📌 Answer Key (Suggested):
Part A: 1-C, 2-G, 3-H, 4-A, 5-E, 6-J, 7-D, 8-B, 9-I, 10-F
Part B (possible answers): 1. entrepreneur, 2. rewarding, 3.
firefighter, 4. tedious, 5. earn, 6. perk, 7. psychiatrist, 8. startup,
9. probably, 10. but
Part C: 1. rewarding, 2. awful, 3. politician, 4. train, 5. tiny
📘 What is a gerund phrase?
A gerund is the -ing form of a verb that acts like a noun.
A gerund phrase is the gerund plus the words that go with it
(objects or modifiers).
✅ Structure:
Gerund (verb + -ing) + object/modifiers
🔹 Examples of gerunds (single words):
Reading Swimming Dancing
🔹 Examples of gerund phrases:
Reading books before bed helps me relax.
→ (The whole phrase is the subject of the sentence.)
She enjoys swimming in the ocean.
→ (The phrase is the object of the verb enjoys.)
I’m tired of waiting for the bus.
→ (The phrase is the object of the preposition of.)
📍 Functions of gerund phrases:
Subject → Running every morning is healthy.
Object → He loves playing the guitar.
🔹 1. Gerund phrase as Subject
👉 The whole gerund phrase acts as the doer of the action.
Examples:
Eating vegetables every day is good for your health.
Playing soccer with friends makes him happy.
Watching movies late at night can be fun.
📝 Notice: the gerund phrase comes at the beginning of
the sentence.
🔹 2. Gerund phrase as Object
👉 The gerund phrase receives the action (usually after a verb
or preposition).
Examples:
She enjoys reading mystery novels.
They suggested going to the park.
He is interested in learning new languages.
📝 Notice: the gerund phrase comes after the verb (enjoys,
suggested) or after a preposition (in).
✅ Quick tip:
If the gerund phrase is before the verb → subject.
If the gerund phrase is after the verb/preposition → object.
Part A – Identify
Read the sentences. Write Subject or Object for the gerund phrase.
1. Playing video games late at night is not a good habit.
2. She enjoys listening to music while studying.
3. Running in the morning gives me energy.
4. They suggested visiting the museum this weekend.
5. Cooking dinner for the family makes him happy.
6. He is afraid of flying in airplanes.
7. Reading English stories helps students learn new vocabulary.
8. We finished cleaning the classroom.
Part B – Rewrite
Rewrite each sentence, changing the gerund phrase from
subject to object or vice versa.
Watching TV before bed makes me sleepy. (Subject)
👉 Rewrite with the gerund phrase as object:
__________________________
He enjoys playing basketball after school. (Object)
👉 Rewrite with the gerund phrase as subject:
__________________________
Part A – Identify
Playing video games late at night → Subject
Listening to music while studying → Object
Running in the morning → Subject
Visiting the museum this weekend → Object
Cooking dinner for the family → Subject
Flying in airplanes → Object
Reading English stories → Subject
Cleaning the classroom → Object
Part B – Rewrite
Watching TV before bed makes me sleepy. (Subject)
👉 Rewrite: I enjoy watching TV before bed. (Object)
He enjoys playing basketball after school. (Object)
👉 Rewrite: Playing basketball after school is fun. (Subject)
Homework
📝 Comparison with
Adjectives, Nouns, Verbs,
and Past Participles
1. Adjectives
We use comparative and superlative forms.
Comparative: adjective + -er / more + adjective
Superlative: the + adjective + -est / the most + adjective
✔ Examples:
Taller / the tallest
More interesting / the most interesting
Sentence examples:
Maria is taller than Ana.
This movie is more interesting than the book.
2. Nouns
We use more/fewer/less + noun to compare quantities.
✔ Examples:
Juan has more books than Pedro.
I have fewer problems than before.
This bag has less sugar than that one.
3. Verbs
We use comparative adverbs or structures like verb +
more/less than.
✔ Examples:
She studies as much as her brother.
They work more than we do.
He sleeps less than I do.
4. Past Participles (used as adjectives)
When past participles act like adjectives, we compare them
the same way as adjectives.
✔ Examples:
I was more excited than nervous.
This book was more complicated than the last one.
She felt more tired than expected.
Complete the sentences with the correct comparative form. Pay
attention! Sometimes you need adjectives, nouns, verbs, or past
Complete the sentences with the correct comparative form. Pay attention! Sometimes you need adjectives, nouns, verbs, or past participles.
participles.
1. This exam was easier (easy) than the last one.
2. She has more friends (friends) than me.
3. He works __________ (hard) than his coworkers.
4. I was __________ (surprised) by the news than by the result.
5. My house is __________ (big) than yours.
6. There are __________ (students) in the library today than yesterday.
7. He drives __________ (fast) than his brother.
8. The test was __________ (complicated) than we expected.
easier
more friends
harder
more surprised
bigger
fewer students
faster
more complicated
Homework
