The document provides an overview of virtualization technology, including its types,
components, characteristics, and examples of virtual machines used in cloud computing and
software emulation.
Basics of Virtual Machines
Virtualization technology is essential for cloud computing, enabling the creation of secure
and isolated environments for applications. It encompasses various technologies that
abstract hardware and software resources to optimize resource utilization and
management.
• Virtualization allows for the creation of virtual environments, including virtual
machines (VMs) that run on a host system.
• Key components include the guest (the VM), the host (the physical machine), and the
virtualization layer (which manages the interaction).
• Benefits include increased security, managed execution, resource sharing,
aggregation, emulation, isolation, performance tuning, and portability.
Characteristics of Virtualized Environments
Virtualized environments offer enhanced security and resource management capabilities.
They allow multiple applications to run in isolation while sharing the same physical
resources.
• Increased security through controlled execution and filtering of guest activities.
• Managed execution enables features like sharing, aggregation, emulation, and
isolation.
• Isolation allows multiple guests to operate without interference, enhancing security
and performance.
• Performance tuning is facilitated by advanced hardware and software, allowing for
quality of service (QoS) implementations.
Process Virtual Machines Overview
Process Virtual Machines (PVMs) provide a platform-independent environment for executing
single programs. They abstract the underlying hardware and operating system details.
• PVMs are also known as Language Virtual Machines or Managed Runtime
Environments.
• Examples include JVM (Java Virtual Machine), PVM (Parrot Virtual Machine), and CLR
(Common Language Runtime).
• PVMs typically use interpreters and may incorporate just-in-time compilation for
performance improvements.
System Virtual Machines Overview
System Virtual Machines (SVMs) emulate entire computer systems, allowing multiple
operating systems to run on a single host. They provide isolated environments for different
OS instances.
• SVMs are also referred to as Hardware Virtual Machines.
• Examples include VMware, VirtualBox, and Citrix Xen.
• Advantages include the ability to run multiple OS environments in parallel, while
drawbacks include potential performance inefficiencies.
Advantages and Drawbacks of System VMs
System VMs offer significant benefits but also come with certain limitations. They are widely
used in enterprise environments for their flexibility and resource management capabilities.
• Advantages include strong isolation between multiple operating systems and the
ability to run different instruction set architectures.
• Drawbacks include compromised efficiency due to indirect hardware access and
potential performance variability among VMs.
Emulation in Virtualization
Emulation allows one computer system to mimic another, enabling software designed for
one system to run on another. It is crucial for running legacy applications and various
operating systems.
• Emulation can be software-based or hardware-based, facilitating compatibility across
different systems.
• Common uses include running legacy applications, arcade games, and operating
systems on incompatible hardware.
• Emulation is essential in server virtualization, where it creates virtual environments
for resource management.
Virtualization in Cloud Computing
Virtualization is a key enabler of cloud computing, allowing for the efficient sharing of IT
resources among multiple users. It abstracts physical resources to provide scalable and
flexible infrastructure.
• Virtualization allows multiple operating systems to run on a single machine,
optimizing resource utilization.
• It supports various types of virtualization, including hardware, operating system,
server, and storage virtualization.
• The use of virtualization technology reduces costs and enhances flexibility for cloud
users.
Implementation Levels of Virtualization
There are five common levels of virtualization implementation in cloud computing, each
serving different purposes and functionalities. These levels facilitate the efficient operation
of virtual machines.
• Instruction Set Architecture (ISA) level allows legacy code to run on different
hardware configurations.
• Hardware Abstraction Layer (HAL) uses hypervisors to manage hardware resources
for virtual machines.
• Operating System level creates isolated containers for applications, ensuring no
resource conflicts.
• Library level utilizes APIs for communication between applications and systems.
• Application level focuses on virtualizing individual applications rather than entire
environments.
Virtualization Structures: Type I and Type II
Virtualization is achieved through hypervisors, which can be categorized into two types: Bare
Metal (Type I) and Hosted (Type II). Each type has distinct characteristics and use cases.
• Type I hypervisors are installed directly on hardware, providing better performance
and resource management.
• Type II hypervisors run on top of an existing operating system, offering better
hardware compatibility but potentially lower performance.
• Examples of Type I hypervisors include VMware ESX and Microsoft Hyper-V, while
Type II examples include VMware Workstation and Oracle VM VirtualBox.
Virtualization of CPU
Virtualization of CPU allows multiple virtual machines (VMs) to run on a single physical
processor, enhancing efficiency by executing unprivileged instructions directly on the host.
It involves managing privileged instructions through a Virtual Machine Monitor (VMM) to
ensure system stability and correctness.
• A VM is a duplicate of an existing computer system, executing most instructions in
native mode.
• Critical instructions are categorized into privileged, control-sensitive, and behavior-
sensitive instructions.
• RISC architectures are naturally virtualizable, while x86 architectures face challenges
due to non-privileged sensitive instructions.
• Paravirtualization allows unmodified applications to run in VMs but incurs a small
performance penalty.
• Hardware-assisted virtualization, like Intel's VT-x, simplifies virtualization by
automatically trapping privileged instructions.
Memory Virtualization Techniques
Memory virtualization involves managing physical memory allocation for VMs, requiring a
two-stage mapping process. This process is essential for optimizing performance and
ensuring efficient memory usage across multiple VMs.
• Virtual memory virtualization uses page tables for mapping virtual to physical
memory.
• The VMM maintains shadow page tables to manage guest OS memory mappings.
• Nested page tables add another layer of indirection for memory management.
• VMware uses shadow page tables for address translation, while Intel's Extended Page
Table (EPT) improves efficiency.
• AMD's Barcelona processor introduced hardware-assisted memory virtualization in
2007.
I/O Virtualization Approaches
I/O virtualization manages the routing of I/O requests between virtual devices and shared
physical hardware, employing various methods to optimize performance. These methods
include full device emulation, para-virtualization, and direct I/O.
• Full device emulation replicates device functions in software, allowing multiple VMs
to share hardware.
• Para-virtualization, used in Xen, employs a split driver model for better performance
but incurs higher CPU overhead.
• Direct I/O virtualization allows VMs to access devices directly, achieving near-native
performance.
• Intel VT-d supports remapping of I/O DMA transfers and device interrupts for better
I/O virtualization.
Virtual Clusters and Resource Management
Virtual clusters consist of VMs across physical servers, enabling dynamic resource allocation
and management. They enhance server utilization and application flexibility while
addressing challenges like live migration and resource scheduling.
• Virtual clusters can include both physical and virtual machines, allowing for diverse
OS deployments.
• VMs can be replicated for fault tolerance and disaster recovery.
• Efficient management of VM images is crucial for resource allocation.
• Dynamic deployment and monitoring of virtual clusters improve performance and
resource utilization.
Live VM Migration Steps and Performance Effects
Live migration of VMs allows seamless transfer between physical hosts, minimizing
downtime and maintaining service continuity. This process involves several steps to ensure
efficient migration while managing resource contention.
• The migration process includes starting migration, transferring memory, suspending
the VM, and activating the new host.
• Memory data is transferred iteratively, with the last round focusing on dirty pages to
minimize downtime.
• Effective migration strategies are essential to balance performance and resource
usage during the process.
Memory, File, and Network Resource Migration
Migrating memory, files, and network resources is critical for maintaining service continuity
in virtualized environments. Various techniques are employed to ensure efficient and
reliable migration.
• Memory migration techniques exploit temporal and spatial locality to minimize data
transfer.
• File system migration can utilize global file systems to avoid copying entire disks.
• Network migration requires maintaining open connections and using virtual IP
addresses for seamless communication.
Cloud Computing Overview and Characteristics
Cloud computing leverages virtualization to provide scalable and flexible resources over the
internet. It enables dynamic allocation of services and applications, enhancing efficiency
and reducing costs.
• Key characteristics include agility, high availability, scalability, and device
independence.
• Cloud services are offered in a pay-per-use model, reducing upfront costs and
maintenance.
Cloud Deployment Models Explained
Cloud deployment models define the structure and access of cloud environments based on
ownership and purpose. They include public, private, hybrid, community, and multi-cloud
models.
• Public clouds are accessible to anyone, offering minimal investment and no
infrastructure management.
• Private clouds provide dedicated resources for a single organization, enhancing
control and security.
• Hybrid clouds combine public and private resources for flexibility and cost-
effectiveness.
• Community clouds share infrastructure among organizations with common concerns,
promoting collaboration.
Everything as a Service (XaaS) Concept
XaaS refers to the delivery of various services over the cloud, simplifying business operations
and reducing costs. It encompasses multiple service models, including SaaS, PaaS, and IaaS.
• XaaS allows businesses to pay only for the services they use, eliminating the need for
extensive infrastructure.
• Examples include Software as a Service (SaaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS), and
Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS).
Hardware as a Service (HaaS) Overview
HaaS allows Managed Service Providers (MSPs) to deliver hardware on demand, similar to
Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS). Customers utilize hardware based on service level
agreements, enhancing flexibility and reducing costs.
• HaaS is a model where hardware is provided and installed by MSPs.
• It operates under service level agreements, similar to IaaS.
• Customers can access hardware resources without maintaining physical
infrastructure.
Communication as a Service (CaaS) Overview
CaaS offers various communication solutions like instant messaging, VoIP, and video
conferencing through cloud hosting. This model is cost-effective and streamlines
communication processes for businesses.
• CaaS includes hosted solutions for IM, VoIP, and video conferencing.
• It reduces time and expenses associated with traditional communication methods.
• The model enhances accessibility and collaboration among users.
Desktop as a Service (DaaS) Overview
DaaS provides managed desktop applications, focusing on data storage, security, and
backup. Clients can access their desktops remotely, utilizing third-party servers for
enhanced flexibility.
• DaaS manages user data storage, security, and backups for desktop applications.
• Clients can work on PCs using third-party servers.
• It offers flexibility and remote access to desktop environments.
Security as a Service (SECaaS) Overview
SECaaS integrates security services into a company's infrastructure via the internet, covering
aspects like antivirus, authentication, and encryption. This model enhances security without
the need for extensive in-house resources.
• SECaaS provides integrated security services through the internet.
• Services include antivirus, authentication, and encryption.
• It reduces the burden on in-house IT security management.
Healthcare as a Service (HaaS) Overview
HaaS in healthcare leverages technologies like IoT for improved medical services, including
electronic medical records and online consultations. This model enhances patient care and
accessibility to medical services.
• HaaS in healthcare utilizes IoT and EMR for service delivery.
• It enables online consultations and 24/7 health monitoring.
• The model improves patient access to medical services.
Transport as a Service (TaaS) Overview
TaaS provides mobility solutions through various applications, promoting convenience and
eco-friendliness. Services like ride-sharing and future innovations in transport are part of
this growing model.
• TaaS includes mobility solutions like ride-sharing apps.
• It promotes convenience and environmental sustainability.
• Future innovations may include flying taxis and self-driving vehicles.
Benefits of XaaS Overview
XaaS offers numerous advantages, including cost savings, scalability, and improved
accessibility. Organizations can implement services quickly and modify them as needed,
fostering innovation.
• Cost savings and simplified IT deployments are key benefits.
• Scalability allows organizations to handle growing workloads efficiently.
• XaaS enhances accessibility and provides faster implementation times.
Disadvantages of XaaS Overview
Despite its benefits, XaaS has drawbacks such as reliance on internet connectivity and
potential service slowdowns. Troubleshooting can be complex due to the integration of
multiple services and technologies.
• Internet reliability issues can affect XaaS services.
• System slowdowns may occur with high client usage.
• Troubleshooting is complicated due to diverse technologies involved.
The document provides an overview of virtualization technology, including its types,
components, characteristics, and examples of virtual machines used in cloud computing and
software emulation.
Basics of Virtual Machines
Virtualization technology is essential for cloud computing, enabling the creation of secure
and isolated environments for applications. It encompasses various technologies that
abstract hardware and software resources to optimize resource utilization and
management.
• Virtualization allows for the creation of virtual environments, including virtual
machines (VMs) that run on a host system.
• Key components include the guest (the VM), the host (the physical machine), and the
virtualization layer (which manages the interaction).
• Benefits include increased security, managed execution, resource sharing,
aggregation, emulation, isolation, performance tuning, and portability.
Characteristics of Virtualized Environments
Virtualized environments offer enhanced security and resource management capabilities.
They allow multiple applications to run in isolation while sharing the same physical
resources.
• Increased security through controlled execution and filtering of guest activities.
• Managed execution enables features like sharing, aggregation, emulation, and
isolation.
• Isolation allows multiple guests to operate without interference, enhancing security
and performance.
• Performance tuning is facilitated by advanced hardware and software, allowing for
quality of service (QoS) implementations.
Process Virtual Machines Overview
Process Virtual Machines (PVMs) provide a platform-independent environment for executing
single programs. They abstract the underlying hardware and operating system details.
• PVMs are also known as Language Virtual Machines or Managed Runtime
Environments.
• Examples include JVM (Java Virtual Machine), PVM (Parrot Virtual Machine), and CLR
(Common Language Runtime).
• PVMs typically use interpreters and may incorporate just-in-time compilation for
performance improvements.
System Virtual Machines Overview
System Virtual Machines (SVMs) emulate entire computer systems, allowing multiple
operating systems to run on a single host. They provide isolated environments for different
OS instances.
• SVMs are also referred to as Hardware Virtual Machines.
• Examples include VMware, VirtualBox, and Citrix Xen.
• Advantages include the ability to run multiple OS environments in parallel, while
drawbacks include potential performance inefficiencies.
Advantages and Drawbacks of System VMs
System VMs offer significant benefits but also come with certain limitations. They are widely
used in enterprise environments for their flexibility and resource management capabilities.
• Advantages include strong isolation between multiple operating systems and the
ability to run different instruction set architectures.
• Drawbacks include compromised efficiency due to indirect hardware access and
potential performance variability among VMs.
Emulation in Virtualization
Emulation allows one computer system to mimic another, enabling software designed for
one system to run on another. It is crucial for running legacy applications and various
operating systems.
• Emulation can be software-based or hardware-based, facilitating compatibility across
different systems.
• Common uses include running legacy applications, arcade games, and operating
systems on incompatible hardware.
• Emulation is essential in server virtualization, where it creates virtual environments
for resource management.
Virtualization in Cloud Computing
Virtualization is a key enabler of cloud computing, allowing for the efficient sharing of IT
resources among multiple users. It abstracts physical resources to provide scalable and
flexible infrastructure.
• Virtualization allows multiple operating systems to run on a single machine,
optimizing resource utilization.
• It supports various types of virtualization, including hardware, operating system,
server, and storage virtualization.
• The use of virtualization technology reduces costs and enhances flexibility for cloud
users.
Implementation Levels of Virtualization
There are five common levels of virtualization implementation in cloud computing, each
serving different purposes and functionalities. These levels facilitate the efficient operation
of virtual machines.
• Instruction Set Architecture (ISA) level allows legacy code to run on different
hardware configurations.
• Hardware Abstraction Layer (HAL) uses hypervisors to manage hardware resources
for virtual machines.
• Operating System level creates isolated containers for applications, ensuring no
resource conflicts.
• Library level utilizes APIs for communication between applications and systems.
• Application level focuses on virtualizing individual applications rather than entire
environments.
Virtualization Structures: Type I and Type II
Virtualization is achieved through hypervisors, which can be categorized into two types: Bare
Metal (Type I) and Hosted (Type II). Each type has distinct characteristics and use cases.
• Type I hypervisors are installed directly on hardware, providing better performance
and resource management.
• Type II hypervisors run on top of an existing operating system, offering better
hardware compatibility but potentially lower performance.
• Examples of Type I hypervisors include VMware ESX and Microsoft Hyper-V, while
Type II examples include VMware Workstation and Oracle VM VirtualBox.
Virtualization of CPU
Virtualization of CPU allows multiple virtual machines (VMs) to run on a single physical
processor, enhancing efficiency by executing unprivileged instructions directly on the host.
It involves managing privileged instructions through a Virtual Machine Monitor (VMM) to
ensure system stability and correctness.
• A VM is a duplicate of an existing computer system, executing most instructions in
native mode.
• Critical instructions are categorized into privileged, control-sensitive, and behavior-
sensitive instructions.
• RISC architectures are naturally virtualizable, while x86 architectures face challenges
due to non-privileged sensitive instructions.
• Paravirtualization allows unmodified applications to run in VMs but incurs a small
performance penalty.
• Hardware-assisted virtualization, like Intel's VT-x, simplifies virtualization by
automatically trapping privileged instructions.
Memory Virtualization Techniques
Memory virtualization involves managing physical memory allocation for VMs, requiring a
two-stage mapping process. This process is essential for optimizing performance and
ensuring efficient memory usage across multiple VMs.
• Virtual memory virtualization uses page tables for mapping virtual to physical
memory.
• The VMM maintains shadow page tables to manage guest OS memory mappings.
• Nested page tables add another layer of indirection for memory management.
• VMware uses shadow page tables for address translation, while Intel's Extended Page
Table (EPT) improves efficiency.
• AMD's Barcelona processor introduced hardware-assisted memory virtualization in
2007.
I/O Virtualization Approaches
I/O virtualization manages the routing of I/O requests between virtual devices and shared
physical hardware, employing various methods to optimize performance. These methods
include full device emulation, para-virtualization, and direct I/O.
• Full device emulation replicates device functions in software, allowing multiple VMs
to share hardware.
• Para-virtualization, used in Xen, employs a split driver model for better performance
but incurs higher CPU overhead.
• Direct I/O virtualization allows VMs to access devices directly, achieving near-native
performance.
• Intel VT-d supports remapping of I/O DMA transfers and device interrupts for better
I/O virtualization.
Virtual Clusters and Resource Management
Virtual clusters consist of VMs across physical servers, enabling dynamic resource allocation
and management. They enhance server utilization and application flexibility while
addressing challenges like live migration and resource scheduling.
• Virtual clusters can include both physical and virtual machines, allowing for diverse
OS deployments.
• VMs can be replicated for fault tolerance and disaster recovery.
• Efficient management of VM images is crucial for resource allocation.
• Dynamic deployment and monitoring of virtual clusters improve performance and
resource utilization.
Live VM Migration Steps and Performance Effects
Live migration of VMs allows seamless transfer between physical hosts, minimizing
downtime and maintaining service continuity. This process involves several steps to ensure
efficient migration while managing resource contention.
• The migration process includes starting migration, transferring memory, suspending
the VM, and activating the new host.
• Memory data is transferred iteratively, with the last round focusing on dirty pages to
minimize downtime.
• Effective migration strategies are essential to balance performance and resource
usage during the process.
Memory, File, and Network Resource Migration
Migrating memory, files, and network resources is critical for maintaining service continuity
in virtualized environments. Various techniques are employed to ensure efficient and
reliable migration.
• Memory migration techniques exploit temporal and spatial locality to minimize data
transfer.
• File system migration can utilize global file systems to avoid copying entire disks.
• Network migration requires maintaining open connections and using virtual IP
addresses for seamless communication.
Cloud Computing Overview and Characteristics
Cloud computing leverages virtualization to provide scalable and flexible resources over the
internet. It enables dynamic allocation of services and applications, enhancing efficiency
and reducing costs.
• Key characteristics include agility, high availability, scalability, and device
independence.
• Cloud services are offered in a pay-per-use model, reducing upfront costs and
maintenance.
Cloud Deployment Models Explained
Cloud deployment models define the structure and access of cloud environments based on
ownership and purpose. They include public, private, hybrid, community, and multi-cloud
models.
• Public clouds are accessible to anyone, offering minimal investment and no
infrastructure management.
• Private clouds provide dedicated resources for a single organization, enhancing
control and security.
• Hybrid clouds combine public and private resources for flexibility and cost-
effectiveness.
• Community clouds share infrastructure among organizations with common concerns,
promoting collaboration.
Everything as a Service (XaaS) Concept
XaaS refers to the delivery of various services over the cloud, simplifying business operations
and reducing costs. It encompasses multiple service models, including SaaS, PaaS, and IaaS.
• XaaS allows businesses to pay only for the services they use, eliminating the need for
extensive infrastructure.
• Examples include Software as a Service (SaaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS), and
Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS).
Hardware as a Service (HaaS) Overview
HaaS allows Managed Service Providers (MSPs) to deliver hardware on demand, similar to
Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS). Customers utilize hardware based on service level
agreements, enhancing flexibility and reducing costs.
• HaaS is a model where hardware is provided and installed by MSPs.
• It operates under service level agreements, similar to IaaS.
• Customers can access hardware resources without maintaining physical
infrastructure.
Communication as a Service (CaaS) Overview
CaaS offers various communication solutions like instant messaging, VoIP, and video
conferencing through cloud hosting. This model is cost-effective and streamlines
communication processes for businesses.
• CaaS includes hosted solutions for IM, VoIP, and video conferencing.
• It reduces time and expenses associated with traditional communication methods.
• The model enhances accessibility and collaboration among users.
Desktop as a Service (DaaS) Overview
DaaS provides managed desktop applications, focusing on data storage, security, and
backup. Clients can access their desktops remotely, utilizing third-party servers for
enhanced flexibility.
• DaaS manages user data storage, security, and backups for desktop applications.
• Clients can work on PCs using third-party servers.
• It offers flexibility and remote access to desktop environments.
Security as a Service (SECaaS) Overview
SECaaS integrates security services into a company's infrastructure via the internet, covering
aspects like antivirus, authentication, and encryption. This model enhances security without
the need for extensive in-house resources.
• SECaaS provides integrated security services through the internet.
• Services include antivirus, authentication, and encryption.
• It reduces the burden on in-house IT security management.
Healthcare as a Service (HaaS) Overview
HaaS in healthcare leverages technologies like IoT for improved medical services, including
electronic medical records and online consultations. This model enhances patient care and
accessibility to medical services.
• HaaS in healthcare utilizes IoT and EMR for service delivery.
• It enables online consultations and 24/7 health monitoring.
• The model improves patient access to medical services.
Transport as a Service (TaaS) Overview
TaaS provides mobility solutions through various applications, promoting convenience and
eco-friendliness. Services like ride-sharing and future innovations in transport are part of
this growing model.
• TaaS includes mobility solutions like ride-sharing apps.
• It promotes convenience and environmental sustainability.
• Future innovations may include flying taxis and self-driving vehicles.
Benefits of XaaS Overview
XaaS offers numerous advantages, including cost savings, scalability, and improved
accessibility. Organizations can implement services quickly and modify them as needed,
fostering innovation.
• Cost savings and simplified IT deployments are key benefits.
• Scalability allows organizations to handle growing workloads efficiently.
• XaaS enhances accessibility and provides faster implementation times.
Disadvantages of XaaS Overview
Despite its benefits, XaaS has drawbacks such as reliance on internet connectivity and
potential service slowdowns. Troubleshooting can be complex due to the integration of
multiple services and technologies.
• Internet reliability issues can affect XaaS services.
• System slowdowns may occur with high client usage.
• Troubleshooting is complicated due to diverse technologies involved.
