Higher Institute of Computer

Science
and Information Systems
6 October City

Advanced Computer Networks

Level 3 (CS 305)

Prepared by
Dr. Eng. Omaima Goher
 SYLLABUS
MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCTION
CULTURE &SCIENCE CITY
Higher Institute of Computer Science&
Information Systems at
6 Oct City
Advanced Computer Networks
Level 3 (CS 305)
Prerequisite CS 205 Computer Network Technology

Course objective:
Introduction to Networks Architectures – LAN-MAN topologies
Transmission and protocols –Medium Access Control (MAC) protocols
Ethernet types and technologies –internet routing protocols- transport network
protocols
Introduction to data center networks –fundamentals of Network /internet
management and measurements –introduction to software defined networks-
introduction to cloud based networks-content distribution networks

Chapter 1-INTRODUCTION TO NETORK ARCHITECTURE

Data communication, Network, Topologies, WANs, protocol and standards,
LAN –MAN topologies
Duration: two weeks.

Chapter 2- TRANSMISSION AND PROTOCOL

Layer Architecture, Peer-to-Peer Processes, TCP/IP protocol suite
Physical, logical, port, specific adresses
Duration: two weeks
Chapter 3 -FUNDAMENTALS OF NETWORK
Internet management and measurements
Duration: two weeks
Chapter 4: Internet Management and measurement
Duration: two weeks

Chapter 5: Introduction to software defined network

Duration: two weeks

Chapter 6: Introduction to cloud based network

–content distribution network
Duration: two weeks

Chapter 7 -Transmission Media

Twisted-Pair Cable- Coaxial Cable- Fiber-Optic Cable -Radio Waves –
Microwaves- Infrared
Duration :two weeks.
Table of Contents
Chapter 7 -Transmission Media ...................................................................................... 3
list of figures ..................................................................................................................... 4
Chapter 1 Introduction ..................................................................................................... 5
Data Communications............................................................................................................... 5
1.2 Network: .............................................................................................................................. 7
1-Types of connections: ............................................................................................................. 8
2-physical topology: .................................................................................................................. 8
1.3 THE INTERNET: .................................................................................................... 12
1.4 PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS.......................................................................... 13
1.6-Review Questions ..................................................................................................... 16

list of figures
Figure 1data communications system ....................................................................................... 6
Figure 2 Data Flow.................................................................................................................... 7
Figure 3. a,b types of connection ............................................................................................. 8
Figure 4. local Area Network .................................................................................................. 10
Figure 5 a,b switched wan ,point to point wa ........................................................................ 11
Figure 6 Internet .................................................................................................................... 12
Chapter 1 Introduction
In Chapter 1, Introduce the concepts of:

1- Data communications (some terminologies, data communications

components, data representation, and data flow).
2- Network (criteria, physical structures (types of connection, topologies),
network models (LAN, WAN, MAN, combinations).
3- Protocols and standers in data communications and network.

Data Communications
1.1.1 Terminologies
. Telecommunication: means communication at a distance.
. Data: the information presented in data forms (number, text, images, video, and
audio)
. Data communications are the exchange of data between two devices via some
form of transmission medium such as a wire cable or wirless.
. The fundamentals of a data communications system:
I. Delivery: The system must deliver data to the correct destination.
2. Accuracy: The system must deliver the data accurately.
3. Timeliness. The system must deliver data in a timely manner, without delay
(real-time transmission).
4-Jitter: We can roughly say that jitter is a problem if different packets of data
encounter different delays. If the delay for the first packet is 20 ms, and for the
second is 40 ms, then the real-time application that uses the packets endures jitter.
1.1.2 data communication system Components
A data communications system has five components (see Figure 1) they are.
1. Message: The message is the information (data) to be communicated.
 2. Sender: The sender is the device that sends the data message.
3. Receiver: The receiver is the device that receives the message.
4. Transmission medium: is the physical path from sender to receiver.
5. Protocol: A protocol is a set of rules that govern data communications.

Figure 1data communications system

1.1.3 data and information representation:

Information is the processed data (numbers, characters, symbols, …) can be
represented as:
1. Text: represented as a bit pattern ( code)

2. Numbers (Numbers are also represented by bit patterns.).

3. Images: it’s composed of a matrix of pixels ((picture elements).

4. Audio: it is a continuous signal (Audio is the recording or broadcasting of

sound or music).

5. Video (Video refers to the recording or broadcasting of a picture or movie).

1.1.4 Data flow

Communication between two devices can be simplex, half-duplex, or full-
duplex as
shown in Figure 2
Simplex: the communication is unidirectional. (Only one way)
Half-duplex: each station can both transmit and receive, but not at the same time.
Full-duplex: both stations can transmit and receive simultaneously

Figure 2 Data Flow

1.2 Network:
A network is a set of devices (nodes), it is called distributed system connected
by communication links. A node can be a computer, printer, or any other
device. Nodes use a common network protocol to share resources with each
other.
1.2.1 Network criteria :
1-Performance: measured in transit time, response time.
Transit time: amount of time required for a message to travel from device
to device.
Response time: elapsed time between an inquiry and a response.
Performance is evaluated by 2 networking metrics: Throughput (number of bits
passes through point to point) and, Delay (If we try to send more data to the
network, we may increase throughput but we increase the delay because of traffic
congestion in the network)
2-Reliability: Accuracy of delivery, frequency of failure, and the time it takes a
link to recover from failure.
3-Security: protecting data from unauthorized access, protecting data from
damage and development.
1.2.2 physical structures
Before discussing networks, we need to define some network attributes.
1-Types of connections:
(1)-Point-to-point: there is a dedicated link between two devices see fig. 3. a.
(2)-Multipoint: More than two specific devices share a single link see fig3. b.

In a multipoint environment, the capacity of the channel is shared, either

spatially
or temporally. If several devices can use the link simultaneously, it is a
spatially
shared connection. If users must take turns, it is a temporally connection.

Figure 3. a,b types of connection

2-physical topology:
There are four basic topologies possible: mesh, star, bus, and ring (see Figure
4.).
 Figure
Figure 4 . physical topology

1.2.3 Network models

The two best-known standards are the OSI model and the Internet model. In
Chapter 2 we discuss these two
models. The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model defines a seven-layer
network; the Internet model defines a five-layer network.
1-Categories of Networks:
The category into which a network falls is determined by its size : A LAN
normally covers an area less than 2 mi; aWAN can be worldwide. Networks of a
size in between are normally referred to as metropolitanarea networks and span
tens of miles.
a-Local Area Network (LAN):
A local area network (LAN) is usually privately owned and links
the devices in a single office,
building, or campus (see Figure 5.).
• LAN size is limited to a few kilometers
• LAN can be as simple as 2 computers and a printer.
 • In general, a given LAN will use only one type of transmission
medium. The most common LAN topologies are bus, ring, and
star.
• early LAN data flow rates from 4 to 6 Mbps, Now it is from 100 to
1000 Mbps

Figure 4. local Area Network

b- Wide Area Network (WAN):

A wide area network (WAN) provides long-distance transmission of data.
We normally refer to the first as a switched WAN and to the second as a point-
to-point WAN (Figure 6.).
The switched WAN connects the end systems, which usually comprise a
router (internetworking connecting device) that connects to another LAN or
WAN.
The point-to-point WAN is normally a line leased from home computer or
a small LAN to an Internet service provider (lSP). This type of WAN is often
used to provide Internet access. Another example of WANs is the wireless WAN
that is becoming more and more popular.
 Figure 5 a,b switched wan ,point to point wa

c- Metropolitan Area Networks (MAN):A metropolitan area network (MAN)

is a network with a size between a LAN and a WAN. It normally covers the area
inside a town or a city. It is designed for customers who need a high-speed
connectivity, normally to the Internet, and have endpoints spread over a city.
d- Interconnection of network: internetwork: internet: When two or more
networks are connected, they become an internetwork, or internet. Assume that
an organization has two offices, one on the east and the other on the west. The
president of the company needs to have control over the company from his
home

Fig.1.12
1.3 THE INTERNET:
The Internet today is not a simple hierarchical structure. It is made up of many
wide- and local-area networks joined by connecting devices and switching
stations. Today most end users who want Internet connection use the services of
Internet service providers (lSPs). There are international service providers,
national service providers, regional service providers, and local service providers.
The Internet today is run by private companies, not the government. Figure 7.1
shows a conceptual (not geographic) view of the Internet.

Figure 6 Internet

1-International Internet Service Providers

The international service providers that connect nations together.
2-National Internet Service Providers
The national Internet service providers are connected by complex switching
stations (normally run by a third
party) called network access points (NAPs).
3-Regional Internet Service Providers
Regional internet service providers or regional ISPs are connected to one or
more national ISPs.

4-Local Internet Service Providers

Local Internet service providers provide direct service to the end users. The local
ISPs can be connected to regional ISPs or directly to national ISPs. Most end
users are connected to the local ISPs. Note that in this sense, a local ISP can be a
company that just provides Internet services to its own employees such as a
college or a university that runs its own network. Each of these local ISPs can be
connected to a regional or national service provider.

1.4 PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS

In this section, we define two widely used terms: protocols and standards. First,
we define protocol, which is the rule. Then we discuss standards, which are
agreed-upon rules.
1.4.1-Protocols
A protocol is a set of rules that govern data communications. A protocol defines
what is communicated, how it is communicated, and when it is communicated.
The elements of a protocol:
o Syntax. It is the structure or format of the data, For example, a simple protocol
might expect the first 8 bits of data to be the address of the sender, the second 8
bits to be the address of the receiver, and the rest of the stream to be the message
itself.
o Semantics: it is the meaning of each section of bits. How is a particular pattern
to be interpreted, and what action is to be taken based on that interpretation.
o Timing. It is refers to two characteristics: when data should be sent and how
fast they can be sent.
1.4.2-Standards
Standards provide guidelines to manufacturers, vendors, government agencies,
and other service providers to ensure the kind of interconnectivity necessary.
Data communication standards fall into two categories: de facto (meaning
"by fact" or "by convention") and de jure (meaning "by law" or "by
regulation").

a-Standards Organizations

Standards are developed through the cooperation of standards creation

committees, forums, and government regulatory agencies.

(1)-Standards Creation Committees

o International Organization for Standardization (ISO)..
o International Telecommunication Union-Telecommunication Standards Sector
(ITU-T).
o American National Standards Institute (ANSI)..
o Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
o Electronic Industries Association (EIA).

(2)-Forums
Standards committees are procedural bodies and by nature slow-moving. The
forums work with universities and users to test, evaluate, and standardize new
technologies. By concentrating their efforts on a particular technology, the
forums are able to speed acceptance and use of those technologies in the
telecommunications community.
(3)-Regulatory Agencies
The purpose of these agencies is to protect the public interest by regulating
radio, television,
and wire/cable communications.
b-Internet Standards
An Internet standard is a tested specification that is useful to and adhered to by
those who work with the Internet. It is a formalized regulation that must be
followed.

1.5 SUMMARY
o Data communications are the transfer of data from one device to another via
some form of transmission
medium.
o A data communications system must transmit data to the correct destination in
an accurate and timely
manner.
o The five components that make up a data communications system are the
message, sender, receiver,
medium, and protocol.
o Text, numbers, images, audio, and video are different forms of information.
o Data flow between two devices can occur in one of three ways: simplex, half-
duplex, or full-duplex.
o A network is a set of communication devices connected by media links.
o In a point-to-point connection, two and only two devices are connected by a
dedicated link. In a
multipoint connection, three or more devices share a link.
o Topology refers to the physical or logical arrangement of a network. Devices
may be arranged in a mesh,
star, bus, or ring topology.
o A network can be categorized as a local area network or a wide area network.
o A LAN is a data communication system within a building, plant, or campus,
or between nearby buildings.
o A WAN is a data communication system spanning states, countries, or the
whole world.
o An internet is a network of networks.
o The Internet is a collection of many separate networks.
o There are local, regional, national, and international Internet service providers.
o A protocol is a set of rules that govern data communication; the key elements
of Standards are necessary
to ensure that products from different manufacturers can work together as
expected.
o The ISO, ITD-T, ANSI, IEEE, and EIA are some of the organizations
involved in standards creation.
o Forums are special-interest groups that quickly evaluate and standardize new
technologies.
o A Request for Comment is an idea or concept that is a precursor to an Internet
standard. a protocol are
syntax, semantics, and timing Standards are necessary to ensure that
products from different manufacturers
can work together as expected.

1.6-Review Questions

1. Define the telecommunication, data communication.

2. What is the fundamentals of data communication system ?
3. State with draw five communication system components.
4. How information are represented?
5. Explain with draw how data flow.
6. What are network criteria?
7. What are types of network connection using drawing diagram?
8. What are types of network topologies?
9. Explain with drawing the network mesh topology?
10. Explain with drawing the network star topology?
11. Explain with drawing the network bus topology?
12. Explain with drawing the network ring topology?
13. Explain with drawing the network hybrid topology?
14. Explain with drawing the three categories of network s?
15. What is the mean of internetwork: internet: heterogynous network :with
drawing the example.
16. Explain the concept of protocol?
17. Explain the concept of standards?