Paper-II

4, Introduction to Microcontroller

 Introduction to Microcontroller

“A microcontroller is a complete microprocessor system, consisting of

microprocessor, Limited amount of ROM, RAM and parallel I/O port, built on a single
integrated circuit only It controls function of device so it is called microcontroller.”

- Microcontroller is a single chip integrated circuit.

- It is complete microprocessor based system consisting of microprocessor, limited amount
of RAM, ROM and I/O.
- In 1971 Texas instrument introduced first 4 bit microcontroller in the market named as
TMS-1000TMS-1000 developed by scientist Gary Boone and Michael Cochran
- Intel introduced series of microcontrollers.
- Intel's 8051 was a very popular microcontroller.

 Applications of microcontroller

1) A home security system, a tape deck and intelligent multi-meter can be builds by using
microcontroller
2) A PC keyboard are implemented with a microcontroller. It replaces scanning,
denouncing, matrix decoding and serial transmission circuit.
3) Microcontroller is a single chip microcomputer. So they are used in medical instruments.
4) Many low cost products such as electronic toys, electric drills, microwave ovens, VCRs
are based on microcontroller.
5) Microcontroller are used as a independent controllers in machines or as a slaves in
distributed processing.
6) Microcontrollers are used as a machine tools, chemical processors and sophisticated
guidance control.

 Advantages of microcontroller over the microprocessor

1) The cost of microcontroller is less than a microprocessor based system.

2) A microcontroller has more I/O components than a microprocessor based system.
3) Microcontrollers can be used in wide variety of intelligent products such as in PC
keyboards. But the microprocessor based system cannot be used in such intelligent
products.
4) Many low cost products such as electronic toys, electric drills, microwave ovens, VCRs
are based on microcontrollers. This is not the case with microprocessor based system.

 8051 Microcontroller
- 8051 is second generation microcontroller.
- It is 8 bit microcontroller.
- Developed by Intel company by scientist John Wharton in 1980
  Features provided by second generation microcontroller OR
8051microcontroller

1) The 8051 microcontroller has an 8-bit ALU.

2) The 8051 microcontroller has 4KB i.e. 4KX8-bit ROM or EPROM.
3) The 8051 microcontroller has 128 bytes i.e. 128X8 bit RAM.
4) The 8051 microcontroller has dual 16-bit timer event counter.
5) The 8051 microcontroller has 32 I/O lines for four 8-bit I/O port.
6) The 8051 microcontroller has can addresses 64KB of program memory.
7) The 8051 microcontroller has can addresses 64KB of data memory.
8) The 8051 microcontroller has powerful instruction set which contains 111 instructions.
9) The 8051 microcontroller has clock speed upto 12 MHz.
10) The 8051 microcontroller has contains a full-featured serial port.

 Block diagram of 8051 microcontroller

i) RAM address Register
- It is 8-bit register.
- It holds the address bits of RAM.
ii) Accumulator
- It is 8-bit register
- It is used to store result of ALU operation.
- It also holds the one i/p for ALU as operand during ALU operation.
iii) Temporary registers (TMP 1, TMP 2)
- These are 8 bit temporary registers.
- TMP1 and TMP2 these are Temporary registers, stores data temporarily during
program execution
iv) General purpose register (B- Register)
- It is 8- bit register.
- It is used to process/store data at the time of programming.
v) ALU
- It is Arithmetic and Logic unit.
- It performs an arithmetic and logical operation by accepting i/p from ACC and TMP
1/TMP 2.
- After processing the processed result always transferred to an ACC.
- So that ALU is performs its operation association of ACC, TMP 1/TMP 2 and PSW.
- The content of PSW is depends upon whatever data in ACC.
vi) PSW
- PSW stands for program status word or processor status word that means it shows
the status operation performed in ALU.
- The status of PSW is ser or reset according to ALU operation. It contains different
flags or flip-flop.
vii) Stack pointer
- This is a 8-bit register in 8051 microcontroller.
- This is used in stack operation. It is a pointer register which points address of top
most element of memory
viii) DPTR
- It is data pointer register.
- It is a 16-bit register.
- It is used to store data as well as address.
- This 16-bit is made of DPTR is high order byte i.e. DPH (8-bit) and low order i.e. DPL
(8-bit).
ix) PCON
- It is a power control register.
- It is 8-bit register.
- It is used to operate microprocessor in special modes which conserve power until
you wake up microprocessor.
x) SCON
- It is a serial port control register.
- It is 8-bit register.
- It is used to tell serial port is how to operate.
xi) TCON
- It is counter-timer control register.
- It is 8-bit register.
- The flags in this register either show the status of the counter-timers or they are
used to enables or disables counter-timer functions.
xii) TMOD
- It is a counter timer mode register.
- It is 8-bit register.
- It is used to set/reset the mode of counter timers.
xiii) Serial I/O port
- The 8051 having 32-bit Serial Input/Output port.
- This 32-bit port divided into four 8-bit bi-directional I/O ports such as port 0, port 1,
port 2 and port 3.
- Each port has contains its own port latches for latching purpose such as port 0 latch,
port 1 latch, port 2 latch and port 3 latch. This port latches allow to stores data going
out of the port or coming into the port.
- Serial I/O port of 8051 microcontroller called full duplex I/O port because at the
same time it can transmit and receive signals at the same time.
xiv) SBUF
- It is a special function register.
- It is 8-bit register.
- The 8051 serial interface is full-duplex serial port and SBUF register is used to
transfers & receives data at the same time.
xv) IE
- It is an interrupt enable register.
- It is used to enable the interrupt.
xvi) IP
- It is interrupt priority interrupt register.
- It is used for controlling the priority of the interrupt of 8051 microcontroller.
xvii) ALE
- This is an address latch enable signal. This is used as latch during multiplexed
address/data bus. Therefore, this gives the information of line of multiplexed
address/data bus.
xviii) PSEN
- This is a control signal is used to reads the external program memory.
xix) EA
- This is external input access pin.

 Memory map for 8051 microcontroller

The 8051 microcontroller has contains two types of separate memory spaces as below.

a) Program Memory Space

b) Data Memory Space
a) Program Memory Space

1) The program memory space is read-only memory space i.e. ROM space.
2) This memory space is used for storing programs and variables data.
3) It is possible to reads program instructions from this space, but the processor cannot
write data into this memory space.
4) All instructions fetches are taken from program memory space.
5) The 4KB program memory can be expanded by an additional 60KB making it 64KB
program memory.

b) Data Memory Space

1) The data memory space is a read/write memory space.

2) The processor can reads data from this memory space and can writes data to this
memory space.
3) It cannot execute instructions from this memory space. The 8051 microcontroller’s
internal RAM is in this memory space.
4) The 128 bytes of internal RAM provides general read/write data storage. Some part of
this is often referred to as registers.
5) The 8051 microcontroller has 22 special function registers which are not part of 128
bytes of RAM.
They occupy memory space from 80H to F8H. These registers are used for their intended
purpose.
6) The data memory can also be expanded to 64KB

 Family Members of 8051 Microcontroller/ Intel 80XX Family

1. 8048, 8049, 8050

2. 8051
3. 8052
Alternative versions 8051 and 8052/Forms of 8051 and 8052
1. 8751 and 8752
2. 8031 and 8032
2. 8052 AH Basic

1. 8048, 8049, 8050

- All 8048, 8049, 8050 have same architecture except memory size. The memory size
doubles in each case.
- 8048 having 1 kb of internal memory (ROM) and 64 bytes of internal memory (RAM)
- 8049 having 2 kb of internal memory (ROM) and 128 bytes of internal memory (RAM)
- 8050 having 4 kb of internal memory (ROM) and 256 bytes of internal memory (RAM)

2. 8051
- It is 8 bit microcontroller.
- It has 4 kb of ROM
- It has 128 bytes of RAM
- It has dual 16 bit timer event counter
- It is less costly than 8052 microcontroller.

3. 8052
- It is 16 bit microcontroller.
- It has 8 kb of ROM
- It has 256 bytes of RAM
- It has one extra 16 bit timer event counter
- It is costly than 8051 microcontroller.

 Alternative versions 8051 and 8052/Forms of 8051 and 8052

1. 8751 and 8752

These replace on board ROM with EPROM. Use of EPROM gives provision to erase program
memory using ultra violet (UV) rays and also reprogram it using externally applied electric
signals.

2. 8031 and 8032

These devices do not have any on board ROM.
These devices may use external ROM for program memory.
These devices are useful for low volume products.

3. 8052 AH Basic
It has Basic programming language in ROM.
Using Basic instructions programmer can write instructions for this device rather than
assembly language.
  Features provide by first generation microcontroller OR 8048 microcontroller

1) 8048 microcontroller has clock having frequency 2MHz to 4MHz.

2) 8048 microcontroller has 27 I/O lines.
3) 8048 microcontroller has 1KB ROM or EPROM.
4) 8048 microcontroller has 64KB RAM.
5) 8048 microcontroller has one 8-bit timer-event counter.
6) Address capacity of 8048 microcontroller is 4KB.