene, and we inherit two copies of each


gene — one from each parent.

Example: You may inherit the gene for brown eyes from your mother and
blue eyes from your father. The dominant gene will show up.

📌 VARIATION

 Variation refers to the differences in traits among individuals of the


same species.

 Inherited variation: Comes from genetic differences (e.g., dimples,


earlobe type, natural hair color).

 Environmental variation: Comes from the environment (e.g., scars,


language, suntan).

 Variation is important in survival and evolution. It allows species to


adapt to changes in the environment.

Example: Even if siblings share the same parents, they may look different
due to genetic variation.
📌 INHERITANCE

 Inheritance is the passing on of genetic traits from parents to


offspring.

 Genes are located in chromosomes in the nucleus of cells.

 Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes — one set from the


mother, one from the father.

 Genes carry the instructions for making proteins, which determine


our traits.

📌 GREGOR MENDEL – The Father of Genetics

 Gregor Mendel was an Austrian monk who performed experiments with


pea plants in the 1800s.

 He discovered that traits are inherited in predictable patterns using


mathematical ratios.

 His work laid the foundation for modern genetics.

📌 MENDEL’S THREE LAWS (Simplified)

1. 🟢 Law of Dominance

o Some traits are dominant (stronger) and will always show up if


present.

o Others are recessive (weaker) and only appear if both genes


are recessive.

Example: Brown eyes (B) are dominant over blue eyes (b). So BB or Bb =
brown, bb = blue.

2. 🟠 Law of Segregation

o During reproduction, gene pairs separate, and only one gene


from each parent is passed to the child.

3. 🔵 Law of Independent Assortment

o Different traits are inherited independently of each other.


Example: Having curly hair doesn't mean you’ll also have dark eyes — these
traits are passed separately.

📌 KEY TERMS TO REMEMBER:

Term Meaning

A segment of DNA that controls a


Gene
trait

A version of a gene (dominant or


Allele
recessive)

A characteristic (e.g., height, eye


Trait
color)

Genotype The gene combination (e.g., Bb, BB)

The physical expression (e.g., brown


Phenotype
eyes)

Homozygo
Two same alleles (BB or bb)
us

Heterozyg
Two different alleles (Bb)
ous

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