List of Parameters and Their Definitions Page 1 of 23

List of Parameters and Their Definitions

Parameter
Module Unit Definition
name

is the total

Absolute mass of water vapor present in a given volume of the fluid

3
kg/m
humidity that include air (probably mixed with other gases) and

water vapor mixture. See Water Vapor Condensation

and Relative Humidity.

is the sum of the enthalpy associated with the

temperature at each point plus the enthalpy associated

with the dynamic pressure at each point:

Absolute total , where h is enthalpy per unit mass,

J/kg
enthalpy

v is the absolute value of the fluid velocity vector in the

Global coordinate system), k is kinetic energy of
turbulence.

is the thermal heat transferred by a moving fluid for a unit

time through a surface. This parameter makes sense only

Absolute total on the non-solid surfaces (e.g. flow openings), where it

W
enthalpy rate can take either positive or negative value depending on

the flow direction: , where H is the

a
Absolute total enthalpy, is the mass flow rate.

is the radiative heat flux absorbed per unit volume of a

Absorption
3
solid. It is the sum of Absorption volume radiant flux
volume radiant W/m
flux (solar) and Absorption volume radiant flux
(thermal).

Absorption
is the solar radiation heat flux absorbed per unit volume of
volume radiant 3
W/m
a solid.
flux (solar)

Absorption
is the radiative heat flux absorbed per unit volume of a
volume radiant 3
W/m
solid, excluding the solar radiation.
flux (thermal)

is the rate of accumulation due to particles interaction with

Accumulation
mm/year the model walls in terms of length/time (see Particle
rate
Study).

is the acoustic power generated by isotropic turbulence

Acoustic power 3
W/m
(see Noise Prediction).

Acoustic power is the total acoustic power generated by isotropic

dB
level turbulence (see Noise Prediction).

is the adiabatic wall temperature assumed at the wall in

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the absence of heat flow. The temperature difference

between the actual wall temperature and the adiabatic
wall temperature drives the heat transfer to the flow. At
very low Mach numbers, the adiabatic wall temperature is
just the static fluid temperature.
For supersonic flows the adiabatic temperature can be
calculated by:
Adiabatic
K
temperature

where and are freestream fluid temperature and

Mach number, g is the ratio of specific heats and r is the
temperature recovery factor.
It is also used to transfer wall boundary conditions for
problems involving Heat conduction in solids.

is the percentage of the space in which the air speed is

Air Diffusion
less than 0.35 m/s and the Draft Temperature falls
Performance %
Index (ADPI) between -1.7 ºC (-3 ºF) and 1.1 ºC (2 ºF). See Air
Diffusion Performance Index (ADPI).

is the ambient (with respect to the computational domain)

Ambient
Pa pressure on an External (inlet or outlet) fan's outer
pressure
surfaces.

Angle Rad is an angle.

is the angular velocity of flow or coordinate system's

Angular velocity Rad/s
rotation.

Area 2 is the area of surface or section.

m

Avogadro
molecules/mol is the number of molecules in a mole.
number

is the electrical resistance in axial direction per a unit

Axial resistivity Ohm·m length of the electric current path in a solid with the
axisymmetrical/biaxial electrical conductivity type.

is the fluid velocity component along the rotating

coordinate system's rotation axis. It can be determined
Axial velocity m/s
both in the rotating coordinate system and in the absolute
(i.e. non-rotating) one.

Boltzmann J/ is equal to the Universal gas constant divided by Avogadro

constant (molecule·K) constant.

is a normalized parameter that represents the strength of

Bottleneck the local thermal bottleneck. This is pin point areas of the
number design where there is high heat flow and that heat flow is
finding it difficult to pass.

m is the distance across a boundary layer from the wall to a

Boundary layer point where the flow velocity has essentially reached the

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thickness free-stream velocity, i.e. at which the viscous flow velocity

is 99% of the free-stream velocity.

Boundary layer
is the distance from the wall at which the temperature is
thickness m
99% of the temperature found from an inviscid solution.
(thermal)

represents the boundary layer type which dependent on

Boundary layer the computational mesh (0 means "thin" boundary layer, 1

type means "thick" boundary layer). See Two-scale Wall
Functions (2SWF).

represents the quality of the geometry capturing (0 means

that the solid body boundaries are captured with high
Brick quality
quality, 1 means medium quality and 2 means low
quality).

Calculation time s is the CPU time required to calculate the problem.

Calibration is the density of the calibration fluid used to specify a

3
density kg/m
porous medium.

Calibration is the dynamic viscosity of the calibration fluid used to

Pa·s
viscosity specify a porous medium.

Cell volume 3 is the volume of the computational mesh cell.

m

is the fluid velocity component along the rotating

Circumferential coordinate system's peripheral velocity vector relative to

m/s
velocity the Z axis of the selected absolute (i.e. non-rotating)

coordinate system.

is the fluid velocity component along the peripheral

velocity vector relative to the Z axis of the selected

rotating coordinate system. Note that if the rotation is

Circumferential considered in the problem in a form of local rotating

m/s
velocity RRF regions (i.e. not as the global rotating reference frame),

the values of this parameter outside of rotating regions

are determined in the selected absolute (i.e. non-rotating)
coordinate system.

Clothing
is the resistance to sensible heat transfer provided by a
thermal 2
m ·K/W
clothing ensemble.
resistance (Icl)

is the concentration of a fluid's component in a fluid. It is

Concentration
determined either as mass fraction or as volume fraction.

is the local mass

Condensate
fraction in
water fraction of condensate in the steam (without regard for

other gases, if any). See Water Vapor Condensation.

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This coefficient is used for specifying a non-Newtonian

Consistency
n liquid by the Herschel-Bulkley model or the power-law
Pa·s
coefficient
model.

is an index that provides information on the effectiveness

of a ventilation system in removing contaminated air from

Contaminant
Removal the whole space. Parameter is available in Results
Effectiveness Summary if more than one fluid or particles are present
(CRE)
in the computational domain. See Contaminant Removal
Effectiveness (CRE).

is the static fluid temperature at the boundary layer's

Core
K outer boundary (see Specifying Boundary Layer
temperature
Parameters).

is the velocity at the boundary layers outer boundary (see

Core velocity m/s
Specifying Boundary Layer Parameters).

is the sonic velocity at a Mach number of 1, see its formula

Critical velocity m/s
in the Gas Dynamic Calculator.

is the strength of the electric current through a solid

Current A surface with the electrical condition of the type Current

specified.

Default is used for determining the heat transfer coefficient at a

reference fluid K surface of a wall via the computed heat flux (from a wall
temperature to fluid) and the computed wall temperature.

Density 3 is the mass of a fluid per unit volume.

kg/m

is the Local mean age (LMA) divided by the

Dimensionless
LMA (Local V /Q ratio, where V is the computational domain fluid
mean age) volume, Q is the volume flow rate of the air entering this
fluid volume.

Dissolved gas is the mass fraction of gas dissolved in water, which is

mass fraction required to calculate cavitation (see Cavitation).

Domain index is the index of fluid and solid subdomains

Domain index
is the index of fluid subdomains
(fluid)

Domain index
is the index of solid subdomains
(solid)

is the difference in temperature between a point in the

Draft
K
temperature occupied zone and the control condition. Draft

temperature is valid for the fluid area. See Draft

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Temperature.

is the percentage of people predicted to be bothered by

Draught rate draught. Draught rate is valid for the fluid area. See

Draught Rate.

Dynamic is the thickness of the dynamic boundary layer specified at

boundary layer m the inlet opening (see Specifying Boundary Layer

thickness Parameters).

or dynamic head is defined as , where r is the fluid

Dynamic
Pa density and V is the fluid velocity (i.e. the absolute value
pressure
of the velocity vector). Valid in the absolute (i.e. non-

rotating) coordinate system only.

Dynamic
Pa·s μ is the dynamic viscosity of a fluid.
viscosity

is the electric current density (strength of electric current

flowing through a unit area being perpendicular to it)

vector and/or its absolute value in electroconductive

Electric current solids. In Surface Parameters and Surface Goals

2
density A/m
determined on a solid’s surface the electric current density
vector’s absolute value is shown positive where the
current enters the solid and negative where the current

leaves the solid.

is the X, Y and Z (in the problem’s Cartesian coordinate

Electric current 2
A/m system) components of the electric current density vector
density (X, Y, Z)
(see Electric current density).

is the electrical resistance of a contact surface between

Electrical
Ohm two electroconductive solids with the electrical condition of
resistance
the Contact resistance type specified.

Electrical is the X, Y and Z (in the problem’s Cartesian coordinate

resistivity (X, Y, Ohm·m system) component of the electrical resistivity in a solid

Z) with the orthotropic electrical conductivity type.

ε is the dimensionless surface emissivity coefficient used in

the Stefan-Boltzmann law for grey surfaces: the radiant

Emissivity 4
flux leaving a grey surface is equal to q = ε·σ·Tw , where
coefficient
σ is the Stefan-Boltzmann constant and Tw is the surface

temperature.

is the specified temperature at which the heat radiation

Environment
K coming into the computational domain from its boundaries
temperature
or inlet/outlet openings is calculated.

Erosion rate mm/year

is the rate of erosion due to particles interaction with the

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model walls in terms of length/time (see Particle Study).

, where P is a reference static pressure, r is

the fluid density, V is the flow velocity. This number shows

Euler number
the ratio of the static pressure force to the hydrodynamic
inertia force (i.e. the dynamic head), which characterizes
compressible gas flows.

External work 2
W/m is the effective mechanical power.
(W)

is the deviation from the design flow direction. See Flow

Flow angle Rad
Angle.

is the mass of fluid in the selected volume obtained by

Fluid mass kg
disabling a body.

Fluid thermal
W/(m·K) is the thermal conductivity of a fluid.
conductivity

Fluid volume 3 is the volume of fluid region.

m

is the sum of the friction and pressure forces acting on a

selected model surface within the computational domain.

At that the pressure force is determined with replacing the
Force N
calculated static pressure P by the difference P - Pref,
where Pref is the specified reference pressure on the wall
side lying outside of the computational domain.

are the X, Y, and Z components of the Force vector in the

Force (X, Y, Z) N
Global coordinate system.

, where t is the problem reference time, L is

the reference dimension of the body, is the

thermal diffusivity of the body material, where k is the

Fourier number
thermal conductivity, r is the density, Cp is the specific
heat of the body material.
Fourier number can be regarded as dimensionless time. In
other words, it is a measure of the heat conduction rate
compared with the rate of heat storage in a given volume
of solid.

is the coefficient Cf of the fluid friction on a wall surface:

, where tw is the fluid shear stress at the
Friction
coefficient wall surface, r is the fluid density, and U0 is the fluid
velocity at the boundary layer's outer boundary. Valid only
in the absolute (i.e. non-rotating) coordinate system.

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is the force of the fluid's friction on the selected wall

Friction force N surface: , where tw is the fluid shear stress

at the wall surface element of dS area.

Friction force are the X, Y, and Z components of the Friction force
N
(X, Y, Z) vector in the Global coordinate system.

, where V is the fluid velocity, g is the

Froude number gravitational acceleration, and L is the problem reference

dimension. This number shows the ratio of the inertia
force to the weight force.

R = Runiv/M, where Runiv is the universal gas constant and

Gas constant J/(kg·K)
M is the molar mass of the gas.
is the unique index representing each fluid and solid
material. So this parameter could help to check if the
Geometry index
materials are correctly resolved on the computational
mesh or not.

, where b is the volume expansion

coefficient of the incompressible fluid, ΔT is the difference

between the wall temperature and the undisturbed fluid
Grashof number temperature, g is the gravitational acceleration, L is the
reference wall dimension, r is the fluid density, and m is
the dynamic viscosity of the fluid. This number is used for

free-convection problems and shows the ratio of the

buoyancy force to the fluid viscous friction force.

is the thickness of the thermal boundary layer specified at

Heat boundary
m the inlet opening (see Specifying Boundary Layer
layer thickness
Parameters).

, where qpores is the heat flux from a porous

body’s solid matrix’s inner surface to the fluid flowing over
it, Tp is the porous matrix’s temperature and Tf is the

Heat exchange temperature of fluid flowing through the porous body. The
2
coefficient W/(m ·K) heat exchange coefficient together with the porous body’s
Specific area Spores defines the Volumetric heat
exchange coefficient , if it is not specified

directly by user.

is the heat flux vector and/or its absolute value inside solid
Heat flux 2
W/m
bodies.

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Heat flux (X, Y, are the X, Y, and Z components of the Heat flux vector in
2
W/m
Z) the Global coordinate system.

Heat generation is the heat generated for a unit time by a surface or

W
rate volume heat source specified in the computational domain.

, where q is the calculated heat flux from a

Heat transfer 2
wall to fluid, Tw is the calculated wall temperature, Tf is
coefficient W/(m ·K)
the Reference fluid temperature specified by user (see

Default Reference Parameters).

, where qw is the calculated heat flux

Heat transfer
coefficient
from a wall to fluid, Tw is the calculated wall temperature,
2
(adiabatic W/(m ·K) Taw is the Adiabatic wall temperature.
temperature)
It is also used to transfer wall boundary conditions for
problems involving Heat conduction in solids.

is the heat transferred for a unit time through a solid’s

surface. It takes positive value when the heat flows out of

Heat transfer
W the selected surface and negative when the heat flows into
rate
the selected surface. This parameter does not take into

account radiation effects.

Humidity
is the pressure at which the relative humidity specified in a
reference Pa
boundary condition has been determined.
pressure

Humidity
is the temperature at which the relative humidity specified
reference K
in a boundary condition has been determined.
temperature

this parameter allows to visualize the area where the fluid

Immiscible
volume fraction is less (or greater) than 0.5 depending on
<fluid>
the selected immiscible fluid. See Free Surface.

Initial solid is the temperature of solids, which is specified as an initial

K
temperature condition for the computation.

is the specified solar heat radiated for a unit time through

Intensity 2 a unit area of a plane surface perpendicular to the
W/m
radiation's direction. See Solar radiation.

is the Joule heat generated for a unit time by the electric

Joule heat W
current in an electroconductive solid.

, where M is the flow Mach number, g

Knudsen is the specific heat ratio of the gas, and ReL is the flow
number
Reynolds number defined on a reference length. This
number characterizes rarefied gas flows and shows their

rarefaction as the ratio of gas molecules' free travel

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distance to a reference length.

LACI (Local Air is equal to , i.e. reciprocal to the Dimensionless LMA.

Change Index)

is the second eigenvalue of the symmetry square of

velocity gradient
Lambda2- 2
1/s tensor. It is derived through the pressure Hessian and
Criterion
identifies vortices as flow regions with its negative values.
See Vortex Visualization Parameters.

is an index provides information on the effectiveness of a

ventilation system in removing contaminated air from a
LAQI (Local Air
point. Parameter is available if more than one fluid or
Quality Index)
particles are present in the computational domain. See
Local Air Quality Index (LAQI).

is the sum of Leaving radiant flux (solar) and Leaving

Leaving radiant radiant flux (thermal). If the spectral dependencies are

2
flux W/m
specified (i.e. the Number of bands is not set to 0), this

heat flux can be shown in each band.

is the reflected solar radiation heat flux per unit area. If

Leaving radiant the spectral dependencies are specified (i.e. the Number
2
W/m
flux (solar) of bands is not set to 0), this heat flux can be shown in
each band.

is the radiative heat flux emitted and reflected per unit

area, excluding the reflected solar radiation. If a diffusive

Leaving radiant radiation source is specified on the surface, the heat flux
2
flux (thermal) W/m
produced by it is added to this value. If the spectral

dependencies are specified (i.e. the Number of bands is

not set to 0), this heat flux can be shown in each band.

Leaving is the sum of Leaving radiation rate (solar) and

W
radiation rate Leaving radiation rate (thermal).

Leaving
radiation rate W is the solar radiation heat reflected by the surface.
(solar)

is the radiant heat emitted and reflected by the surface,

Leaving
excluding the reflected solar radiation. If a diffusive
radiation rate W
radiation source is specified on the surface, its power is
(thermal)
added to this value.

Length m is the length of a fluid streamline or a particle trajectory.

is the average time t for the fluid to travel from the

selected inlet opening to the point considering both the

velocity and diffusion. It is determined by solving the

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following equation:

where: xi is the i-th coordinate, r is the density, ui is the

LMA (Local
mean age)
s i-th velocity component, m is the dynamic viscosity
coefficient, mt is the turbulent eddy viscosity coefficient, s
and st are the laminar and turbulent Schmidt numbers.

The equation is solved under the t = 0 boundary condition

on the inlet opening.

, where V is the absolute value of the fluid velocity

Mach number vector in the employed (absolute or rotating) coordinate

system, and a is the local (i.e. at the point under

consideration) fluid sonic velocity.

Mass is the rate of accumulation due to particles interaction with

accumulation 2 the model walls in terms of accumulated material/(area-

kg/(s·m )
rate time), i.e., mass flux (see Particle Study).

is the rate of erosion due to particles interaction with the

Mass erosion 2
kg/(s·m ) model walls in terms of removed material/(area-time),
rate
i.e., mass flux (see Particle Study).

is the fluid mass passing through the surface per unit

Mass flow rate kg/s
time.

is the fluid mass passing locally through a unit area of the

Mass flux 2
kg/(s·m )
surface per unit time.

Mass fraction is the local mass fraction of a component in a fluid.

is the local mass fraction of

Mass fraction of
condensate in a fluid that include air (probably mixed with
condensate
other gases) and water vapor mixture. See Water Vapor
Condensation and Relative Humidity.

Mass fraction of is the water vapor mass fraction in

vapour
cavitation regions (see Cavitation).

is the local
Mass fraction of
water (in gas) mass fraction of water vapor in a multi-component fluid
(see Water Vapor Condensation).

Maximum
is the maximum direct electric current passing through a
current A
thermoelectric cooler.
strength

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is the heat pumped by a thermoelectric cooler from its

Maximum "cold" face to its "hot" one at zero temperature difference

W
pumped heat between these faces and at the maximum electric current
passing through this cooler.

is the maximum temperature difference between a

Maximum thermoelectric cooler's "hot" and "cold" faces, which is

temperature K attained when zero heat is pumped by this cooler from its
drop "cold" face to its "hot" face at the maximum electric
current passing through this cooler.

is the DC voltage applied to a thermoelectric cooler at the

Maximum maximum electric current passing through this cooler and

V
voltage the maximum temperature difference between this

cooler's "hot" and "cold" faces.

is the uniform surface temperature of an imaginary black

Mean Radiant
enclosure in which an occupant would exchange the same
Temperature K
amount of radiant heat as in the actual nonuniform space.
(MRT)
See Mean Radiant Temperature (MRT).

is the rate of transformation of chemical energy into heat

Metabolic rate 2
W/m and mechanical work by metabolic activities within an
(M)
organism.

Melting
K is the temperature at which the solid starts to melt.
temperature

is the molar mass of the gas, numerically equal to its

Molecular mass kg/mol
molecular mass.

is the sum of Net radiant flux (solar) and Net radiant

flux (thermal). If the spectral dependencies are specified

Net radiant flux 2
W/m
(i.e. the Number of bands is not set to 0), this heat flux
can be shown in each band.

is the difference between the solar radiation heat flux

leaving a unit area and the solar radiation heat flux

Net radiant flux arriving on it, including the reflected solar radiation. If the
2
(solar) W/m
spectral dependencies are specified (i.e. the Number of
bands is not set to 0), this heat flux can be shown in each

band.

is the difference between the radiative heat flux leaving a

unit area and the radiative heat flux arriving on it,

excluding the solar radiation. It does not include the heat

Net radiant flux 2
W/m flux from a diffusive radiation source specified on the
(thermal)
surface. If the spectral dependencies are specified (i.e. the

Number of bands is not set to 0), this heat flux can be

shown in each band.

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Net radiation is the sum of Net radiation rate (solar) and Net
W
rate radiation rate (thermal).

is the difference between the solar radiation heat leaving

Net radiation
W the surface and the solar radiation heat arriving on it,
rate (solar)
including the reflected solar radiation.

is the difference between the radiant heat leaving the

Net radiation surface and the radiant heat arriving on it, excluding the
W
rate (thermal) solar radiation. It does not include the power of a diffusive
radiation source specified on the surface.

Net volume is the sum of Net volume radiant flow (solar) and Net
W
radiant flow volume radiant flow (thermal).

Net volume
radiant flow W is the solar radiation heat absorbed by a solid.
(solar)

Net volume
is the difference between the radiative heat flux emitted
radiant flow W
and absorbed by a solid, excluding the solar radiation.
(thermal)

Net volume 3
is the sum of Net volume radiant flux (solar) and Net
radiant flux W/m
volume radiant flux (thermal).

Net volume
is the difference between the solar radiative heat flux
radiant flux 3
W/m
emitted and absorbed per unit volume of a solid.
(solar)

Net volume is the difference between the radiative heat flux emitted

radiant flux 3 and absorbed per unit volume of a solid, excluding the
W/m
(thermal) solar radiation.

is the fluid force normal component (i.e. the pressure

Normal force N
force) acting on the selected wall surface.

Normal force are the X, Y, and Z components of the Normal force

N
(X, Y, Z) vector in the Global coordinate system.

is the fluid velocity component normal to the selected

Normal velocity m/s
plane.

Number of is the number of particles colliding with walls and openings

particles (see Particle Study).

, where h is the fluid-to-wall heat transfer

coefficient, L is the problem reference dimension, k is the

Nusselt number thermal conductivity of the fluid. In other words, it is a
ratio of convection heat transfer to conduction in a fluid

layer of thickness L. This number shows the fluid-to-wall-

surface heat exchange amplification due to convection.

is the uniform temperature of an imaginary black

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enclosure in which an occupant would exchange the same

Operative amount of heat by radiation plus convection as in the

K
temperature actual non-uniform environment. See Operative

Temperature.

Overheat above
is the temperature difference between the solid
melting K
temperature and the melting temperature.
temperature

Particle density 3 is the density of particle material (see Particle Study).

kg/m

Particle is the diameter of a spherical particle (see Particle

m
diameter Study).

is a particle's mass. It is determined from the particle's

initial diameter and density (both may later change with
Particle mass kg
temperature), and remains constant along the particle's

trajectory (see Particle Study).

is the Reynolds number defined from the particle relative-

Particle Re to-fluid velocity, the particle diameter, the fluid density,

and the fluid dynamic viscosity (see Particle Study).

Particle relative is the particle velocity with respect to the fluid surrounding
m/s
velocity it (see Particle Study).

Particle
K is the particle temperature (see Particle Study).
temperature

is the particle's absolute velocity in the Global coordinate

Particle velocity m/s
system (see Particle Study).

are the X, Y, and Z components of the particle absolute

Particle velocity
m/s velocity in the Global coordinate system (see Particle
(X, Y, Z)
Study).

is the circumferential speed of rotation of the rotating

coordinate systems: ω·r, where ω is the angular velocity

Peripheral
m/s at which the rotating coordinate system rotates and r is
velocity
the radial coordinate of the point under consideration in

the corresponding cylindrical coordinate system.

φ is the azimuth coordinate of a point in the cylindrical

coordinate system. In the results processing features φ is
Phi (cylindrical) rad
measured from the X axis of the selected coordinate
system.

j is the azimuth coordinate of a point in the spherical

coordinate system. In the results processing features j is

measured from the X axis of the selected coordinate
Phi (spherical) rad
system. When specifying Dependency, j is measured
from the X axis (if a local coordinate system is selected,

the X axis is defined in the right-hand system from the

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selected reference axis, which is always considered as the

Z axis, see the illustration).

Physical time s is the time-dependent problem's physical time.

is the volume fraction of interconnected pores

Porosity
in a porous medium with respect to the total porous

medium volume.

is the coefficient A employed in the dependency-on-

Porous alpha velocity formula that is used to determine

4
kg/m
coefficient
the porous medium's resistance k to the fluid flow having
velocity V (see Porous Medium’s Properties).

is the coefficient B employed in the dependency-on-

velocity formula that is used to determine

Porous beta 3
coefficient kg/(s·m )
the porous medium's resistance k to the fluid flow having
velocity V (see Porous Medium’s Properties).
Porous matrix is the heat generated for a unit time within a porous
heat generation W
rate body’s solid matrix (skeleton).

is the heat transferred for a unit time through the porous

body’s solid matrix (skeleton) to the surface of the solid

Porous matrix
heat transfer W body which is in contact with the porous body. This
rate
parameter is available on the surface of the solid body

which is in contact with the porous body.

is the heat flux conducted through the porous body’s solid

Porous matrix matrix (skeleton) to the surface of the solid body which is

Surface heat 2 in contact with the porous body. This parameter is

W/m
flux available on the surface of the solid body which is in
contact with the porous body.

Porous matrix is temperature of the porous solid matrix (skeleton). See

K
temperature Porous Medium’s Properties.

Porous matrix
is the heat generated in a space of unit volume for a unit
volumetric heat 3
W/m
time within a porous body’s solid matrix (skeleton).
generation rate

Porous matrix
volumetric heat is the volumetric heat exchange coefficient defining
3
transfer W/m /K
the heat transfer between the fluid and porous matrix.
coefficient

is the radial coordinate of a point in the spherical

Position vector
m coordinate system based on the origin of the Cartesian
R (spherical)
Coordinate system selected in the postprocessor.

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, where CP is the fluid's specific heat at

Prandtl number
constant pressure, m is the dynamic viscosity of the fluid,

and k is the fluid thermal conductivity.

is an index that predicts the mean value of the votes of a

Predicted Mean
large group of persons on the 7-point thermal sensation
Vote (PMV)
scale. See Predicted Mean Vote (PMV).

Predicted is an index that establishes a quantitative prediction of the

Percentage
percentage of thermally dissatisfied people determined
Dissatisfied
(PPD) from PMV. See Predicted Percent Dissatisfied (PPD).

Pressure Pa is the static pressure.

is the electrical resistance in radial direction per a unit

Radial
Ohm·m length of the electric current path in a solid with the
resistivity
axisymmetrical/biaxial electrical conductivity type.

is the fluid velocity component along the radius-vector of

Radial velocity m/s the point in the cylindrical (rotating or non-rotating, i.e.

absolute) coordinate system.

Radius r is the radial coordinate in the cylindrical coordinate

m
(cylindrical) system.

is the dimensionless parameter representing the local

state of a real gas in respect to its constitution diagram.

Real gas state May attain only a finite number of values, which

correspond to the possible states of Vapor, Liquid,

Supercritical, and Out of range.

is the reference fluid temperature specified by the user for

Reference fluid
K determining the Heat transfer coefficient in the
temperature
postprocessor (see Default Reference Parameters).

is a reference length used in definitions of various

Reference
m dimensionless parameters in the Gas Dynamic
length
Calculator.

is a reference pressure specified by the user for

determining the total force acting on a surface. You need

Reference
Pa to take into account the reference pressure in case of
pressure
unclosed surfaces. See surface related parameters for
more detailed information about reference pressure.

is a reference time used in definitions of various

Reference time s dimensionless parameters in the Gas Dynamic

Calculator.

are the X, Y, and Z components (in the Global coordinate

Relative system) of an arbitrary-length vector showing direction of

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component in X, the fluid's 3D velocity vectors on the model inlet opening

Y, Z direction
(or Fan).

is the ratio of the current water vapor density to the

Relative
% saturated water vapor density under current pressure and
humidity
temperature (see Relative Humidity).

, where V is the fluid velocity vectors absolute

Relative value in the employed (absolute or rotating) coordinate
velocity system, and a* is the critical (i.e. at the point where the
flows Mach number is equal to 1) fluid flow sonic velocity.

is a solid’s electrical resistance per a unit length of electric

Resistivity Ohm·m
current path.

is the electrical resistance in X, Y and Z directions per a

Resistivity in X,
Ohm·m unit length of electric current path in a solid with the
Y, Z
orthotropic electrical conductivity type.

, where r is the fluid density, V is the fluid

velocity, L is the problem reference dimension, and m is
Reynolds
number the dynamic viscosity of the fluid (these parameters values

may be local or reference). This number shows the ratio of

the inertia force to the fluid viscous friction force.

is the wall surface roughness Rz defined from the surface

profile as , where ypmi are the

Roughness micrometer

highest peaks and yvmi are the deepest holes in the 5

selected intervals over the given area.
is the fluid flow's shear rate being a scalar measure of
the flow velocity gradients across the flow, so in the

general case: , where

Shear rate 1/s
, ui is the i-th flow velocity component,

xi is the distance in the i-th coordinate direction.

is the fluid shear stress at wall surface: ,

where m is the fluid dynamic viscosity (laminar), mt is the

turbulent viscosity, U is the fluid velocity, and n is the
Shear stress Pa
direction normal to the wall surface. Here is

determined at the wall surface. Valid in the absolute (i.e.

non-rotating) coordinate system only.

Pa
Shear stress (X, are the X, Y, and Z components of the Shear stress

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Y, Z) vector in the Global coordinate system.

is a normalized parameter that indicates where heat is

travelling ‘parallel’ to a locally colder area, i.e. it is not

ShortCut
moving towards a colder region of the design. It identifies
number
where there is an opportunity to bypass that heat to the

colder area by the insertion of a new heat flow path.

is the fraction (in the range from 0 to 1) of the incident

Solar
Solar radiation or radiation from Solar openings
absorptance
absorbed by the surface.

Solid thermal are the values of thermal conductivity of solid along X, Y,

conductivity (X, W/(m·K) and Z axes of the Global coordinate system. In a solid with
Y, Z) isotropic conductivity all three values are equal.

Solid volume 3 is the volume of a solid body.

m

, where g is the specific heat ratio of the

Sonic velocity m/s gas, R is the Gas constant, and T is the absolute
temperature of the gas.

is a porous body’s ratio, where Spores is the area of

this porous body’s solid matrix inner surface, V is the

volume of the porous body. The heat from the porous

matrix is transferred to the fluid flowing over this inner

Specific area 1/m surface of the porous body. The specific area together with

the porous body’s Heat exchange coefficient h defines

the Volumetric heat exchange coefficient

, if it is not specified directly by user.

Specific heat J/(kg·K) Cp is the fluid's specific heat at constant pressure.

Specific heat at
constant J/(kg·K) is the specific heat Cp, see Specific heat.
pressure

Specific heat at
constant J/(kg·K) Cv is the fluid's specific heat at constant volume.
volume

Specific heat g = Cp/Cv is the ratio of the fluid's specific heat at constant
ratio pressure to its specific heat at constant volume.

is the water vapor mass fraction in a fluid

Specific
that include air (probably mixed with other gases) and
humidity
water vapor mixture (see Water Vapor
Condensation and Relative Humidity).

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is the Joule heat generated for a unit time by an electric

Specific surface 2
W/m current flowing through a unit area of the surface between
Joule heat
two electroconductive solids, see Electrical Conditions.

is the Joule heat generated for a unit time by an electric

Specific volume 3
W/m current in a given electroconductive solid’s unit volume,
Joule heat
see Electrical Conditions.

is the gas total density r0, which is the gas density

corresponding to the gas total pressure (P0 ) or the gas
total temperature (T 0 ), e.g. for isentropic flows:
Stagnation 3
density kg/m or , where g is the

gas specific heat ratio. Valid in the absolute (i.e. non-

rotating) coordinate system only.

is a dimensionless heat transfer coefficient defined as

, where h is the heat transfer coefficient at

Stanton number the wall, r is the fluid density, Cp is the fluid's specific
heat at constant pressure, U0 is the fluid velocity at the
outer boundary of the boundary layer. Valid in the

absolute (i.e. non-rotating) coordinate system only.

Static pressure Pa is the fluid static pressure.

is the constant s used in the Stefan-Boltzmann law for

Stefan- grey surfaces: the radiant flux leaving a grey surface is

Boltzmann 2
W/(m ·K
4) equal to , where e is the surface emissivity
constant
coefficient (dimensionless) and Tw is the surface

temperature.

, where L is the problem reference

Strouhal dimension, V is the reference velocity of the fluid, and t or

number f is the problem reference time or frequency, respectively.
This number characterizes unsteady (maybe periodic) fluid

flow phenomena.

is the area of the selected surface laying inside the

Surface area 2
m
computational domain.

is the heat flux either on the solid-fluid surfaces or on the

Surface heat solid-solid surfaces. The heat flux values are positive if the
2
W/m
flux heat exits the solid body that contains the face you
selected and negative if the heat enters this solid body.

is the heat generated in a surface of unit area for a unit

Surface heat 2
W/m time by a surface heat source specified in the
generation rate
computational domain.

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Tangential is the fluid velocity component tangential to the selected

m/s
velocity plane.

is the static temperature for gases and temperature for

Temperature K
liquids and solids.

Temperature is the static temperature for gases and temperature for

K
(Fluid) liquids.

Temperature
K is the solid temperature.
(Solid)

θ is the zenith coordinate of a point in the spherical

coordinate system. In the results processing features θ is
measured as the angle between the radius r and its

projection to the XY plane of the selected coordinate

Theta
rad system. When specifying Dependency, θ is measured as
(spherical)
the angle between the radius r and its projection to the XY
plane (if a local coordinate system is selected, the XY

plane is defined by the selected reference axis, which is

always considered as the Z axis, see the illustration).

represents the approach used to describe flow through

Thin Channel narrow slots which dependent on the computational mesh

Mode (1 means "thin-channel", 0 means "thick-channel"). See

Thin Channel.

is the torque of a Force about the origin of the Global

Torque N·m
Coordinate System.

are the X, Y, and Z components of the Torque vector in

Torque (X, Y, Z) N·m
the Global coordinate system.

Torque of is the torque of a Friction force about the origin of the

N·m
friction force Global Coordinate System.

Torque of is the torque of a Normal force about the origin of the

N·m
normal force Global Coordinate System.

Total analysis
s is the total physical time of a time-dependent problem.
time

is the total enthalpy per unit mass in rotation reference

frame: ,

Total enthalpy J/kg

where h is enthalpy per unit mass, u is a Velocity RRF
(i.e. an absolute value of the fluid velocity vector in the

rotating coordinate system), W is an angular velocity of

the rotating coordinate system, r is the distance from a
point to rotation axis in rotation reference frame, k is

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kinetic energy of turbulence, h0m is the individual thermal

enthalpy of the m-th mixture component, ym is the

concentration of the m-th mixture component.

is the thermal heat transferred by a moving fluid for a unit

time through a surface with the added term of the sum of

the shifts in concentration:

, where h is enthalpy
Total enthalpy
W per unit mass, u is a Velocity RRF (i.e. an absolute value
rate
of the fluid velocity vector in the rotating coordinate

system), W is an angular velocity of the rotating

coordinate system, r is the distance from a point to
rotation axis in rotation reference frame, k is kinetic
energy of turbulence, is the mass flow rate.
Total mass
is the total rate of accumulation due to particles
accumulation kg/s
interaction with the model walls (see Particle Study).
rate

Total mass is the total rate of erosion due to particles interaction with
kg/s
erosion rate the model walls (see Particle Study).

For liquids: . Valid in the absolute (i.e. non-

rotating) coordinate system only;

For gases: ,
Total pressure Pa

where P is the static pressure, is the dynamic

pressure, g is the specific heat ratio of the gas, M is the

flow Mach number.

is the Joule heat generated for a unit time by an electric

Total surface
W current flowing through the surface between two
Joule heat
electroconductive solids, see Electrical Conditions.

, where T is the temperature, V is the gas

Total velocity in the absolute (i.e. non-rotating) coordinate

K
temperature system and Cp is the gas specific heat at constant
pressure. Valid in the absolute (i.e. non-rotating)
coordinate system only.

Trajectory is the length of the particle's trajectory from its starting

m
length point to the considered point (see Particle Study).

is the time for which a particle traveling along its

Trajectory time s
trajectory has reached the considered point (see Particle

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Study).

are the X, Y, and Z coordinates of the considered particle

Trajectory X, Y,
m location point in the Global coordinate system (see
Z
Particle Study).

ε is the turbulent kinetic energy dissipation, it is calculated

Turbulent
W/kg by solving the corresponding differential equation used in
dissipation
the k-ε model of turbulence.

k is the turbulent kinetic energy. It is calculated by solving

Turbulent
J/kg the corresponding differential equation used in the k-ε
energy
model of turbulence.

is the dimensionless parameter , where u'

Turbulence
%
intensity is the turbulent velocity fluctuation and is the time-

average fluid velocity.

is the characteristic length of larger turbulent eddies:

, where Cm = 0.09, k is the turbulent

Turbulence
m kinetic energy, and e is the turbulent kinetic energy
length
dissipation, both are calculated by solving the

corresponding differential equations used in the k-ε model

of turbulence.

t = k / e, where k is the turbulent kinetic energy and e is

the turbulent kinetic energy dissipation, both are
Turbulent time s
calculated by solving the corresponding differential

equations used in the k-ε model of turbulence.

mt is the addition to the laminar (i.e. molecular) fluid

viscosity m in order to account for the turbulent motion in

the turbulent flow shear stress. The shear stress within a
Turbulent
Pa·s boundary layer is determined as , where
viscosity

is the time-average fluid velocity and n is the normal to

the wall surface.

where V is the average velocity, S is the fluid area, and vi

Uniformity
and Vi are the components of local velocity and average
index
velocity, respectively. The parameter value varies in the

range of 0 to 1 (1 means fully uniform flow). Parameter is

available in Surface Parameters and Surface Goals.

Universal gas
J/(mol·K) Ru = 8.31441 J/(mol·K).
constant

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is the fluid velocity vector and/or its absolute value in the

Velocity m/s
Global coordinate system.

Velocity (X, Y, are the X, Y, and Z components of the fluid velocity in the
m/s
Z) Global coordinate system.

Velocity in X, Y, are the X, Y, and Z components of the fluid velocity in the

m/s
Z direction Global coordinate system.

Velocity normal is the fluid velocity component normal to the face selected
m/s
to face in the fluid region.

is the fluid velocity vector and/or its absolute value in the

rotating coordinate system. Note that if the rotation is
considered in the problem in a form of local rotating

Velocity RRF m/s regions (i.e. not as the global rotating reference frame),

the values of this parameter outside of rotating regions

are determined in the absolute (i.e. non-rotating)

coordinate system.

are the X, Y, and Z component of the fluid velocity in the

rotating Cartesian coordinate system. Note that if the

rotation is considered in the problem in a form of local

Velocity RRF (X,
m/s rotating regions (i.e. not as the global rotating reference
Y, Z)
frame), the values of these parameters outside of rotating

regions are determined in the absolute (i.e. non-rotating)

coordinate system.

is the electric potential difference between the current

Voltage V
point and a hypothetical zero-electric-potential point.

Volume 3 is the volume.

m

Volume flow is the volume of the fluid passing through the surface in
3
rate m /s
unit time.

Volume fraction is the local volume fraction of a component in a fluid.

Volume fraction is the water vapor volume fraction in cavitation regions

of vapour (see Cavitation).

is defined as , where h is the Heat

Volumetric heat
exchange coefficient between the porous body’s inner
exchange 3
W/(m ·K)
coefficient surface and the fluid, is the porous body’s Specific

area.

is the heat generated in a space of unit volume for a unit

Volumetric heat 3
W/m time by a volume heat source specified within the
generation rate
computational domain.

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The vorticity is a local property of flow:

l in an absolute (i.e. non-rotating) coordinate

system, it is defined as the vector

and/or its absolute value, where is the flow

velocity vector;
l in a coordinate system rotating at the angular
Vorticity rad/s velocity, it is defined as vector

and/or its absolute value (here is the flow

velocity vector in the same coordinate system).

It measures the solid body-like rotation of a material point

P' about the neighboring material point P , so the velocity
of this rotation in the absolute (i.e. non-rotating)
coordinate system equals to , where

is the vorticity at P and is the distance from P to P',

see Vortex Visualization Parameters.

Wall
K is the temperature of a wall surface in contact with fluid.
temperature

X, Y, Z are the coordinates of a point in the Global coordinate

m
(Cartesian) system.

is the non-Newtonian liquid's yield stress t0 employed in

Yield stress Pa the Herschel-Bulkley model of non-Newtonian liquids,
which gives the flow shear stress as .

is the Z coordinate of a point in the cylindrical coordinate

Z-axis
m system selected in the postprocessor by selecting the
(cylindrical)
system's z-axis.

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