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UNIT- 5
INTERNET OF THINGS

LECTURE NO: -1

Case study of IoT Applications:

Domain specific IoTs:

Introduction:
The Internet of Things (IoT) applications span a wide range of domains including
(but not limited to) homes, cities, environment, energy systems, retail, logistics,
industry, agriculture and health. This chapter provides an overview of various types
of IoT applications for each of these domains. In the later chapters the reader is
guided through detailed implementations of several of these applications.

Background:
Agriculture faces challenges like unpredictable weather, inefficient resource use, and the
need to increase productivity to feed a growing population. Traditional farming methods rely
heavily on human labor and experience, which can lead to inefficiencies.

Problem:
Farmers lacked real-time data to monitor crop conditions, soil quality, and environmental
factors, leading to overwatering, under-fertilization, and delayed pest control—ultimately
reducing yields and increasing costs.

Solution: Implementation of IoT in Precision Agriculture

A farming enterprise implemented a Smart Agriculture IoT System, integrating:

• Soil Moisture Sensors – to track soil water content in real-time.

• Weather Stations – to monitor temperature, humidity, and rainfall.

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• Drones with Multispectral Cameras – to assess plant health.

• Automated Irrigation Systems – controlled by IoT data.
• Cloud-Based Dashboard – to visualize and analyze collected data.

Outcomes:
• Water usage reduced by 30%, thanks to data-driven irrigation.
• Crop yield increased by 20% due to timely interventions.
• Early detection of pest infestations minimized damage and pesticide usage.
• Labor efficiency improved, reducing operational costs.

Technologies Used:
• LoRaWAN and NB-IoT for connectivity
• Arduino and Raspberry Pi for local control
• Cloud platforms (e.g., AWS IoT Core, Azure IoT Hub)
• Machine learning models for predictive analytics

• Smart Home Automation:

• 1. Smart Home IoT Case Study by Indeema Software:

• Indeema Software developed a compact smart home model demonstrating IoT
integration. The system included sensors for doors, air conditioning, humidity, lighting,
and an EV charger, all controlled via a mobile app. This project showcases a modular
architecture that can be scaled for larger homes. (Indeema Software)
• 2. IoT-Based Smart Home Using Blynk Framework:
• A project focused on controlling home appliances via smartphone using Wi-Fi and
Raspberry Pi as a private server. The system switches to automated control if the user
goes offline and logs data for future analysis. (arXiv)

• Smart Parking with AWS IoT:

• 3. AWS IoT Case Study - Smart Parking Project:
• This tutorial demonstrates how to use AWS IoT services and MQTT protocols to create
a smart parking system. It covers the installation and connection of Raspberry Pi,
sensor integration, and programming to publish and subscribe data between devices
and the cloud. (TutorialsPoint)

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• Livestock Health Monitoring App:

• 4. UI/UX Case Study: Designing an IoT App for Livestock Health Monitoring:

• A step-by-step process of designing a mobile application to monitor livestock health

using IoT sensors. The app tracks vitals of animals like sheep, providing alerts for
health issues and integrating predictive analytics for early intervention. (Medium)

• Pharmaceutical Cold Chain Monitoring:

• 5. AWS IoT Solution for Pharmaceutical Cold Chain:

• A case study detailing the implementation of an IoT solution to monitor the

temperature and humidity of pharmaceutical products during transportation. The
system uses Raspberry Pi, AWS IoT Core, and mobile applications to ensure
compliance with storage conditions. (Medium)

• Home Automation for Apartment Buildings:

• 6. Smart Home Automation System Case Study:

• A project that implemented a scalable home automation system for an apartment
building, allowing homeowners to manage and control their homes via mobile or web
applications. The system integrates voice assistants like Google Assistant and Alexa,
with different permission levels for users. (DigitalMonk)

• IoT in Higher Education:

• 7. IoT Data Integration for Higher Education Institution:

• A case study on integrating IoT devices in a higher education institution to monitor
environmental conditions and energy usage. The system collects data from various
sensors and provides insights for improving campus sustainability.(WeblineIndia)

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LECTURE NO: -2

Home Automation:

Smart Lighting:

Smart lighting for homes helps in saving energy by adapting the lighting to the
ambient conditions and switching on/off or dimming the lights when needed. Key
enabling technologies for smart lighting include solid state lighting (such as LED
lights) and IP-enabled lights. For solid state lighting solutions both spectral and
temporal characteristics can be configured to adapt illumination to various needs.
Smart lighting solutions for home achieve energy savings by sensing the human
movements and their environments and controlling the lights accordingly. Wireless-
enabled and Internet connected lights can be controlled remotely from IoT
applications such as a mobile or web application. Smart lights with sensors for
occupancy, temperature, lux level, etc., can be configured to adapt the lighting (by
changing the light intensity, color, etc.) based on the ambient conditions sensed, in
order to provide a good ambiance. In controllable LED lighting system is presented
that is embedded with ambient intelligence gathered from a distributed smart
wireless sensor network to optimize and control the lighting system to be more
efficient and user-oriented. A solid state lighting model is described in and
implemented on a wireless sensor network that provides services for sensing
illumination changes and dynamically adjusting luminary brightness according to user
preferences. In chapter-9 we provide a case study on a smart lighting system,

Smart Appliances:

Modern homes have a number of appliances such as TVs, refrigerators, music

systems, washer/dryers, etc. Managing and controlling these appliances can be
cumbersome, with each appliance having its own controls or remote controls. Smart

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appliances make the management easier and also provide status information to the
users remotely.

For example, smart washer/dryers that can be controlled remotely and notify when
the washing/drying cycle is complete. Smart thermostats allow controlling the
temperature remotely and can learn the user preferences. Smart refrigerators can
keep track of the items stored (using RFID tags) and send updates to the users
when an item is low on stock. Smart TVs allows users to search and stream videos
and movies from the Internet on a local storage drive, search TV channel schedules
and fetch news, weather updates and other content from the Internet.
OpenRemote is an open source automation platform for homes and buildings.
OpenRemote is platform agnostic and works with standard hardware. With
OpenRemote, users can control various appliances using mobile or web
applications. OpenRemote comprises of three components - a Controller that
manages scheduling and runtime integration between devices, a Designer that
allows you to create both configurations for the controller and create user interface
designs and Control Panels that allow you to interact with devices and control
them. An IoT-based appliance control system for smart homes that uses a smart
central controller to set up a wireless sensor and actuator network and control

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modules for appliances.

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Intrusion Detection:

Home intrusion detection systems use security cameras and sensors (such as PIR
sensors and door sensors) to detect intrusions and raise alerts. Alerts can be in the
form of an SMS or an email sent to the user. Advanced systems can even send
detailed alerts such as an image grab or a short video clip sent as an email
attachment. A cloud controlled intrusion detection system is described in that uses
location-aware services, where the geo-location of each node of a home
automation system is independently detected and stored in the cloud. In the event
of intrusions, the cloud services alert the accurate neighbors (who are using the
home automation system) or local police. An intrusion detection system based on
UPnP technology is described. The system uses image processing to recognize the
intrusion and extract the intrusion subject and generate Universal-Plug-and-Play
(UPnP- based) instant messaging for alerts.

Smoke/Gas Detectors:

Smoke detectors are installed in homes and buildings to detect smoke that is
typically an early sign of fire. Smoke detectors use optical detection, ionization or
air sampling techniques to detect smoke. Alerts raised by smoke detectors can be
in the form of signals to a fire alarm system, Gas detectors can detect the presence
of harmful gases such as carbon monoxide (CO), liquid petroleum gas (LPG), etc. A
smart smoke/gas detector can raise alerts in human voice describing where the
problem is, send or an SMS or email to the user or the local fire safety department
and provide visual feedback on its status (healthy, battery-low, etc.). The design of
a system that detects gas leakage and smoke and gives visual level indication, is
described.

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LECTURE NO: -3

Cities:

The new Internet of Things (IoT) applications are enabling Smart City initiatives
worldwide. It provides the ability to remotely monitor, manage and control devices,
and to create new insights and actionable information from massive streams of
real- time data. The main features of a smart city include a high degree of
information technology integration and a comprehensive application of information
resources. The essential components of urban development for a smart city should
include smart technology, smart industry, smart services, smart management and
smart life. The Internet of Things is about installing sensors (RFID, IR, GPS, laser
scanners, etc.) for everything, and connecting them to the internet through specific
protocols for information exchange and communications, in order to achieve
intelligent recognition, location, tracking, monitoring and management. With the
technical support from IoT, smart city need to have three features of being
instrumented, interconnected and intelligent. Only then a Smart City can be formed
by integrating all these intelligent features at its advanced stage of IOT
development. The explosive growth
of Smart City and Internet of Things applications creates many scientific and engineering
challenges that call for ingenious research efforts from both academia and industry,
especially for the development of efficient, scalable, and reliable Smart City based
on IoT. New protocols, architectures, and services are in dire needs to respond for
these challenges. The goal of the special issue is to bring together scholars,
professors, researchers, engineers and administrators resorting to the state-of-the-
art technologies and ideas to significantly improve the field of Smart City based on
IoT.

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Key Drivers for IoT Applications in Smart Cities:

There are several reasons for municipalities to move to the wireless communications
methods offered by IoT technologies:

Cost is a key driver in the decision to convert from wired solutions to wireless,
as it is massively expensive to install and maintain landlines. Additionally, the
costs of cellular data plans are dropping and the robustness and throughput
of wireless communications are therefore enabling new use cases that would
previously have been cost-prohibitive.

Efficiency is another important impetus. In most wired solutions, service

personnel must physically go to the installation site to audit and service the
communications infrastructure. These ”truck rolls” are expensive and
inefficient, since they typically occur on a schedule whether or not a problem
exists. By contrast, wireless communications enable remote monitoring and

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management of IoT deployments. This enables administrators to perform

firmware updates and security patches across the entire deployment, and get
automated notifications in the event of any issues.

Resource reduction is often a driver as well, particularly in use cases such as

smart street lighting and monitoring assets. These IoT applications make it
possible to use sensors to gather data and wireless modules to control
resource use, which can result in a dramatic reduction in energy use.

Smart Lighting:

Smart lighting systems for roads, parks and buildings can help in saving energy.
According to an IEA report. lighting is responsible for 19% of global electricity use
and around 6% of global greenhouse gas emissions. Smart lighting allows lighting
to be dynamically controlled and also adaptive to the ambient conditions. Smart
lights connected to the Internet can be controlled remotely to configure lighting
schedules and lighting intensity. Custom lighting configurations can be set for
different situations such as a foggy day, a festival, etc. Smart lights equipped with
sensors can communicate with other lights and exchange information on the
sensed ambient conditions to adapt the lighting. The need for smart lighting system
in smart cities, smart lighting features and how to develop interoperable smart
lighting solutions.

Smart Roads:

Smart roads equipped with sensors can provide information on driving conditions,
travel time estimates and alerts in case of poor driving conditions, traffic
congestions and accidents, Such information can help in making the roads safer and
help in reducing traffic jams. Information sensed from the roads can be
communicated via Internet to cloud-based applications and social media and

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disseminated to the drivers who subscribe to such applications. A distributed and

autonomous system of sensor network nodes for improving driving safety on public
roads in proposed. The system can provide the drivers and passengers with a
consistent view of the road situation a few hundred meters ahead of them or a few
dozen miles away, so that they can react to potential dangers early enough.

Smart Parking:

Finding a parking space during rush hours in crowded cities can be time consuming
and frustrating. Furthermore, drivers blindly searching for parking spaces create
additional traffic tion. Smart parking make the search for parking space easier and
convenient for Smart parking are powered by IoT systems that detect the number
of empty parking slots and send the information over the Internet to smart parking
application back-ends, These applications can be accessed by the drivers from
smart-phones, tablets and in-car navigation systems. In smart parking, sensors are
used for each parking slot, to detect whether the slot is empty or occupied. This
information is aggregated by a local controller and then sent over the Internet to
the database. Recent system describe latest trends in parking availability
monitoring, parking reservation and dynamic pricing schemes. Design and
implementation of a prototype smart parking system based on wireless sensor
network technology with features like remote parking monitoring, automated
guidance, and parking reservation.

Structural Health Monitoring:

Structural Health Monitoring is a network of sensors to monitor the vibration levels

in the structures such as bridges and buildings. The data collected from these
sensors is analyzed to assess the health of the structures. By analyzing the data it is
possible to detect cracks and mechanical breakdowns, locate the damages

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to a structure and also calculate the remaining life of the structure. Using such
systems, advance warnings can be given in the case of imminent failure of the
structure. Since structural health monitoring systems use large number of wireless
sensor nodes which are powered by traditional batteries, researchers are exploring
energy harvesting technologies to harvesting.

Surveillance:

Surveillance of infrastructure, public transport and events in cities is required to

ensure safety and security. City wide surveillance infrastructure comprising of large
number of distributed and Internet connected video surveillance cameras can be
created. The video feeds from surveillance cameras can be aggregated in cloud-
based scalable storage solutions.
Cloud-based video analytics applications can be developed to search for patterns
or specific events from the video feeds. A smart city surveillance system is
described that leverages benefits of cloud data stores.

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Emergency Response:

ToT systems can be used for monitoring the critical infrastructure in cities such as
buildings, gas and water pipelines, public transport and power substations. IoT
systems for fire detection, gas and water leakage detection can help in generating
alerts and minimizing their effects on the critical infrastructure. IoT systems for
critical infrastructure monitoring enable aggregation and sharing of information
collected from large number of sensors. Using cloud-based architectures, multi-
modal information such as sensor data, audio, video feeds can be analyzed in near
real-time to detect adverse events. Response to alerts generated by such systems
can be in the form of alerts sent to the public, re-routing of traffic, evacuations of
the affected areas, etc. The system adapts by dynamically adjusting traffic lights,
changing related driving policies, recommending behavior change to drivers, and
applying essential security controls. Such systems can reduce the latency of
emergency services for vehicles such as ambulances and police cars while
minimizing disruption of regular traffic.

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LECTURE NO:- 4
Environment:

Weather Monitoring:

IoT-based weather monitoring systems can collect data from a number of sensor
attached (such as temperature, humidity, pressure, etc.) and send the data to
cloud- based applications and storage back-ends. The data collected in the cloud
can then be analyzed and visualized by cloud-based applications. Weather alerts
can be sent to the subscribed users from such applications. AirPi is a weather and
air quality monitoring kit capable of recording and uploading information about
temperature, humidity, air pressure, light levels, UV levels, carbon monoxide,
nitrogen dioxide and smoke level to the Internet. A pervasive weather monitoring
system is described that is integrated with buses to measure weather variables like
humidity, temperature and air quality during the bus path. A weather monitoring
system based on wireless sensor networks is described.

Air Pollution Monitoring:

IoT based air pollution monitoring systems can monitor emission of harmful gases (CO,
CO, NO, NOp, etc.) by factories and automobiles using gaseous and meteorological
sensors. The collected data can be analyzed to make informed decisions on pollutions
control approaches. A real-time air quality monitoring system is presented that
comprises of several distributed monitoring stations that communicate via wireless
with a back-end server using machine-to-machine communication. An air pollution
system is described that integrates a single-chip microcontroller, several air pollution
sensors, GPRS-Modem, and a GPS module.

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Noise Pollution Monitoring:

Due to growing urban development, noise levels in cities have increased and even
become alarmingly high in some cities, Noise pollution can cause health hazards for
humans due to sleep disruption and stress. Noise pollution monitoring can help in
generating noise maps for cities, Urban noise maps can help the policy makers in
urban planning and making policies to control noise levels near residential areas,
schools and parks. IoT based noise pollution monitoring systems use a number of
noise monitoring stations that are deployed at different places in a city. The data
on noise levels from the stations is collected on servers or in the cloud. The
collected data is then aggregated to generate noise maps. In [43], a noise mapping
study for a city is presented which revealed that the city suffered from serious
noise pollution. In [44], the design of smart phone application is described that
allows the users to continuously measure noise levels and send to a central server
where all generated information is aggregated and mapped to a meaningful noise

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visualization map.

Forest Fire Detection:

Forest fires can cause damage to natural resources, property and human life. There
can be different causes of forest fires including lightening, human negligence,
volcanic eruptions and sparks from rock falls. Early detection of forest fires can help
in minimizing the damage. IoT based forest fire detection systems use a number of
monitoring nodes deployed at different locations in a forest. Each monitoring node
collects measurements on ambient conditions including temperature, humidity,
light levels, etc. A system for early detection of forest fires that provides early
warning of a potential forest fire and estimates the scale and intensity of the fire if
it materializes. A forest fire detection system based on wireless sensor networks in
presented. The system uses multi-criteria detection which is implemented by the
artificial neural network (ANN). The ANN fuses sensing data corresponding to
multiple attributes of a forest fire (such as temperature, humidity, infrared and
visible light) to detect forest fires.

River Floods Detection:

River floods can cause extensive damage to the natural and human resources and
human life. River floods occur due to continuous rainfall which cause the river
levels to rise and flow rates to increase rapidly. Early warnings of floods can be
given by monitoring the water level and flow rate. IoT based river flood monitoring
system use a number of sensor nodes that monitor the water level (using ultrasonic
sensors) and flow rate (using the flow velocity sensors). Data from a number of
such sensor nodes is aggregated in a server or in the cloud. Monitoring applications
raise alerts when rapid increase in water level and flow rate is detected. A river
flood monitoring system in described that measures river and weather conditions

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through wireless sensor nodes equipped with different sensors. A motes-based

sensor network for river flood monitoring is described. The system includes a water
level monitoring module, network video recorder module, and data processing
module that provides flood information in the form of raw data, predicted data,
and video feed.

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LECTURE NO: -5
Energy:

Smart Grids:
Smart Grid is a data communications network integrated with the electrical grid that
collects and analyzes data captured in near-real-time about power transmission,
distribution, and consumption. Smart Grid technology provides predictive
information and recommendations to utilities, their suppliers, and their customers
on how best to manage power. Smart Grids collect data regarding electricity
generation (centralized or distributed), consumption (instantaneous or predictive),
storage (or conversion of energy into other forms), distribution and equipment
health data. Smart grids use high-speed, fully integrated, two-way communication
technologies for real-time information and power exchange. By using loT based
sensing and measurement technologies, the health of equipment and the integrity of
the grid can be evaluated.
Smart meters can capture almost real-time consumption, remotely control the
consumption of electricity and remotely switch off supply when required. Power thefts
can be prevented using smart metering. By analyzing the data on power generation,
transmission and consumption smart girds can improve efficiency throughout the electric
system. Storage collection and analysis of smarts grids data in the cloud can help in
dynamic optimization of system operations, maintenance, and planning. Cloud-based
monitoring of smart grids data can improve energy usage levels via energy feedback to
users coupled with real-time pricing information. Real-time demand response and
management strategies can be used for lowering peak demand and overall load via
appliance control and energy storage mechanisms. Condition monitoring data collected
from power generation and transmission systems can help in detecting faults and

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predicting outages.

Smart Meter:

Smart metering benefits utilities by improving customer satisfaction with faster

interaction, while giving consumers more control of their energy usage to save
money and reduce carbon emissions. With power visibility all the way to the meter,
utilities can optimize energy distribution and even take action to shift demand
loads.
Smart metering helps utilities to:

Reduce operating expenses by managing manual operations remotely

Improve forecasting and streamline power-consumption

Improve customer service through profiling and segmentation

Reduce energy theft

Simplify micro-generation monitoring and track renewable power

In addition Smart Meters can enable an array of new smart services to

residential, commercial, and industrial customers to better manage their energy
usage patterns, reduce overall power consumption and even benefit from new
pricing models.
Cellular communications provides a reliable connectivity option for smart
metering infrastructure, including full IP infrastructure and low latency in 4G LTE.
With the ubiquitous reach of modern cellular networks, and the development of LTE-
M (LTE for M2M) providing long range low power cost effective solutions, utilities
can connect meters easily and inexpensively virtually anywhere. And they can benefit
from a proven, highly reliable communications infrastructure without taking on the
costs of deploying and maintaining it themselves.

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Renewable Energy Systems:

Due to the variability in the output from renewable energy sources (such as solar
and wind), integrating them into the grid can cause grid stability and reliability

problems. Variable output produces local voltage swings that can impact power
quality. Existing grids were designed to handle power flows from centralized
generation sources to the loads through transmission and distribution lines. When
distributed renewable energy sources are integrated into the grid, they create power
bi-directional power flows for which the grids were not originally designed. IoT based
systems integrated with the transformers at the point of interconnection measure
the electrical variables and how much power is fed into the grid. To ensure the grid
stability, one solution is to simply cut off the overproduction. For wind energy
systems, closed- loop controls can be used to regulate the voltage at point of
interconnection which coordinate wind turbine outputs and provides reactive power
support .

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Prognostics:

Energy systems (smart grids, power plants, wind turbine farms, for instance) have a
large number of critical components that must function correctly so that the systems

can perform their operations correctly. For example, a wind turbine has a number
of critical components, e.g., bearings, turning gears, for instance, that must be
monitored carefully as wear and tear in such critical components or sudden change
in operating conditions of the machines can result in failures. In systems such as
power grids, real-time information is collected using specialized electrical sensors
called Phasor Measurement Units (PMU) at the substations. The information
received from PMUs must be monitored in real-time for estimating the state of the
system and for predicting failures. Energy systems have thousands of sensors that
gather real-time maintenance data continuously for condition monitoring and
failure prediction purposes. IoT based prognostic real-time health management
systems can predict performance of machines or energy systems by analyzing the
extent of deviation of a system from its normal operating profiles. Analyzing
massive amounts of maintenance data collected from sensors in energy systems
and equipment can provide predictions for the impending ures (potentially in real-
time) so that their reliability and availability can be improved. Prognostic health
management systems have been developed for different energy systems. OpenPDC
is a set of applications for processing of streaming time-series data collected from
Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) in real-time. A generic framework for storage,
processing and analysis of massive machine maintenance data, collected from a
large number of sensors embedded in industrial machines, in a cloud computing
environment was proposed in.

Smart light, temperature, air condition control:

The most obvious way to save energy is to cut down on wasting it. Smart lighting,

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earning thermostats and sensor-based HVAC systems of the new generation are
designed to automatically maintain the perfect conditions in spaces and keep energy
use at the optimum level. Equipped with different sensors (light, movement,
humidity,CO2 level, etc.) these systems can dynamically adjust the regimes
depending on the changing conditions and avoid using energy in potential waste
points. Thus, smart lighting dims depending on the amount of daylight available in
the room and automatically turns off once the room is empty. Learning thermostats
precool the space before the heat comes to avoid using expensive energy at the
peak load time.

Energy Storage System:

In the case of smart storage, for example, the residents can make informed
decisions no the loads and choose which loads should be protected, how much
energy should be spent in the off-grid mode and where. Moreover, using smart
storage, the adopters of solar and other renewables can now better manage the
clean energy they generate, control the surplus and ensure maximized
performance for their power network. In other words, energy storage is the
application of Internet of Things in energy management which enables saving
energy both directly and indirectly.

Connected stations, plants, solar and wind fields:

Another application of IoT for saving energy is focused on optimizing the very
source of power production. Stations, plants, solar fields and wind turbines also
consume energy, require maintenance and a wide range of effort and resource-
heavy works to keep them running. Using IoT in this sector, or Internet of Energy
Things, is the right way to maximize the performance. Resource management in
Internet of Energy Things implies a complex of measures to optimize the

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performance at a power grid. It includes using sensors, data analytics, predictive

maintenance and other practices. Continuous condition monitoring of equipment
and wiring using sensors, for example, prevents overloads and helps maintain a
balanced load on the line. Predictive maintenance ensures timely repair of the
equipment and prevents blackouts, accidents and costly downtime. In some cases,
connecting power plants and renewable grids into a network gives consumers a
transparent view of where their energy comes from. And with this information,
consumers get a choice to use the cleanest source available at the moment.

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LECTURE NO: -6
Retail and Logistics:

Retail:

Inventory Management:
Inventory management for retail has become increasingly important in the recent
years with the growing competition. While over-stocking of products can result in
additional storage expenses and risk (in case of perishables), under-stocking can
lead to loss of revenue. loT systems using Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tags
can help in inventory management and maintaining the right inventory levels. RFID
tags attached to the products allow them to be tracked in real-time so that the
inventory levels can be determined accurately and products which are low on stock
can be replenished. Tracking can be done using RFID readers attached to the retail
store shelves or in the warehouse. IoT systems enable remote monitoring of
inventory using the data collected by the RFID readers. An RFID data-based
inventory management system for time-sensitive materials is described.

Smart Payments:

Smart payment solutions such as contact-less payments powered by technologies

such as Near field communication (NFC) and Bluetooh, Near field communication
(NFC) is a set of standards for smart-phones and other devices to communicate
with each other by bringing them into proximity or by touching them. Customers
can store the credit card information in their NFC-enabled smart-phones and make
payments by bringing the smart-phones near the point of sale terminals. NFC
maybe used in combination with Bluetooh, where NFC (which offers low speeds)

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initiates initial pairing of devices to establish a Bluetooh connection while the

actual data transfer

takes place over Bluetooh. The applications of NFC for contact-less payments are described
in: .

Smart Vending Machines:

Smart vending machines connected to the Internet allow remote monitoring of

inventory levels, elastic pricing of products, promotions, and contact-less payments
using NFC. Smart-phone applications that communicate with smart vending
machines allow user preferences to be remembered and learned with time. When a
user moves from one vending machine to the other and pairs the smart-phone with
the vending machine, a user specific interface is presented. Users can save their
preferences and favorite products. Sensors in a smart vending machine monitor its
operations and send the data to the cloud which can be used for predictive
maintenance. Smart vending machines can communicate with other vending
machines in their vicinity and share their inventory levels so that the customers can

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be routed to the nearest machine in case a product goes out of stock in a machine.
For perishable items, the smart vending machines can reduce the price as the expiry
date nears.
New products can be recommended to the customers based on the purchase history
and preferences.

Logistics:

Route Generation & Scheduling:

Modern transportation systems are driven by data collected from multiple sources
which is processed to provide new services to the stakeholders, By collecting large
amount of data from various sources and processing the data into useful
information, data-driven transportation systems can provide new services such as
advanced route guidance, dynamic vehicle routing , anticipating customer
demands for pickup and delivery problem, for instance, Route generation and
scheduling systems can generate end-to-end routes using combination of route
patterns and transportation modes and feasible schedules based on the availability
of vehicles. As the transportation network grows in size and complexity, the
number of possible route combinations increases exponentially. IoT based systems
backed by the cloud can provide fast response to the route generation queries and
can be scaled up to serve a large transportation network.

Fleet Tracking:

Vehicle fleet tracking systems use GPS technology to track the locations of the
vehicle real-time. Cloud-based fleet tracking systems can be scaled up on demand
to handle large number of vehicles. Alerts can be generated in case of deviations in
planned routes. The vehicle locations and routes data can be aggregated and
analyzed for detecting bottlenecks in the supply chain such as traffic congestions

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on routes, assignments and generation of alternative routes, and supply chain

optimization. A fleet tracking system for commercial vehicles is described. The
system can analyze messages sent from the vehicles to identify unexpected

incidents and discrepancies between actual and planned data, so that remedial
actions can be taken.

Shipment Monitoring:

Shipment monitoring solutions for transportation systems allow monitoring the

conditions inside containers. For example, containers carrying fresh food produce
can be monitored to prevent spoilage of food. IoT based shipment monitoring
systems use sensors such as temperature, pressure, humidity, for instance, to
monitor the conditions inside the containers and send the data to the cloud, where
it can be analyzed to detect food spoilage. The analysis and interpretation of data
on the environmental conditions in the container and food truck positioning can

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enable more effective routing decisions in real time. Therefore, it is possible to take
remedial measures such as - the food that has a limited time budget before it gets
rotten can be re-routed to a closer destinations, alerts can be raised to the driver
and the distributor about the transit conditions, such as container temperature
exceeding the allowed limit, humidity levels going out of the allowed limit, for
instance, and corrective actions can be taken before the food gets damaged. A
cloud-based framework for real-time fresh food supply tracking and monitoring
was proposed in . For fragile products, vibration levels during shipments can be
tracked using accelerometer and gyroscope sensors attached to loT devices. The
system monitors the vibration patterns of a container and its contents to reveal
information related to its operating environment and integrity during transport,
handling and storage.

Remote Vehicle Diagnostics:

Remote vehicle diagnostic systems can detect faults in the vehicles or warn of
impending faults. These diagnostic systems use on-board IoT devices for collecting
data on vehicle operation (such as speed, engine RPM, coolent temperature, fault
code number) and status of various vehicle sub-systems. Such data can be captured
by integrating on-board diagnostic systems with IoT devices using protocols such as
CAN bus. Modern commercial vehicles support on-board diagnostic (OBD)
standards such as OBD-II. OBD systems provide real-time data on the status of
vehicle stems and diagnostic trouble codes which allow rapidly identifying the
faults in the vehicle. IoT based vehicle diagnostic systems can send the vehicle data
to centralized servers or the cloud where it can be analyzed to generate alerts and
suggest remedial actions. The system makes use of on-board vehicle diagnostics
device and expert system to achieve real-time vehicle diagnostics and fault
warning.

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LECTURE NO: -5
Agriculture:

Smart Irrigation:
Smart irrigation systems can improve crop yields while saving water. Smart
irrigation systems use IoT devices with soil moisture sensors to determine the
amount of moisture in the soil and release the flow of water through the irrigation
pipes only when the moisture levels go below a predefined threshold. Smart
irrigation systems also collect moisture level measurements on a server or in the
cloud where the collected data can be analyzed to plan watering schedules.

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Green House Control:

Green houses are structures with glass or plastic roofs that provide conducive
environment for growth of plants. The climatological conditions inside a green house
can be monitored and controlled to provide the best conditions for growth of plants.
The temperature, humidity, soil moisture, light and carbon dioxide levels are monitored
using sensors and the climatological conditions are controlled automatically using
actuation devices (such as valves for releasing water and switches for controlling
fans). IoT systems play an important role in green house control and help in
improving productivity. The data collected from various sensors is stored on centralized
servers or in the cloud where analysis is performed to optimize the control strategies
and also correlate the productivity with different control strategies.The design of a
wireless sensing and control system for precision green house management is
described. The system uses wireless sensor network to monitor and control the
agricultural parameters like temperature and humidity in real time for better
management and maintenance of agricultural production.

Climate Conditions:

Climate plays a very critical role for farming. And having improper knowledge about
climate heavily deteriorates the quantity and quality of the crop production. But
IoT solutions enable you to know the real-time weather conditions. Sensors are
placed inside and outside of the agriculture fields. They collect data from the
environment which is used to choose the right crops which can grow and sustain in
the particular climatic conditions. The whole IoT ecosystem is made up of sensors
that can detect real-time weather conditions like humidity, rainfall, temperature
and more very accurately. There are numerous no. of sensors available to detect all
these parameters and configure accordingly to suit your smart farming quirements.

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These sensors monitor the condition of the crops and the weather surrounding

them. If any disturbing weather conditions are found, then an alert is send. What
gets eliminated is the need of the physical presence during disturbing climatic
conditions which eventually increases the productivity and help farmers to reap
more agriculture benefits.

Precision Farming:

Precision Agriculture/Precision Farming is one of the most famous applications of

IoT in Agriculture. It makes the farming practice more precise and controlled by
realizing smart farming applications such as livestock monitoring, vehicle tracking,
field observation, and inventory monitoring. The goal of precision farming is to
analyze the data, generated via sensors, to react accordingly. Precision Farming
helps farmers to generate data with the help of sensors and analyze that
information to take intelligent and quick decisions. There are numerous precision
farming techniques like irrigation management, livestock management, vehicle
tracking and many more which play a vital role in increasing the efficiency and
effectiveness. With the help of Precision farming, you can analyze soil conditions
and other related parameters to increase the operational efficiency. Not only this
you can also detect the real-time working conditions of the connected devices to
detect water and nutrient level.

Crop management:

One more type of IoT product in agriculture and another element of precision
farming are crop management devices. Just like weather stations, they should be
placed in the field to collect data specific to crop farming; from temperature and
precipitation to leaf water potential and overall crop health.Thus, you can monitor
your crop growth and any anomalies to effectively prevent any diseases or

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infestations that can harm your yield.

Cattle monitoring and management:

Just like crop monitoring, there are IoT agriculture sensors that can be attached to
the animals on a farm to monitor their health and log performance. Livestock
tracking and monitoring help collect data on stock health, well-being, and physical
location. For example, such sensors can identify sick animals so that farmers can
separate them from the herd and avoid contamination. Using drones for real-time
cattle tracking also helps farmers reduce staffing expenses.

Predictive analytics for smart farming:

Precision agriculture and predictive data analytics go hand in hand. While IoT and
smart sensor technology are a goldmine for highly relevant real-time data, the use
of data analytics helps farmers make sense of it and come up with important
predictions: crop harvesting time, the risks of diseases and infestations, yield
volume, etc. Data analytics tools help make farming, which is inherently highly
dependent on weather conditions, more manageable, and predictable.
For example, the Crop Performance platform helps farmers access the volume
and quality of yields in advance, as well as their vulnerability to unfavorable
weather conditions, such as floods and drought. It also enables farmers to optimize
the supply of water and nutrients for each crop and even select yield traits to
improve quality.

DRONES Monitoring:

Agriculture is one of the major industries to incorporate drones. Drones equipped

with sensors and cameras are used for imaging, mapping and surveying the farms.
There are ground based drones and aerial drones. Ground drones are bots that
survey the fields on wheels. Aerial drones- formally known as unmanned aerial

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vehicles (UAVs) or unmanned aircraft systems (UASes) are flying robots. Drones
can be remotely controlled remotely or they can fly automatically through
software- controlled flight plans in their embedded systems, working in
coordination with sensors and GPS. From the drone data, insights can be drawn
regarding crop health, irrigation, spraying, planting, soil and field, plant counting
and yield prediction and much more. Drones can either be scheduled for farm
surveys ( drone as a service ) or can be bought and stored near farms where they
can be recharged and maintained. After the surveys the drones need to be taken to
nearby labs to analyse the data that has been collected.
Remote Sensing:

IoT based remote sensing utilizes sensors placed along the farms like weather
stations for gathering data which is transmitted to analytical tool for analysis.
Sensors are devices sensitive to anomalies. Farmers can monitor the crops from
analytical dashboard and take action based on insights.

Crop Monitoring: Sensors placed along the farms monitor the crops for
changes in light , humidity, temperature, shape and size. Any anomaly is
detected by the sensors is analysed and farmer is notified. Thus remote
sensing can help prevent the spread of diseases and keep an eye on the
growth of crops.

Weather conditions: The data collected by sensors in terms of humidity,

temperature, moisture precipitation and dew detection helps in determining
the weather pattern in farms so that cultivation is done for suitable crops.

Soil quality: The analysis of quality of soil helps in determining the nutrient
value and drier areas of farms, soil drainage capacity or acidity, which allows
to adjust the amount of water needed for irrigation and the opt most
beneficial type of cultivation.

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LECTURE NO: -6
Industry:

The Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) takes networked sensors and intelligent
devices and puts those technologies to use directly on the manufacturing floor,
collecting data to drive artificial intelligence and predictive analytics.

The IoT is driving unprecedented disruption in an industry that has struggled in

recent years due to talent shortages, and this offers hope for the industry?s future.
The IIoT can transform traditional, linear manufacturing supply chains into
dynamic, interconnected systems?a digital supply network (DSN)?that can more
readily incorporate ecosystem partners. As key enablers of DSNs, IIoT technologies
help to change the way that products are made and delivered, making factories
more efficient, ensuring better safety for human operators, and, in some cases,
saving millions of dollars.

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Machine Diagnosis & Progno:

Machine prognosis refers to predicting the performance of a machine by analyzing

the data on the current operating conditions and how much deviations exist from
the normal operating conditions. Machine diagnosis refers to determining the
cause of a machine fault. IoT plays a major role in both prognosis and diagnosis of
industrial machines. Industrial machines have a large number of components that
must function correctly for the machine to perform its operations. Sensors in
machines can monitor the operating conditions such as (temperature and vibration
levels). The sensor data measurements are done on timescales of few milliseconds
to few seconds, which leads to generation of massive amount of data. IoT based
systems integrated with cloud-based storage and analytics back-ends can help in
storage, collection and analysis of such massive scale machine sensor data. A
number of methods have been proposed for reliability analysis and fault prediction
in machines. Case-based reasoning (CBR) is a commonly used method that finds
solutions to new problems based on past experience, This past experience is
organized and represented as cases in a case-base. CBR is an effective technique for
problem solving in the fields in which it is hard to a quantitative mathematical
model, such as machine diagnosis and prognosis. Since for each machine, data from
a very large number of sensors is collected, using such high dimensional data for
creation of case library reduces the case retrieval efficiency. Therefore, data
reduction and feature extraction methods are used to find the representative set of
features which have the same classification ability as the complete of features.

Power management: Building automation lowers energy costs:

Manufacturing, by its very nature, requires a lot of energy, and that in turn can
account for a large percentage of operating costs. That?s why factory owners and

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managers are increasingly turning to IoT-based building management systems to

connect sensors, actuators, controllers and other equipment over one IP backbone,
enabling the monitoring of energy usage, lighting, HVAC and fire safety systems.
This data can also be combined with information from broader datasets such as
weather forecasting and financial information - such as the price of electricity and
other utilities - to give a far more rounded view of building management. This type
of architecture is finding increasing adoption in manufacturing environments, to
make buildings smarter, more sustainable and more efficient.

Power management: Building automation lowers energy costs:

Faster and more flexible production lines might be the key to meeting customer
demand, but there can also be a negative impact on quality control if monitoring
isn?t up to scratch. These days, as plants look to automation to replace tasks such
as manual inspection, new technology is being used to ensure there is no deviation
from quality parameters. Increasingly, the function of replacing the human eye has
been performed by IoT-enabled high-pixel camera vision systems in combination
with other devices such as acoustic sensors, along with high-performance image
processing software. These can be used to identify defects such as size, shape or
finish, and to check the accuracy and readability of labels, barcodes or QR codes.
This information can then be looped back to earlier stages in the production line
allowing production managers to identify and classify the root cause of the problem
before rectification action can be taken. Over time, artificial intelligence can be
applied to learn from feedback and continuously refine and improve the production
process.

This type of vision system is being used across manufacturing to monitor the
quality of a wide range of products including electronic devices, consumer goods
and metal finished parts.

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Indoor Air Quality Monitoring:

Monitoring indoor air quality in factories is important for health and safety of the
workers. Harmful and toxic gases such as carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen
monoxide (NO), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO), etc., can cause serious health problems. IoT
based gas monitoring systems can help in monitoring the indoor air quality using
various gas sensors. The indoor air quality can vary for different locations. Wireles:
sor networks based IoT devices can identify the hazardous zones, so that corrective
measures can be taken to ensure proper ventilation. A hybrid sensor system for
indoor air quality monitoring is presented, which contains both stationary sensors
(for accurate readings and calibration) and mobile sensors (for coverage). A wire
solution for indoor air quality monitoring is described that measures the
environmental parameters like temperature, humidity, gaseous pollutants, aerosol
and particulate matter to determine the indoor air quality.

Indoor Air Quality Monitoring:

A small to medium-sized manufacturing plant might contain hundreds of operator

tools, in various shapes and sizes, which are used for a multitude of functions. For a
large factory, that number could rise to thousands. Now imagine if all of those
hammers, drills, torque wrenches and shears could always be located in an instant,
and that they could never be erroneously used outside of a specific set of
operational parameters. That?s the promise of IoT-enabled connected tooling,
delivering enormous improvements in operator productivity.

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Wearables: Ensuring worker safety at all times:

Wearable technology might be closely associated with the consumer sector

through the use of fitness monitors, but it is also delivering enormous benefit in
industrial environments. In manufacturing, for instance, wearables are increasingly
being used to ensure worker safety, with body-worn connected sensors being used
to monitor environmental conditions and to provide insight into vital signs such as
temperature, pulse and respiration rate.
By embedding personal protective equipment with sensors or radio-frequency
identification technology, they become edge devices in the Industrial Internet of
Things, collecting and transmitting data to provide insight.
These connected worker platforms aim to more effectively manage worker
safety, especially in manufacturing plants which have employees perform tasks
alone or handle potentially hazardous substances. It also acts as a means of
lowering an organisation?s compliance and administrative costs. Meanwhile,
wearables are also being used within manufacturing for ergonomic reasons, to
reduce the toll that physical activities take on its workers bodies.

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LECTURE NO: -7
Health and Lifestyles:

Health:
The healthcare industry is in a state of great despair. Healthcare services are
costlier than ever, global population is aging and the number of chronic diseases
are on a rise. A new paradigm, known as the Internet of Things (IoT), has an
extensive applicability in numerous areas, including healthcare. The full application
of this paradigm in healthcare area is a mutual hope because it allows medical
centers to function more competently and patients to obtain better treatment.
With the use of this technology-based healthcare method, there are
unparalleled benefits which could improve the quality and efficiency of treatments
and accordingly improve the health of the patients.

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Simultaneous reporting and monitoring:

Real-time monitoring via connected devices can save lives in event of a medical
emergency like heart failure, diabetes, asthma attacks, etc. With real-time
monitoring of the condition in place by means of a smart medical device connected
to a smartphone app, connected devices can collect medical and other required
health data and use the data connection of the smartphone to transfer collected
information to a physician. Center of Connected Health Policy conducted a study
that indicates that there was a 50% reduction in 30-day readmission rate because of
remote patient monitoring on heart failure patients. The IoT device collects and
transfers health data: blood pressure, oxygen and blood sugar levels, weight, and
ECGs. These data are stored in the cloud and can be shared with an authorized
person, who could be a physician, your insurance company, a participating health
firm or an external consultant, to allow them to look at the collected data regardless
of their place, time, or device.

End-to-end connectivity and affordability:

IoT can automate patient care workflow with the help healthcare mobility solution
and other new technologies, and next-gen healthcare facilities. IoT in healthcare
enables interoperability, machine-to-machine communication, information
exchange, and data movement that makes healthcare service delivery effective.
Connectivity protocols: Bluetooth LE, Wi-Fi, Z-wave, ZigBee, and other modern
protocols, healthcare personnel can change the way they spot illness and ailments
in patients and can also innovate revolutionary ways of treatment. Consequently,
technology- driven setup brings down the cost, by cutting down unnecessary visits,
utilizing better quality resources, and improving the allocation and planning.

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Data assortment and analysis:

Vast amount of data that a healthcare device sends in a very short time owing to
their real-time application is hard to store and manage if the access to cloud is
unavailable. Even for healthcare providers to acquire data originating from multiple
devices and sources and analyze it manually is a tough bet. IoT devices can collect,
report and analyses the data in real-time and cut the need to store the raw data.
This all can happen overcloud with the providers only getting access to final reports
with graphs. Moreover, healthcare operations allow organizations to get vital
healthcare analytics and data-driven insights which speed up decision-making and
is less prone to errors.

Tracking and alerts:

On-time alert is critical in event of life-threatening circumstances. Medical IoT

devices gather vital data and transfer that data to doctors for real-time tracking,
while dropping notifications to people about critical parts via mobile apps and
other linked devices. Reports and alerts give a firm opinion about a patient?s
condition, irrespective of place and time. It also helps make well-versed decisions
and provide on-time treatment. Thus, IoT enables real-time alerting, tracking, and
monitoring, which permits hands-on treatments, better accuracy, apt intervention
by doctors and improve complete patient care delivery results.

Remote medical assistance:

In event of an emergency, patients can contact a doctor who is many kilometers

away with a smart mobile apps. With mobility solutions in healthcare, the medics
can instantly check the patients and identify the ailments on-the-go. Also,
numerous healthcare delivery chains that are forecasting to build machines that

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can distribute drugs on the basis of patient?s prescription and ailment-related data
available via linked devices. IoT will Improve the patient?s care In hospital. This in
turn, will cut on people?s expanse on healthcare

Ingestible sensors:

Ingestible sensors are genuinely a modern-science marvel. These are pill-sized

sensors which monitor the medication in our body and warns us if it detects any
irregularities in our bodies. These sensors can be a boon for a diabetic patient as it
would help in curbing symptoms and provide with an early warning for diseases.
Proteus Digital Health is one such example.

IoT in LifeStyle:

Wearable IoT devices that allow non-invasive and continuous monitoring of

physiological parameters can help in continuous health and fitness monitoring. These
wearable devices may can be in various forms such as belts and wrist-bands. The
wearable devices form a type of wireless sensor networks called body area networks in
which the measurements from a number of wearable devices are continuous sent to a
master node (such as a smart-phone) which then sends the data to a server or a cloud-
based back-end for anal; and archiving. Health-care providers can analyze the
collected health-care data to determine any health conditions or anomalies.
Commonly uses body sensors include: body temperature, heart rate, pulse
oximeter oxygen saturation (SPo2), blood pressure, electrocardiogram (ECG),
movement (with accelerometers), and electroencephalogram (EEG). An ubiquitous
mobility approach for body sensor networks in health-care is proposed in. In , a
wearable ubiquitous health-care monitoring system is presented that uses
integrated electrocardiogram (ECG), accelerometer and oxygen saturation (Spo2)
sensors. Fitbit wristband is a wearable device that tracks steps, distance, and

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calories burned during the day and sleep quality at night.

Wearable Electronics:

Wearable electronics such as wearable gadgets (smart watches, smart glasses,

wristbands, etc.) and fashion electronics (with electronics integrated in clothing and
accessories, (e.g.. Google Glass or Moto 360 smart watch) provide various functions and
features
to assist us in our daily activities and making us lead healthy lifestyles. Smart
watches that run mobile operating systems (such as Android) provide enhanced
functionality beyond just timekeeping. With smart watches, the users can search
the Internet, play audio/video files, make calls (with or without paired mobile
phones), play games and use various kinds of mobile applications. Smart glasses
allows users to take photos and record videos, get map directions, check flight
status, and search the Internet by using voice commands. Smart shoes monitor the
walking or running speeds and jumps with the help of embedded sensors and be
paired with smart- phones to visualize the data . Smart wristbands can track the
daily exercise and calories burnt.

Hearables:

Hearables are new-age hearing aids which have completely transformed the way
people who suffered hearing loss interact with the world. Nowadays, hearables are
compatible with Bluetooth which syncs your smartphone with it. It allows you to
filter, equalize and add layered features to real-world sounds. Doppler Labs is the
most suitable example of it.

Moodables:

Moodables are mood enhancing devices which help in improving our mood
throughout the day. It may sound like science fiction, but it?s not far from

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reality.Thync and Halo Neurosciences are already working on it and has made
tremendous progress. Moodables are head-mounted wearables that send low-
intensity current to the brain which elevates our mood.

Computer vision technology:

Computer vision technology along with AI has given rise to drone technology which
aims to mimic visual perception and hence decision making based on it. Drones like
Skydio use computer vision technology to detect obstacles and to navigate around
them. This technology can also be used for visually impaired people to navigate
efficiently.

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