BITE305L

COMPUTER NETWORKS

Dr.C.NAVANEETHAN
ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR SENIOR
School of Computer Science Engineering & Information Systems
(SCORE)
[email protected]
(SJT-213 –A21)

Dr.C.Navaneethan, SCORE, VIT.

 Physical Topologies
• The way in which a network is laid out physically or
logically.
– Two or more links form a topology
– The topology of a network is the geometric
representation of the relationship of all the links
and linking devices (nodes) to one another.
• 4 basic types:
1. Mesh
2. Star
3. Bus
4. Ring
Dr.C.Navaneethan, SCORE, VIT.
 1. Mesh
• Mesh
– Every link is dedicated point-to-point link
– The term dedicated means that the link carries
traffic only between the two devices it connects

Dr.C.Navaneethan, SCORE, VIT.

 Mesh Topology
• Mesh
– To link n devices fully connected mesh has:
n ( n - 1) / 2 physical channels (Full-Duplex)

– Every Device on the network must have

n - 1 ports

Dr.C.Navaneethan, SCORE, VIT.

 Mesh Topology
• Mesh
– Example:
6 devices in mesh has links: n(n-1) / 2

number of links = 6 (6-1)/2 = 15

number of ports per device = n – 1 = 6 –1 = 5

Dr.C.Navaneethan, SCORE, VIT.

 Mesh Topology cont..
Advantages:
• Each connection carry its own data load (no
traffic problems)
• It is robust
• Provides security and privacy. Fault is
diagnosed easily (Fault identification and
fault isolation)
Disadvantages
➢Installation and configuration is difficult.
➢Cabling cost is more.
➢Bulk wiring is required.
Dr.C.Navaneethan, SCORE, VIT.
 2. Star Topology
• Connects all devices with central point.
• Central point can be hub.
• Dedicated point-to-point links to central controller (hub)
• Controller acts as exchange.
• Data transmitted reaches to central point, who decides
where to send data.
• Bottleneck occur because all data pass from hub

Dr.C.Navaneethan, SCORE,
VIT.
 2. Star Topology
• n devices are connected using ‘n’ links
• Ex: 4 devices are connected using ‘4’ links.
– Advantages
• Less expensive than mesh
(1 Link + 1 port per device)
• Easy to install and reconfigure
• Less cabling
• Easy to setup and modify (Additions, moves, and
deletions required one connection).
• Robustness : one fail does not affect others
• Easy fault identification and fault isolation

Dr.C.Navaneethan, SCORE, VIT.

 2. Star Topology
– Disadvantages
• If the hub fails then the whole network is stopped
because all the nodes depend on the hub.
• Performance is based on the hub that is it depends on
its capacity
• More cabling than other topologies ( ring or bus)

• Used in LAN

Dr.C.Navaneethan, SCORE, VIT.

 3. Bus Topology
• Long cable acts as a backbone to link all devices in the
network.
• Multipoint configuration

Dr.C.Navaneethan, SCORE,
VIT.
 3. Bus Topology cont..
• It transmits data only in one direction.
• Every device is connected to a single cable.
• Inexpensive and easy to install.
• Ends terminated with a device terminator.
• Two types of BUS
– 1.Linear
• All nodes connected to common medium which has
only two end points.
– 2. Distributed
• All nodes connected to common medium which has
more than two end points.

Dr.C.Navaneethan, SCORE, VIT.

 BUS Topology
– Advantages
• Less cables than mesh, star topologies
• It is cost effective.
• Used in small networks.
• It is easy to understand.

– Disadvantages
• Cables fails then whole network fails.
• If network traffic is heavy, the performance of the
network decreases.
• Cable has a limited length.
• It is slower than the ring topology.
• Adding new device requires modification of backbone
• The damaged area reflects signals back in the direction
of the origin, creating noise in both directions

Dr.C.Navaneethan, SCORE, VIT.

 4. Ring Topology
• Dedicated point-to-point configuration to neighbors.
• Signal is passed from device to device until it reaches
destination.
• Signal is passed in one direction only.
• bidirectional by having 2 connections between each Network
Node, it is called Dual Ring Topology.
• Each device functions as a repeater. (Hence to prevent data
loss, repeaters are used in the network)

Dr.C.Navaneethan, SCORE,
VIT.
 4. Ring Topology cont..
• All nodes connected to one another in form of closed loop.
• Expensive and difficult to install but offers high bandwidth,
not robust.
• Point to point connection with only two devices.
• One signal always circulates for fault detection.
• If device don’t receives signal for specified time it generates
alarm.

Dr.C.Navaneethan, SCORE, VIT.

 Physical Topology
– Advantages
• Easy of install and reconfigure
• Connect to immediate neighbors
• Move two connections for any moving (Add/Delete)
• Easy of fault isolation
– Disadvantage
• Unidirectional
• One broken device can disable the entire network.
• This weakness can be solved by using a dual ring or a
switch capable of closing off the break

Dr.C.Navaneethan, SCORE, VIT.

 5. TREE Topology
• Root node and all other nodes are connected to it forming a
hierarchy. also called hierarchical topology.
• It should at least have three levels to the hierarchy.
Advantages
• Extension of bus and star topologies.
• Expansion of nodes is possible and easy.
• Easily managed and maintained.
• Error detection is easily done.
Disadvantages
• Heavily cabled.
• Costly.
• If more nodes are added maintenance is difficult.
• Central hub fails, network fails.
Dr.C.Navaneethan, SCORE, VIT.
Categories of Networks

Dr.C.Navaneethan, SCORE, VIT.

 LAN – Local Area Network

The network can be categorized based on

• its size,
• its ownership,
• the distance it covers,
• and its physical architecture.
Dr.C.Navaneethan, SCORE, VIT.
 LAN – Local Area Network

Inter processor Distance:

1. LAN :
10m – Room,
100m - Building and
1km or 2 km – upto Campus.
Dr.C.Navaneethan, SCORE, VIT.
 LAN ( Local Area Network )
➢ It covers a small geographical area with in a building or up to
a few kilometers outside
➢ They are widely used to connect PC with in a office.
➢ LAN has distinguished from other networks by three characters.
• size
• Transmission technology
• Topology
➢ LAN run at speeds of 10 Mbps to 100 Mbps or
( 100/1000Mbps)
➢ Different Topologies will be used for LAN Connectivity.
• Bus / RING

- IEEE 802.3 known as Ethernet is an typical example for LAN

Dr.C.Navaneethan, SCORE, VIT.
 Advantages of LAN
1. LAN provides a cost-effective multi-user
computer environment
2. A LAN is suited to any type of application.
3. Any number of users can be accommodated.
4. It is flexible and growth-oriented.
5. Data transfer rates in the 4 to 10 Mbps range.
Today speeds are normally 100 or 1000
Mbps.
6. It provide data integrity.
Dr.C.Navaneethan, SCORE, VIT.
MAN ( Metropolitan Area Network )

10km or 20 km – upto City level.

Dr.C.Navaneethan, SCORE, VIT.

 MAN ( Metropolitan Area Network )

➢ MAN is a bigger network covers a group of

nearby offices in a city .up to 10 – 20 kilometers
range.
➢ MAN supports both voice and data.
➢ Example is Local Cable Network..
➢ LAN has distinguished from other networks by
two characters.
• standard that is adopted by them.
• DQDB ( Distributed Queue Dual Bus ) –
802.6
Dr.C.Navaneethan, SCORE, VIT.
 MAN ( Metropolitan Area Network )

➢ MAN run at speeds of 150 Mbps.

➢ Typical Topology will be used for MAN
Connectivity.
• BUS
➢ IEEE 802.6 known as Ethernet is an typical example for
LAN.
• It may be a single network such as a cable TV network
• so that resources may be shared LAN-to-LAN as well as
device-to-device.

Dr.C.Navaneethan, SCORE, VIT.

 MAN ( Metropolitan Area Network ) – Cont…

➢ MAN provides the transfer rates from 34 to 150 Mbps.

➢ MAN is designed with two unidirectional buses.

➢ Each Bus is independent of the other in the transfer of traffic.

➢ The topology can be designed as an open bus or closed bus

configuration.

➢ It can be support both data and voice.

➢ The high speed links between LANs within a MAN are made
possible by fiber-optic connection.

Dr.C.Navaneethan, SCORE, VIT.

 WAN - ( Wide Area Network )

3. WAN : - 100km – upto Country level , 1000km – upto continent and

10,000km – upto Planet level.( The Internet).

Dr.C.Navaneethan, SCORE, VIT.

 WAN ( Wide Area Network )
➢ WAN covers a large geographical area , country or continent.
➢ Hosts / Subnet
➢ The job of the Subnet is to carry the messages from host to host.
subnet is an area in which the actual communication takes place.
➢ Subnet Consists of Two Distinct Components.
• Transmission Lines
• Switching Elements ( Specialized Systems )
➢ Packet Switched Nodes / Router
➢ Inside the Subnet, routers have a connectivity among themselves.
➢ Store and Forward Concept
➢ All the Topologies are applicable
➢ Works at 100 Mbps to 1000 Mbps.

Dr.C.Navaneethan, SCORE, VIT.

 STANDARDS IN NETWORKING

Data communications standards are classified into two categories:

1. De facto Standard
These are the standards that have been traditionally used and
mean by fact or by convention
These standards are not approved by any organized body but are
adopted by widespread use.

2. De jure standard
It means by law or by regulation.
These standards are legislated and approved by an body that is
officially recognized.

Dr.C.Navaneethan, SCORE, VIT.

 Standard Organizations in field of Networking
• Standards are created by standards creation committees, forums, and
government regulatory agencies.
Examples of Standard Creation Committees :
1. International Organization for Standardization(ISO)
2. International Telecommunications Union – Telecommunications Standard
(ITU-T)
3. American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
4. Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
5. Electronic Industries Associates (EIA)
Forum - groups that quickly evaluate and standardize new
technologies.
Examples of Forums
1. ATM Forum 2. MPLS Multiprotocol label switching Forum 3. Frame Relay Forum
Examples of Regulatory Agencies:
1. Federal Communications Committee (FCC)
Dr.C.Navaneethan, SCORE, VIT.