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 Deep Learning for Age and Gender Estimation
Bharath Yalagi Sangeetha J
Department of CSE Department of CSE
Ramaiah Institute of Technology Ramaiah Institute of Technology
Bengaluru, India Bengaluru, India
[email protected] [email protected]

Abstract: Automatic age and gender prediction via facial Transfer learning is a further process that involves fine-
recognition is an important feature in modern applications, such tuning models like VGG-16, which reduces training time and
as personalized marketing, surveillance, and security systems. computational demands by leveraging existing knowledge.
This work focuses on applying CNNs in order to learn and Ensemble learning combines multiple CNN models to
extract automatically features from face images, doing away enhance prediction accuracy and robustness. Data
with manually engineered features. The system predicts age augmentation techniques, such as applying random
within certain ranges and accurately classifies gender, even transformations to images, address challenges posed by
under tough environments characterized by variable distributing lighting instances, faces expressions, and poses.
illumination, facial expressions, and occlusions. Using a diverse
and labelled dataset, the model generalizes to unseen data while Recent successes of CNNs have shown truly impressive
dealing with real-world complexities. Used Techniques like performance with regards to robustness and good accuracy in
3
transfer learning and data augmentation enhance the age and gender detection. They also turn out to be scalable
robustness and accuracy of system. The suggested approach not solutions to real problems if feature learning is automated and
only enhances the reliability of prediction but also shows generalization for unseen data is improved. This renders them
significant promise for deployment in areas such as forensic essential for modern facial analysis technologies.
investigations, demographic studies, and human-computer
interaction. This novel approach is expected to provide a The proposed model employ Convolutional Neural
scalable and efficient framework for automated demographic Networks to process facial images and extract the necessary
analysis. features for classification. For accuracy, it applied the
learning that is transfer learning in fine tune architectures
Keywords: Convolutional Neural Networks, ResNet, VGGNet, such as ResNet and VGG16, along with augmentation of
deep learning, data augmentation data methods that ensure adaptability to real-world
variations. The Adience dataset, with labeled age and
gender categories, is used for train. This provides a
1. INTRODUCTION comprehensive dataset that permits the device to learn and
generalize well. This work highlights the unique of
Automated determination of age and gender recognition is automation in extraction of features and classification. It
a building application using machine learning and vision of
presents a scalable solution for demographic analysis. The
computer techniques which has gained so much interest
belongings of the task are predicted to contribute to the field
towards finding the ages and genders identification from of ai and further advance deep learning for face prediction
images. As discussed above, applications can be related to
applications.
security or even marketing tailored for individuals along with
social networks, but its nature is intrinsic in complexity; there
is some differentiation between almost minimal facial
variation, body positions, and kinds of clothing relating to age 2. LITERATURE REVIEW
as well as genders. Other related work in this field has utilized different
Convolutional Neural Networks are examine the most approaches Such as shallow learning, deep learning, and
prominent way for the job. CNNs, which were developed to ensemble learning to predict the age and gender of an
solve image-based applications, comprise layers such as individual. The models have been trained on datasets such as
pooling, convolutional and fully connected, designed to which contained images of faces associated with age and
capture intricate patterns from input data. These layers are gender annotations.
capable of auto-feature extraction and classification with less
computational problems due to pooling, which improves Irfan Rafique et al. investigated the application of
prediction accuracy. Training a CNN requires large, labelled DCNN’s for predicting age and gender. The model achieved
datasets to establish relationships between facial attributes and accuracy superior to that of conventional process, with more
demographic traits. than 90% accuracy. The authors discussed few of the issues,
such as faces variations, through data augmentation and
In addition, transfer learning the fine-tuning of models like fine-tuning, which makes robust datasets play a role in
VGG-16 saves tremendous training period and computation
enhancing the performance of DCNNs.
energy and costs because the models exploit knowledge in
pre-training. Ensemble learning using a collection of multiple Mohammed Benkaddour investigated CNN-based models
CNN models boosts prediction accuracy and robustness. in age estimation and gender classification. The study found a
Techniques in data augmentation include random huge difference in the enhance of CNNs from previously old
transformation applied to images in overcoming problems that methods that demonstrate performance less than 90%. It
lighting situations, faces expressions, and poses create. pointed out challenges or problems, including facial
occlusions and inconsistent lighting, which are recommended
to be addressed through advanced pre-processing for realistic high accuracy and reliable performance across diverse real-
applications. world scenarios.
Arsala Kadri et al. discussed the ability of architectures in
deep learning, including CNNs and LSTM networks, in age
and prediction of gender. Their results supported the
advantages of deep learning models compared to conventional
methods approaches, especially concerning accuracy and
adaptability. Data augmentation and model fine-tuning were
suggested as strategies to cope with variations in facial
features and improve robustness.
Utkarsha Kumbhar et al. emphasized the need for deep Fig. 1. Proposed model Architecture
learning in demographic analysis. The CNN-based model in
A. Dataset
their research had great precision in classifying gender and
age. The authors emphasized the importance of diversified The data used in this research is the Adience dataset,
datasets and proposed future work to improve the efficiency comprising 26,580 labeled facial images gathered from a
of models in fluctuating environmental circumstances, Flickr album. This dataset provides a wide variety of images
including lighting and facial expressions. that represent real, unaltered conditions and spans different
age groups and genders. The age labels are segmented into
Alex Pentland et al. worked on facial recognition for smart predefined intervals, such as (0–2) and (4–6), whereas gender
environments, demonstrating its potential in applications such
is either male or female. This one is designed to answer real-
as adaptive lighting and temperature control. They addressed
world questions, which means variations in lighting,
privacy concerns by suggesting encryption and access control
occlusions of faces, and expressions, hence very
to protect sensitive demographic data while maintaining the
representative of practical scenarios. This makes the Adience
functionality of the model.
dataset a good foundation for training CNN models like
H. Takimoto et al. proposed a hierarchical approach, VGGNet and ResNet, which is robust and accurate in
combining global and detailed facial characteristics for age demographic prediction across environments.
determination. The advanced feature descriptors used in this
method, such as HOG-LBP, provided great improvements in
accuracy. It paved the route for more sophisticated models
capable of delivering improved results, address complex
facial variations.
G. Levi and T. Hassner utilized transfer learning to adjust
pre prepared devices for fine tune for age and gender
prediction. They use architectures like VGG-16 for extracting
features and subsequently using fully connected steps for
categorization. Augmenting datasets with random
transformations improves the accuracy and adaptability of Fig. 2. Sample images from dataset
models.
Abu Nada et al. focused on the inquiry of CNNs for the
single image-based gender and age detection. The relevance
of preprocessing steps-including resizing, normalization, and
histogram equalization-data enhancement was given
importance in their approach, with results demonstrating the
ability of CNNs to extract subtlety patterns in facial images to
make precise classifications.
P. Thukral et al. developed a hierarchical regression model
Fig. 3.Detected face with bouding box
for age prediction using a combination of global and local
facial features. Their method improved accuracy by
integrating appearance and deformation models to handle B. Image Preprocessing
diverse facial configurations. This methodology proved its Preprocessing is essential in age and gender recognition
value in applications requiring precise demographic analysis. using deep learning. The images are resampled to have the
same size as uniformity such that it fits the CNN model
requirements for the input. Subsequently, converting the
3. PROPOSED WORK image to grayscale or normalization of pixel intensity would
The proposed work focuses on developing a deep learning- ensure the distribution is uniform with no lighting variability.
based system for accurate gender and age recognition making The diversity and robustness of the dataset are enhanced
through techniques for data augmentation, including rotating,
use of the adience data collection. A CNN design, enhanced
with transfer learning techniques like VGG-16, is added to flipping and cropping. These preprocessing steps improve the
performance and adaptability the model to real-world
extract the most important facial features. Data augmentation
conditions.
is performed to overcome problems such as lighting
variations and occlusions. The system integrates
preprocessing, training, and testing pipelines in order to come
up with robust predictions. The ultimate goal is to achieve
C. Training and Testing : Artificially pumping the quantity of the value to lower the
In the training, transformed images are related to the deep hardship of overfitting.
learning machine CNN with their age and gender labels.
During testing, unseen images are gave in the way check to The core of the model is a deep CNN designed to
verified how well the model performs on unseen data, specifically absorb the details from images of faces. The
metrics like accuracy and loss are used commonly measure CNN embodies multiple convolutional layers inspired by
how effective the system is in predicting age and gender. pooling layers for dimensionality reduction. These layers
enable the network to learn hierarchical features such as
D. Classification Model edges, textures, and higher-level facial structures. The final
i. ResNet the network architecture comprises fully connected layers,
where the model learns to make predictions regarding both
ResNet (Residual Networks) is an innovative architecture age and gender categories.
that deals with the concern of vanishing gradients in networks
with multiple layers. This architecture allows for much In order to make the model more accurate and efficient in
deeper networks while avoiding overfitting and degradation training, pre-trained models like VGGNet and ResNet are
of performance. ResNet has proven to be exceptionally employed as feature extractors. Having been trained on huge
efficient in many image recognition tasks, and its ability to datasets of images, like ImageNet, such models have very
learn intricate features makes it a very valuable model for age strong learned features, which can be fine-tuned for specific
and gender detection in images. tasks of age and gender detection. By making use of such pre-
trained networks, transfer learning is facilitated, which let the
ii. VGGNet for fast convergence to better performance on less training
data.
VGGNet (Visual Geometry Group at Oxford) is
recognized
2 as one of the more straightforward yet deeper
convolutional neural networks, which utilize very small Start
receptive fields essentially, 3x3 convolutions stacked on top
of each other allow the VGGNet to capture complex patterns
in images. Still, with its depth, VGGNet retains an
uncomplicated architecture, an aspect that generally makes it Capture Face
both easier to implement and modify. The model achieved
remarkable performance for image classification,
particularly when fine-tuned for a number of particular
claim such as prediction of age and gender.
Faces
If No
iii. Convolutional Neural Networks Present

CNN are a class of models in deep learning designed at

the outset to deal with grid-structured images data. The
architecture of CNN consists of various steps, adding
If Yes
convolutional layers, which automatically learn spatial
hierarchies from the input data, pooling layers, which lowers
dimensionality, and dense layers for classification. CNN have
shown effectiveness wonders in the domain of computer Recognize face
vision by capturing both local and global features from
images tasks they are very better at, such as recognizing age
or gender from faces. Identify
male/Female
features
4. METHODOLOGY
The proposed approach to age and gender recognition is
based in the context of deep learning strategies, Prediction by
Convolutional Neural Networks, for the exact classification model
of individuals based on facial images. The methodology
consists of a number of important stages, starting with data Age Prediction
collection, pre-processing, model selection, training, and
finally, evaluation.
Gender
Prediction
A dataset is collected that is diverse and holds labeled photos
of people from various ranges of age and gender identities.
Preprocessing on the dataset normalizes the images in terms
of size and color channels. This step is very crucial to enhance Stop
generalizability across different lighting conditions and facial
expressions. Data augmentation is applied using rotation,
flipping, and scaling to make the model more robust and
 5. ACCURACY OF MODEL Overfitting. However, a slight decrease in training accuracy
The proposed model was able to successfully classify the suggests that the model had a problem in learning the subtle
genders with a correctness of 96.59%, and a baseline variations introduced through augmentation. However,
correctness of 95% is shown in Fig. 5 and gender classification augmentation is a useful technique for improving robustness
loss is displayed in Fig. 6.Therefore, this degree of in gender classification.
improvement confirms that the model is quite competent in
discriminating between male and female facial images. A very ii. Augmented Gender Classification Accuracy and
high validation correctness of 86.14% was achieved that Performance Graphs
indicated generalization across unseen data. Stable
convergence over 50 epochs has assured the robustness of the
model in gender detection there was a small change in the
accuracy of changes due to illumination, facial occlusions,
among other reasons. Still, it remains highly reliable for most
practical applications in real-time gender classification.

i. Gender Classification Accuracy and Performance Graphs

Fig.7. Data Augmentation Loss of Gender Classification

Fig.5. Gender Classification Accuracy

Fig.8. Data Augmentation Loss of Gender Classification

Fig.6. Gender Classification Loss Age classification was really challenging compared with
gender detection on account of the various aging processes
and facial patterns. It has been noted that the accuracy the
The augmentation technique introduced variation into the model is 62.73%. The validation accuracy after 200 epochs
image. It did some rotation, scaling, and flip. Post 100 shows the value of 58.42% is displayed in Fig. 9 and age
epochs, the accuracy with augmentation was shown to be classification loss is shown in Fig. 10. These result in the
about 79.32% on gender classification; the validation enhancing of the aging characteristics of young age group.
accuracy was recorded as 81.25% is displayed in Fig 7. And Since the older people share an overlapping characteristic
data augmentation loss of gender classification is displayed with age, the process of classification tends to pain them.
in Fig 8. Improved validation accuracy better represented Apart from this, lighting conditions, facial expressions, and
adaptation in the model as it accounted for varied real world occlusions also affect the
scenarios and brought down
Estimation process. However, if further developments on data 6. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
balancing along with high-end augmentation techniques The age and gender recognition system produced in this
occur, the model can demonstrate its excellent age estimation work performed remarkably while distinguishing among
potential. male and female faces characteristics. The accuracy of the
classifying gender within the system was very high based on
the specific variations recognized in male and female facial
iii. Age Classification Accuracy and Performance Graphs attributes, which easily permitted the model to classify
appropriately with minimal error.
The results of the model will be shown in tabular form. The
test images will be shown in Table 1 together with the relevant
expected gender labels to allow for an easy comparison of
input and output. Through this structured representation, the
model's classification accuracy and learning efficiency are
illustrated. Recall, accuracy, and precision are among the
quantitative evaluation criteria that will be included to further
validate the system's operation.

Table1. Testing of Gender Prediction

Testing Images Output

1.
Fig.9. Age Classification Accuracy

2.

Fig.10. Age Classification Loss

In the testing phase, the trained deep learning model is presented
with an input image to assess its gender classification performance.
It was still not fully efficient with the images of low By extracting significant facial features, the model determines
illumination, facial expressions, and occlusions. The whether the image is male or female. The classification results are
predictions in such cases are usually wrong, so more displayed in Table 1, where the first image is the original test input
enhancement is required. and the second image is the expected gender label. The model's
ability to categorize gender and its effectiveness in real-world
Overall, the automated age and gender classification8 scenarios are demonstrated by the accurate separation between the
system has shown great ability and promises to be a male and female categories.
valuable tool for diverse applications, like marketing, user
interaction with computers, and biometric systems. However,
additional explore is necessary to enhance its accuracy and
overcome its current obstacle.
 Table 2. Testing of Gender Prediction for Augmented images
PERFORMANCE SUMMARY
Testing Augmented Images Output
Model Accuracy Validation Epochs
(%) Accuracy (%)
Gender 96.59 86.14 50
1.
Detection
Gender 79.32 81.25 100
Detection
(Augmented)
Age 62.73 58.42 200
Detection

The developed automated sexes and age recognition

model tested on significant image datasets, whereas
analysis and precision and robustness are compared
largely from the open source datasets
2.
For age recognition, the system executed the best for
the young, as it was easy and clear-cut when the features
due to age are more distinct and easier to predict. The
system's performance has a little downward trend for the
older population. The reason why the complexity occurs
To increase the model's ability to generalize, a number of in the older population is due to the few of distinction
modifications were applied to the input images during the data between the subtle and less noticeable patterns of aging.
augmentation phase. The genders of the improved images
were then classified using the deep learning model that had The system performed well in gender recognition because
been constructed. Table 2 displays the updated test images the facial features that distinguish males from females are
along with the expected gender labels. The first column usually defined and easily recognized. The system's
displays the altered input photographs, while the second accuracy in gender classification was very high because the
column displays the categorization outcomes. By ensuring that features, including jawline structure, brow prominence, and
the model is robust to changes like as lighting, rotation, and facial hair in males, were defined. It should be noted,
noise, this process improves the model's performance in real- however, that performance did dip in cases with atypical or
world scenarios. non-standard facial features, perhaps as a result of genetic,
makeup, and the like variations. Overall, gender recognition
Table 3. Testing of Age Prediction accuracy still stood strong compare to the age prediction.

Testing Images Output The system revealed a number of weaknesses in the test.
It could not perform well with images whose illumination
is low, whose face is changed due to different emotions,
or partly occluded. Most of these usually result in false or
1. low accuracy predictions. Improving these areas
requires that better preprocessing techniques are
developed and incorporated into the model, augmenting it
with more robust performance to handle such variations.

The proposed model achieved better accuracy in gender

classification compared with the base paper, as it reached
96.59% against the base paper's 95%. Experiments
included age detection accuracy of 62.73%. Additionally,
2. techniques for data augmentation were explored to
enhance model generalization. A validation accuracy of
81.25% on the augmented gender classification model
effectively demonstrated the power of augmentation
against real-world variations. Although the model did
well, illumination changes, facial occlusions, and age-
To enhance the model's capacity to predict age, a number of related complexities were some of the biggest challenges.
preprocessing techniques were applied to the input images prior Improvement in augmentation techniques and deeper
to classification. The trained deep learning model then analyzed architectures may help the device become more accurate
these images6and predicted the corresponding age groups. Table and robust in the upcoming time.
3 displays the test images together with their estimated age
labels. The model's predicted age classification is displayed in
the second column, while the original input images are displayed
in the first. This assessment shows how well7 the system can
classify people according to age, guaranteeing that it can be used
in real-world situations even when facial features, lighting, and
expressions change.
 7. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE [12] Howard, A. G., Zhu, M., Chen, B., Kalenichenko, D., Wang, W.,
Weyand, T., & Adam, H. (2017). MobileNets: Efficient convolutional
This paper focuses on the developments and applications of neural networks for mobile vision applications. arXiv preprint
arXiv:1704.04861.
automated systems for age and gender recognition, notably in
[13] Deng, J., Guo, J., & Zafeiriou, S. (2019). 1ArcFace: Additive
deep learning and computer vision domains. The technology has angular margin loss for deep face recognition. Proceedings of the
been improved significantly over the past years, with greater IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
accuracy and reliability. However, there are still areas that need (CVPR), 4690-4699.
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estimation from face images combining general and children- specialized
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treatment plans as it predicts a patient's age and gender for more
accurate care. However, there are issues of misuse. The potential
for discrimination based on age, gender, or other personal data is
a real issue that must be addressed.
As the utilization of technology for automatic age and gender
identification increases, developers and organizations must
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rights of individuals by adopting privacy measures. The steps
include ensuring that the technology is not misused, providing
people with control over their data, and enhancing the system's
accuracy. Although this technology has made significant
progress, responsible implementation is essential. As used in
areas that address concerns and advance precision such as
marketing and the healthcare field. Real-time capabilities may
yet produce a revolutionary basis for fields related to video
analyses and human/computer interactions

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