TOPIC 1.1 Example: Filipinos value bayanihan (helping each other).

INTRODUCTION TO SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY: 3. Social Structures: refer to the patterned social arrangements
INTERDISCIPLINARY FIELD & SCIENTIFIC METHODS that organize society. They give society “shape” and order.

SCIENCE Example: The government, the education system, or family

roles.
• Latin word: ‘scientia’ – knowledge
4. Social interactions: refer to the fundamental building blocks
• refers to a methodical and systematic activity of building and of society.
organizing knowledge about how the universe behaves through
OBSERVATION, EXPERIMENTATION or both. Example: These are everyday actions between people—talking,
working together, helping, even arguing.
Science aims to:
5. Social control: refers to the mechanisms that maintain social
1. Learning new facts order and conformity.
2. Solving problems (Scientific Method) Example: Laws, school rules, religion, or even social pressure
like “huwag mag-cheat.”
3. The intellectual and practical activity encompassing
the systematic study of the structure and behavior of the 6. Social Change: Societies are dynamic and constantly
physical and natural world through observation and evolving.
experiment – Oxford dictionary
Example: From handwritten letters → to text → to social media.

Smart way of Humans to try understanding 7. Interdependence: Societies are characterized by

how the world works by carefully OBSERVING interdependence, where members rely on each other for various
, TESTING, & EXPERIMENT aspects of life. This interdependence can be economic, social, or
HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE
political. Interdependence fosters cooperation and a sense of
The “deep” in Hubble Deep Field refers to the telescope’s ability to collective responsibility.
look at some of these far, faint objects. Looking at far-away objects
Example: Farmers grow rice, teachers educate, doctors heal.
in space is like seeing back in time.

INTERACTION
TECHNOLOGY
• Science, Technology and Society is the study of how
• Greek root word: ‘techne’ – art, skill, cunning of hand
society, politics, and culture affect scientific research
• the application of scientific knowledge, laws, and principles and technological innovation, and how these, in turn,
to produce services, materials, tools, and machines aimed at affect society, politics and culture.
solving real-world problems. • The interdisciplinary field of Science, Technology, and
Society examines the ways in which society influences
Technology aims to:
the creation of scientific knowledge and technological
1. Creating or inventing things development.
• At the same time, it seeks to understand the ways
2. Fulfill our needs and desires or perform certain science and technology affect our lives and
functions in terms of things. communities.

3. Application of understanding of natural laws to the INTERCONNECTED

solution of practical problems
1. HISTORY OF SCIENCE

‘When we think about the past, we think about history. When we

SOCIETY think about the future, we think about science. Science builds
upon its past, but also, simultaneously, denies it.’
• Latin word societas ('fellowship,' 'alliance', 'association’)
- Meaning:
• the aggregate of people living together in an ordered community.
- History = looking back at what already happened.
Societies also exhibit social institutions, social relationships, and - Science = looking forward, always discovering and
systems of social control: creating something new.
- But science is unique: it uses the past (old
1. Composition: Societies are composed of individuals who theories, experiments, discoveries) as its
interact and form relationships (These individuals may belong to foundation, while also rejecting or replacing old
various social groups, such as families, communities, and ideas when new evidence proves them wrong.
organizations).
- Science respects history but doesn’t stay stuck in
2. Shared Culture: Culture encompasses the shared beliefs,
it—it’s always moving forward, even if that means
values, norms, and practices of a society.
leaving behind what was once believed true.
 3. Skilled Human Capital and Research Capacity:
2. PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Engagement in scientific inquiry cultivates critical
thinking, problem-solving abilities, and technical skills
What is a law of nature? Are there any in nonphysical sciences
essential for technological development and adaptation.
like biology and psychology? What kind of data can be used to
distinguish between real causes and accidental regularities? 4. Assessment and Strategic Development: Science
How much evidence and what kinds of evidence do we need informs the evaluation of technology’s feasibility, societal
before we accept hypotheses? Why do scientists continue to implications, and environmental impacts, while also
rely on models and theories which they know are at least enabling more effective strategies for applied research
partially inaccurate (like Newton's physics) and innovation.

TECHNOLOGY CONTRIBUTES TO SCIENCE:

3. SOCIOLOGY OF SCIENCE 1. Generation of Novel Scientific Questions:

Technological advancements often reveal new
• Sociology: type of science, a logical system that bases
phenomena and practical challenges, serving as a
knowledge on direct, systematic observation.
catalyst for formulating fresh scientific questions and
• Scientific sociology: study of society based on systematic extending the scope of scientific inquiry.
observation of social behavior.
2. Provision of Advanced Tools and Techniques:
• Scientific evidence sometimes contradicts common sense Technology supplies sophisticated instrumentation and
explanations of social behavior. methodologies that enable scientists to investigate
complex problems with greater precision and efficiency—
IT IS NOT WHAT WE DO NOT KNOW THAT GET US INTO capabilities that would otherwise be unattainable.
TROUBLE, IT IS WHAT WE KNOW THAT IS NOT TRUE.
SOCIETY CONTRIBUTES TO SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY:

1. Guiding Direction and Priorities: Societal needs and

values shape research agendas, influence technological
development, and inform policy and funding decisions.

2 Ensuring Accountability and Ethical Oversight:

Society provides the context for evaluating scientific and
technological impacts, ensuring they align with ethical
standards and public interests.

INTERCONNECTION: COMPLEX EXAMPLE

INTERCONNECTED: SCIENCE CONTRIBUTES TO

TECHNOLOGY & VISE VERSA

SCIENCE CONTRIBUTES TO TECHNOLOGY:

1. Foundation of Knowledge and Innovation: Science

generates fundamental insights that inspire new
technological possibilities and guide innovation across Because Hubble telescope has limitation a new space telescope
diverse fields. was launch last December 2021 to see the heavenly bodies are
accelerating away from us, the light they emit turns to infrared.
2. Tools, Techniques, and Methodologies: Scientific James Webb Space Telescope is made to see beyond, and this
research provides the technical foundation—such as telescope will answer the question of the events before the Big
instruments, laboratory methods, and analytical Bang
approaches—used in engineering, design, and industrial
practices.