Life and Its Remarkable Beginnings

 Have you ever wondered how life on Earth

began? Mesozoic Era- middle life
 Where do you think did the firsts organism
come from?

According to the primordial soup theory proposed

by Alexander Oparin and John Haldane, that life
started in a primordial soup of organic molecules.
Some form of energy from lightning combined with
the chemicals in the atmosphere to make the amino
acids (the building block of proteins)

All living things are made up of cells. Some are

unicellular and some are multicellular. Unicellular
organisms that are mostly known are paramecium,
amoeba, bacteria, and yeast.
The multicellular cells include animal cells, plant
cells, and the human body and germ cells.
• Cenozoic Era-recent life
PALEONTOLOGIST-are scientists who collect,
identify and study pieces of evidence about earlier
life-forms and try to determine how these have
evolved into the organisms of today.

FOSSIL-is a remnant or trace of a plant, an animal,

or organism that may have been replaced by rock
material or left imprinted on a sedimentary rock
deposited in riverbeds or on the ocean floor.

Some fossils are very small and can be seen only

with the aid of microscope, these are called
microfossils.

The fossils that are considered to be the oldest on

Earth are the STRATOMATOLITES. These are rocks
that formed 3.5 billion years ago after Earth cooled
and solidified using radioisotope dating. These
stromatolites increases in size over time as new
layers form over the old. These organisms have been
so abundant 1.25 billion years ago and were common
worldwide.

Many types of bacteria carry out

photosynthesis, but only one group,
cyanobacteria, do so by an
oxygen-producing pathway. These is single-
celled photosynthetic microbes.

Bacteria- It is considered to be the first life-forms

that existed on Earth over two billion years

How did multicellular organisms evolve?

Multicellular organisms are believed to
have evolved from unicellular eukaryotes and until
now it is the concept that we believe. Some single
eukaryotic cells, like unicellular algae, formed
multicellular aggregates through association with
another cell producing colonies. From colonial
aggregates, the organisms evolved in order to form
multicellular organisms through cell specialization.
Organisms like protozoans, sponges, and
fungi came to being. The first fossilized animals
which were discovered 580 million years ago were
soft-bodied. The continuous process of cell
specialization brought the emergence of complex and
diverse plants and animals, including human beings.
HISTORICAL
DEVELOPMENT OF LIFE
Paleozoic Era- ancient life
 Charles Darwin said that organisms  The microtubules are components of the
change over time as a result of adaptation cytoskeleton and important in a number of
to their environment in order to survive. cellular processes.
Rise of the Eukaryotes  The plasma membrane is a semi-
permeable membrane that encloses the cell
. Prokaryotic Cell Eukaryotic Cell separating its contents from the
‗pro‘= pre, ‗karyon‘=nucleus ‗eu‘ = true , ‗karyon‘= nucleus surroundings.
 The cytoplasm is a semifluid matrix where
Originated about 3.5 billion years ago Originated about 1.2 billion years ago organelles are suspended.
Primitive forms Advanced  The ribosomes consist of the large and
small subunits. Their main role is to
Unicellular Multicellular synthesize proteins needed by the cell.
Developing nucleus True nucleus present  The vacuole is a membrane-bound sacs for
storage, digestion, and waste removal.
Small in size Larger in Size
Non-bounded membrane Membrane-bounded Plant Cells

 The cell wall provides support and

protection for the cell. Special openings
called plasmodesmata are used to
communicate and transport materials
between plant cells.
 The chloroplasts convert light energy to
sugars through photosynthesis.
 The vacuole is responsible for storing food,
water, and metabolic and toxic wastes.
 The amyloplast is responsible for the
production and storage of starch and the
Prokaryotic cells differ in eukaryotic cells because conversion of starch back to sugar as needed
their DNA is found in a region called by the plant for energy.
the nucleoid rather than a nucleus. They also lack
most membrane-bound organelles present in .
eukaryotes. However, prokaryotes
have cytoplasm where organelles are
suspended, flagella that aids in motility, cell
wall made of peptidogycan, cell membrane that
serves as a selective barrier, and ribosomes that
make proteins

Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus which contains the

genetic material or DNA. They also have several
membrane-bound organelles such as ribosomes and
mitochondria. They include animal and plant cells.

Animal Cells

 The mitochondria is the powerhouse of the

cell because this is where most energy (ATP)
is produced.
 The lysosomes break down large molecules
into smaller pieces and digest worn out
organelles.
 The Golgi apparatus sorts and packages
proteins and lipids produced by the smooth
and rough endoplasmic reticulum.
 The endoplasmic reticulum has two types:
rough ER and smooth ER.
o Rough endoplasmic reticulum is
bounded with ribosomes. It is where
most protein synthesis occurs.
o Smooth endoplasmic reticulum has
no ribosomes attached. Its function is
mainly for lipid synthesis.
 The nucleus is the largest organelle that
serves as the control center of the cell. It
contains the hereditary material known
as DNA.
Biology is the study of life. Life does not only Performance Task: What Can I Do
involve the living things itself only but also includes We learned that bacteria are unicellular and can be either
its deepest characteristics. There are many be benefited by humans or endanger humans. Your activity
characteristics of life and some of these will be is to fill in ―the hands with some ways to keep yourself
away from being infected by some bacteria or viruses
discussed below.
especially during the pandemic. Color ―the hand. At the
center of the hand, make your own slogan about the
Characteristics of Life importance of hygiene and hand washing.

1. Sensitivity- The ability of organism to respond to

the environmental stimuli. Irritability is an example.
Another example is a living thing‘s response to light
by facing the sun and sweating as our body
response to heat which is also connected
to excretion.
2. Reproduction-The ability of every organism to
reproduce its own kind. When there is reproduction,
genes with DNA will passed from generation to
generation to ensure that the offspring belong to the
same species having similar characteristics.
3. Growth and Development-Organisms grow and
develop according to its genes that gives instruction
that will direct the cellular growth and
development ensure that the offspring will
grow up and exhibit many of the same
characteristics as its parents. Mitosis and
meiosis play an important role in this
matter.
4. Nutrition- Living things take in minerals and food
from the environment in order to survive and grow.
It is the process of which organism obtain
energy and raw materials from nutrients such as
fats, carbohydrates and proteins.
5.Respiration- is the process in which the energy
from the food eaten is being released in al living
cells. Organisms break down the food within their
cells with
a specific process to carry out the following
processes.
6. Movement All living things move. Animals move
from
one place to another. Plants also move but not as
usually observable than animals. Plants move in
different ways in order to grow and their movement
may be so slow that people cannot even
recognize. A makahiya leaf being touched
is an example of movement through
thigmotrophism
7. Excretion All living things also excrete but in
different ways. Excretion is the result of
many chemical reactions happening in
cells which they have to remove the
waste products which might poison the
cells. Excretion is the removal of toxic
minerals in excess from the organism.

PART A: INTRODUCTION TO LIFE SCIENCE.

Multiple Choice: Write the letter of the correct
answer.
1. They are scientists who collect, identify and study and try to determine how these have evolved
pieces of evidence about earlier life-forms and try into the organisms of today.
to determine how these have evolved into the a. Paleontologist
organisms of today. b. Biologist
a. Paleontologist c. Physicists
b. Biologist 2. Some fossils are very small and can be seen only
c. Physicists with the aid of microscope, these are called
2. Some fossils are very small and can be seen only _____________.
with the aid of microscope, these are called a. Microfossils
_____________. b. Cyanobacteria
a. Microfossils c. Stratomatolites
b. Cyanobacteria 3. The fossils that are considered to be the oldest
c. Stratomatolites on Earth are the _________
3. The fossils that are considered to be the oldest a. Microfissils
on Earth are the _________ b. Cyanobacteria
a. Microfissils c. Stratomatolites
b. Cyanobacteria 4. It is a single -celled photosynthetic microbes.
c. Stratomatolites a. Microfissils
4. It is a single-celled photosynthetic microbes. b. Cyanobacteria
a. Microfissils c. Stratomatolites
b. Cyanobacteria 5. It is considered to be the first life-forms that
c. Stratomatolites existed on Earth over two billion years.
5. It is considered to be the first life-forms that a. Bacteria
existed on Earth over two billion years. b. Microorganism
a. Bacteria c. Fungi
b. Microorganism
c. Fungi PART B:HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF LIFE
Identify the following statements. Write only the
PART B:HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF LIFE letter that corresponds to the correct answer.
Identify the following statements. Write only the _______1. Refers to the ancient life
letter that corresponds to the correct answer. _______2. Refers to the recent life.
_______1. Refers to the ancient life. _______3. Development of Invertibrates
_______2. Refers to the recent life. _______4. Evolution of vertibrates
_______3. Development of Invertibrates _______5. Development of mammals.
_______4. Evolution of vertibrates _______6. Development of Giant Dinosours
_______5. Development of mammals. _______7. Beginning of Plant eaters
_______6. Development of Giant Dinosours and Dinosours
_______7. Beginning of Plant eaters _______8. Fall of Dinosours
and Dinosours ______9 Refers to the middle life
_______8. Fall of Dinosours ______10. First True plant appear.
______9 Refers to the middle life
______10. First True plant appear.
A. MESOZOIC
B. CENOZOIC
A. MESOZOIC C. PALEOZOIC
B. CENOZOIC D. TRIASSIC
C. PALEOZOIC E. JURASSIC
D. TRIASSIC F. CRETACEOUS
E. JURASSIC G. TERTIARY
F. CRETACEOUS H. CAMBRIAN
G. TERTIARY I. SILURIAN
H. CAMBRIAN J. ORDOVICIAN
I. SILURIAN
J. ORDOVICIAN

PART A: INTRODUCTION TO LIFE SCIENCE.

Parts of the CELL.
Multiple Choice: Write the letter of the correct
answer. Identify the following. Write the WORD of the correct
answer.
1. They are scientists who collect. Identify and
1. The __________ is the powerhouse of the cell because
study pieces of evidence about earlier life-forms
this is where most energy (ATP) is produced.
2. The __________break down large molecules into smaller 3. The ___________sorts and packages proteins and lipids
pieces and digest worn out organelles. produced by the smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum.

3. The ___________sorts and packages proteins and lipids 4. ___________is bounded with ribosomes. It is where most
produced by the smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum. protein synthesis occurs.

4. ___________is bounded with ribosomes. It is where most 5. _____________has no ribosomes attached. Its function is
protein synthesis occurs. mainly for lipid synthesis.

5. _____________has no ribosomes attached. Its function is 6. The ____________ is the largest organelle that serves as
mainly for lipid synthesis. the control center of the cell. It contains the hereditary material
known as DNA.
6. The ____________ is the largest organelle that serves as
the control center of the cell. It contains the hereditary material 7. The ____________ are components of the cytoskeleton
known as DNA. and important in a number of cellular processes.

7. The ____________ are components of the cytoskeleton 8. The ___________ is a semi-permeable membrane that
and important in a number of cellular processes. encloses the cell separating its contents from the surroundings.

8. The ___________ is a semi-permeable membrane that 9. The_____________ is a semifluid matrix where

encloses the cell separating its contents from the surroundings. organelles are suspended.

9. The_____________ is a semifluid matrix where 10. The ____________ consist of the large and small
organelles are suspended. subunits. Their main role is to synthesize proteins needed by
the cell.
10. The ____________ consist of the large and small
subunits. Their main role is to synthesize proteins needed by 11. The _____________is a membrane-bound sacs for
the cell. storage, digestion, and waste removal.

11. The _____________is a membrane-bound sacs for Plant cell

storage, digestion, and waste removal.
12. The ____________ provides support and protection for
Plant cell the cell. Special openings called plasmodesmata are used to
communicate and transport materials between plant cells.
12. The ____________ provides support and protection for
the cell. Special openings called plasmodesmata are used to 13. The ____________ convert light energy to sugars
communicate and transport materials between plant cells. through photosynthesis.

13. The ____________ convert light energy to sugars 14. The ____________ is responsible for the production and
through photosynthesis. storage of starch and the conversion of starch back to sugar as
needed by the plant for energy.
14. The ____________ is responsible for the production and
storage of starch and the conversion of starch back to sugar as 15. _______cells have a nucleus which contains the genetic
needed by the plant for energy. material or DNA.

15. _______cells have a nucleus which contains the genetic

material or DNA. A. Vacuole
B. Golgi Apparatus
C. Nucleus
A. Vacuole D. Cytoplasm
B. Golgi Apparatus E. Lysosomes
C. Nucleus F. Chloroplast
D. Cytoplasm G. Mitochondrion
E. Lysosomes H. Ribosomes
F. Chloroplast I. Microtubules
G. Mitochondrion J. Cell/plasma Membrane
H. Ribosomes K. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
I. Microtubules L. Amyloplast
J. Cell/plasma Membrane M. Cell wall
K. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum N. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
L. Amyloplast O. Eukaryotic
M. Cell wall P. Prokaryotic
N. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
O. Eukaryotic
P. Prokaryotic

Biology – The Study of Life

Parts of the CELL.  Life arose more than 3.5 billion years ago
Identify the following. Write the WORD of the correct  First organisms (living things) were single celled
answer.
 Only life on Earth for millions of years
1. The __________ is the powerhouse of the cell because
this is where most energy (ATP) is produced.  Organisms changed over time (evolved)
2. The __________break down large molecules into smaller  New organisms arose from older kinds
pieces and digest worn out organelles.
 Today there are millions of species Genetic Information in all cells

 They inhabit almost every region of Earth today Deoxyribonucleic Acid

Themes of Biology DNA contains instructions for traits GENES

 Genetics- Make the structures and complex chemicals necessary for

life PROTEINS
Shows how the characteristics of the parents are
transmitted to their offspring through the DNA in every body cell (SOMATIC CELLS) is exactly alike
reproductive process.
4. Sexual Reproduction
It is a unifying theme in biology because it allows
Hereditary information from two different organisms of the
human to understand the complexities of the
same species are combined
existence of life.
Egg and sperm  zygote (fertilized egg)
The biological or genetic information and
characteristics of an organism are contained in its Zygote contains hereditary information from both parents
molecular make up or DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID
(DNA)

 Evolution- 5. Asexual Reproduction

The diversity of life can also be explained through Hereditary information from one, usually unicellular,
evolution. Fossil remains show the history of life organism that divides
and the saga of changing Earth through evolution
of organism. Resulting cells contain identical hereditary information

 Biochemistry Genetic information from single parent

Organisms are made up of matter that occupies

space and has mass. About 25 elements are
6. Evolution
essential to organisms. Four of these elements
make up about 96% of the weight of most Populations of organisms change (evolve) over generations
organisms, these elements are Carbon, (time)
Hydrogen, Oxygen and nitrogen (CHON)
Explains how many different kinds of organisms came into
The biochemical composition of an organism is existence SPECIES
important in its ability to adapt to its environment.
For example, life first evolved in water, and all Explains how modern organisms are related to past
organisms require water. organisms

1. CELLS-BASIC UNIT OF LIFE Explains why organisms look and behave the way they do

Most organisms are composed of many cells Provides a basis for exploring the relationships among
(multicellular) different groups of organisms

Cells are different (undergo differentiation)  Natural selection is the driving force in
evolution
Cells are small
Organisms that have certain favorable traits are
Cells are highly organized better able to successfully reproduce than
organisms that lack these traits
Cells contain specialized structures (organelles) that carry
out the cell’s life processes Favorable traits cause a gradual change in
populations over many generations
Many different kinds of cells exist
Also Called “Survival of the Fittest”
All cells surrounded by a plasma membrane
7. Interdependence of Organisms
Contain a set of instructions called DNA (genetic
information) Interaction of organisms with one another and with
their environment ECOLOGY
2. Stability and Homeostasis
Insects depend and flowers DEPEND on each other
Organisms must Maintain very stable internal conditions - for food & pollination COEVOLUTION
HOMEOSTASIS
All organisms need substances such as nutrients,
Temperature, water content, chemical content, etc. must be water, and gases from the environment
maintained
The stability of the environment depends on the
Reproduction and Inheritance healthy functioning of organisms in that
environment
All organisms produce new organisms like themselves
REPRODUCE Matter, Energy and Organization
Organisms transmit hereditary information to their offspring Living things are highly organized
INHERITANCE

3. DNA
 Require a constant supply of energy to maintain
their orderly state

8. Energy

ALL energy comes from the SUN qa(directly or

indirectly)

Photosynthesis is the process by which some

organisms capture the energy from the sun (solar)
and transform it into energy (chemical) that can be
used by living things

a. Autotrophs

Organisms that make their own food are

called autotrophs

Phototrophs – use solar energy (photosynthesis)

to get energy

Convert H2O and CO2 into sugar and O2

Chemotrophs – use different chemical processes

to get energy

B. Heterotrophs

Organisms that must take in food to meet their

energy needs are called heterotrophs

Consume autotrophs (herbivores), other

heterotrophs (carnivores) or both (omnivores) for
their energy needs

Complex chemicals are broken down and

reassembled into chemicals and structures needed
by organisms

• Calvin cycle uses the ATP and NADPH from the

previous reaction. It has three steps: (1) Fixation of CO2, (2)
reduction of 3-phosphoglycerate