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--t

-
-
-
3.5.1 Folded Cascode

The idea behmd the cascode structure is to conven the input voltage to a curre:t vice aiid
app\y the. re~u\t to a common-gate stage. However. the input device and the cascodeN~oS
need not be of the same type. For example. as depicted in Fig. 3.63(a), a PMOS- roust
combination performs the same function. In order to bias M 1 and M • a current source off
2
be added as in Fig. 3.63(b}. The small-signal operation is as follows. If V,n becornec; ~ .ii~
positive, \ l I>\ \ decreases. forcing I 02 lo increase and hence V u to drop. The vo!tag\ os
0 1
and output impedance of the circuit can be obtained as calculated for the NMOS-N- 1 ,
 casoode Stage 91
Sec 3.5

V1no-f M1 vout

l1

(a)
--
(b

Figure 3.63 (a) '>1mplc fold d c.a'K.Ode (b folded c.asrode \\ proper h ;q 1g t-:) folll\,l l.iwo,lc
w11h NMOS rnput

cn!)i.;odc of I ,g 1 ';() 5huwn m f- N\:fOS PMOS c N'n'-te fhc 1d-...mt.1r,cs

,tnd d11;adv:.mtagc of th t
1 he !illUCllll('S, of , , ode" stu •cs hcc,m~c th,·
rsmnll SJf 1wl cu11cnt t Ft \ 6 1{ ~) I Note th.it thl'
tollll haa rn11 r111 111 t l t 1 1 ht ve um1p,1r 1t1lc
pc, IOI m,mcc
11 '"' msttUdlVt"\( , ooc l;ft1 •c Suppl111c
111 I 1p 3 ()~{h), \ '" Vn11 I v/1 Is off uml
H cmnrs1lloll1, IVru,I M, tum on
m sutmal1on, ! nm

11 ( ) n In,

\ll \ dn,p:-..1 dect'('~ses funher I I / F r th to occur

l
.,11 C 1 (~)
' - ' -I (3 134)

1"tm,.

21 1 11~)
\ It ;:;\
C

1f \ tan . . helm, thi... kYe-1 I be

,o ih h) aUo,, ID =- l • The re...uh s P ~
'
Fig 3 64
"

v;
L
MJli M emen the cnode re
V
1

for
n

" h.it happen-. tC'I \ x m the above e,;t As I drops V mes. reaching b - r
I ,. _ 0 A-. M 1 f.'nter-. the tnctde- reg1 • \ x approaches Vo

If
 Chap. 3

.
Voo-R o lo -----:···--·····C"·'I ,-. - -
vtn, Yoo-I VTH1f V10

Figure 3.64 Large-signal characte.ri,tic., of foldoo c-~,cocfe.

Examp le 3.17 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
CakuJa re the output impedance of lhe folded ca-.code sho\\ n in Fig • 3 • 6' ,, h"'re "f
J t: " ' opc..'rnte\
1
current source.

Yoo

- Flgure 3.65

Solutio n
Using (3.60). we have

+ ro2- (3 l.lt
Rour =(I+ (gm2 + 8mb2)r o2](ro1 ro3)

.
Thus. the circuit exhibits an output impeda nce lower than that of a nonfold ed cascode

In order to achieve a high voltage gain, the load of a folded cascad e can be impJeme nred
9
as a cascod e iL~elf (Fig. 3.66). This structu re is studied more extensively in Chapter ·
Throug hout this chapter , we have attemp ted to increase the output resistance of voliagt
amplifiers so as to obtain a high gain. This may seem to make the speed of the c,rcll
quite suscep tible to the load capacit ance. However, as explain ed in Chapte r 8, a high ~:;
impeda nce per se does not pose a serious issue if the amplifier is placed in a proper tee
I>
loop.