Enrollment no - 202403103510165
Practical 1
Introduction to Microprocessor and Microcontroller
Aim: To study and understand the basic concepts,
architecture, and applications of microprocessors and
microcontrollers.
1. Define Microprocessor:
A microprocessor is an integrated circuit (IC) that contains the functions of a
central processing unit (CPU) of a computer. It performs arithmetic, logic, and
control operations by interpreting and executing instructions from memory.
2. Define Microcontroller:
A microcontroller is a compact integrated circuit designed to govern a specific
operation in an embedded system. It typically includes a processor, memory
(RAM and ROM), and input/output peripherals on a single chip.
3. Difference between Microprocessor and
Microcontroller:
Feature Microprocessor Microcontroller
Definition CPU on a single chip CPU + Memory + I/O on
a single chip
Application Used in general- Used in embedded
purpose systems systems
Components Needs external memory Built-in memory and
and I/O devices peripherals
Cost More expensive due to Cost-effective
extra components
Power consumption Higher Lower
Examples Intel 8085, Intel 8086 Intel 8051, PIC, AVR
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Enrollment no - 202403103510165
4. Features of 8085 Microprocessor:
• 8-bit processor.
• Operates at 3 MHz clock speed.
• 16-bit address bus (can address 64 KB memory).
• 8-bit data bus.
• 5 interrupt signals.
• 74 instructions and 246 opcodes.
• Requires +5V power supply.
• Built-in Serial I/O control.
5. Architecture of 8085 Microprocessor:
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Enrollment no - 202403103510165
Main components:
• Accumulator (A): Temporary data storage for arithmetic and logic
operations.
• Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU): Performs arithmetic and logic operations.
• General Purpose Registers (B, C, D, E, H, L): Used for temporary storage and
data manipulation.
• Program Counter (PC): Holds address of the next instruction.
• Stack Pointer (SP): Points to the top of the stack.
• Instruction Register & Decoder: Decodes instructions to be executed.
• Timing and Control Unit: Generates control signals for operation.
• Interrupt Control: Handles interrupt signals.
• Serial I/O Control: For serial data communication.
6. Features of 8051 Microcontroller:
• 8-bit CPU.
• 4 KB ROM and 128 bytes RAM (on-chip).
• 32 I/O lines (4 ports of 8-bit).
• Two 16-bit timers/counters.
• Full-duplex UART for serial communication.
• 64K program memory and 64K data memory support (external).
• Interrupt system with 5 sources.
• Operating frequency typically 12 MHz.
7. Architecture of 8051 Microcontroller:
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Enrollment no - 202403103510165
Main components:
• CPU: 8-bit processor.
• ROM & RAM: On-chip 4 KB ROM and 128 bytes RAM.
• I/O Ports: Four parallel I/O ports (P0 to P3).
• Timers/Counters: Two 16-bit timers (T0 and T1).
• Serial Communication: One serial port (full-duplex).
• Interrupt Control: 5 interrupt sources.
• Oscillator and Clock Circuit: Provides timing to the system.
8. Software Tools Used for Programming Microprocessors
and Microcontrollers:
For Microprocessors (8085, etc.):
• Keil µVision (for simulation)
• GNUSim8085
• EdSim51
• TASM (Turbo Assembler)
• Emu8085
For Microcontrollers (8051, etc.):
• Keil µVision IDE
• MPLAB X IDE (for PIC)
• Arduino IDE (for AVR)
• Proteus (for simulation)
• MikroC for PIC
9. Applications of Microprocessors and Microcontrollers:
Microprocessor Applications:
• Personal computers and laptops
• Servers and mainframes
• Industrial automation
• Data acquisition systems
UTU/CGPIT/CE/SEM-3/MPMC
Enrollment no - 202403103510165
Microcontroller Applications:
• Embedded systems
• Home appliances (washing machines, microwave)
• Automobile electronics
• Robotics
• IoT Devices
• Medical devices
UTU/CGPIT/CE/SEM-3/MPMC
