COMPUTER SECURITY

AND ETHICS
Unit
5
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Ÿ Explain the importance of computer security in daily

SLOs life
Ÿ Dene various terms related to computer security
Ÿ Explain computer crimes by giving real-life examples
Ÿ Describe Cyber-Attacks and how to prevent them
Ÿ Discuss Cyber- Harassment and what to do in case
of becoming a victim
Ÿ Explain how to seek help against Cyber-Crime

5.1
5.1 COMPUTER SECURITY

The computer has become an important part of our life. We store

important data on our computers in the shape of documents, pictures,
programs, etc. Therefore, we expect that all our information must remain
safe and our computer runs properly without any problem. Few threats
can cause problems for our computers. These threats may be different
types of viruses or unauthorized use of a computer. To prevent our
computer from such threats, we need to abide by computer security.
Computer security is the protection against theft or damage to our
computer hardware, software and information present on it.

5.1.1 Importance of Computer Security

Computer security is important for our computer's overall health. It

keeps our information protected and helps prevent viruses and malware,
which allows programs to run quicker and smoother. It safeguards
condential and sensitive information.
The advancement in science and technology has changed the ways
we live and carry out day to day activities. We rely on computers and
mobile phones to carry out many activities. While using computers and
mobile phones we access a lot of information which we do not want to
share with others. This information may include our passwords, banking
details, contacts, pictures, etc. To protect this information we need to
make our devices secured that no one can damage or access this
information without our consent.
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Computer Security is important as it enables people to perform their work

in safe environments. It helps in the execution of essential business
processes. Here are a few reasons why computer security should be taken
seriously.

5.1.2 Cybercrime:

As communication, trade, and services are relying more on

computers and networks, the cybercrimes are growing too. Cybercrime is
the crime that is committed through a computer and network.
Cybercriminal uses devices to gain unauthorized access to important
information. Stealing passwords and important information, hacking
social media accounts, accessing anyone else's account and making
transactions, committing online frauds are some of the examples of
cybercrime. Cybercrime is illegal and also punishable. According to
Pakistan's Cybercrime Law, any offender who interrupts the privacy of a
person or organization and harms their repute may be sent to jail for three
to ve years including a heavy ne.

(i) Hackers:

Hacker can be a person who has in-depth knowledge of computer

systems, networks, and programs. Hacker maybe someone who uses his
or her extensive skills to identify and overcome a network loophole.
Hackers constantly seek further knowledge and freely share what they
have discovered. Hackers are generally considered as bad people however,
hackers can also help us to improve the data and network security.
Government and business organizations are now hiring ethical hackers,
also known as white hat hackers, to prevent data theft.

(ii) Crackers

Crackers are persons who gain unauthorized access to another

system. They bypass passwords or licenses of computer programs,
change source code or intentionally breach computer security. They do it
with negative intentions. Crackers can also make targeted system
unavailable or non-functional. They commit these activities generally for
money but they may do it for fame or just for challenge or fun.
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5.1.3 Computer Crime in Real Life

As technology is growing the data security has become so crucial.

We can be a victim of computer crime at any time. Computer crime can
range from an international data security threat to a personal offense. In
2013, hackers managed to hack 1 billion email accounts of the users.
Likewise, in 2017, the WannaCry virus attacked the National Health
Service in the United Kingdom which made the whole system non-
functional for several days. As far as personal offenses are concerned,
hacking the social media and mail accounts are so common. There are
many genres of computer crime or now called cyber-crimes. Some
examples of such crimes in real life are discussed here.

(i) Hacking

Hacking is perhaps the most common crime in the computer world.

Hackers can steal our WiFi, email or social media accounts' passwords.
Hackers also attack a website and take it down. However, the scope of
hacking is much wider. The hackers can also steal sensitive information
from government and business organizations, make fraudulent
transactions and erase data on the cloud or network computers.

(ii) Credit and Debit Card Scam

Keeping debit or credit cards is a common practice but insecure use

of these cards can be dangerous. If a person has information about our
debit or credit card he or she can make fraudulent transactions. There are
various ways to get this information. One way is through scamming.
Scammers set small machines inside an ATM or credit card machine.
These machines copy the data which is then misused by the scammers.
Debit and credit cards are also secured with PIN codes. User has to keep
this code secret otherwise any person can use the card for online shopping
and other purposes. All he or she needs to know our credit card number,
PIN and security code printed on the back of the cards.

(iii) Phishing

Phishing is a method of trying to gather personal information using

false e-mails and websites. In Phishing, perpetrators contact the target
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person through email, telephone or text message and pose as a legitimate

and trusted individual. He or she asks the target to provide sensitive data
such as personally identiable information, banking and credit card
details and passwords for different reasons. The information is then used
to access different accounts and can result in identity theft and nancial
loss.

(iv) Clickjacking

Have you ever seen any video tagged as “OMG? You won't believe
what this boy has done!” or did you nd a button on a website that asked
to click to claim a reward you had never applied for? This is a kind of fraud
which is called Clickjacking. Usually, culprits target children or novice
internet users to click on a link containing malware or trick them into
sharing private information via social media sites.

(v) Cyber Bullying or Harassment

Electronic means like a computer, mobile phone or internet are also

used for online bullying or harassment. Harmful bullying behavior can
include posting rumors, threats, passing inappropriate remarks, leaking
personal information, blackmailing and committing hate speech. The
perpetrator does it with the intent to cause harm to the victim. Victims
may experience lower self-esteem, intent to commit suicide and a variety
of negative emotional responses, including being scared, frustrated, angry
and depressed.

5.1.4 Cyber Attack

Cyber-attacks occur when a cybercriminal uses computer or any

device to launch attacks to other single or multiple computer networks.
The culprit tries to enter in a computer system and network through
cracking, scam links, phishing or any other method. Generally cyber-
attacks are committed for getting any benet or causing harm to victim
computer, network or websites. A cyber-attack either disables the
targeted computer, deletes information or knocks it ofine. It may also
steal information from the computer or network.
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5.1.4 What to do? In Case of Becoming a Victim

The perpetrator of cyber crime always asks to

keep his or her contact secret otherwise the victim
may face heavy loss. The response of the victim of
cyber crime, bullying or harassment is very crucial.
There are ways to get rid of such miseries. First
thing is to report such incidents to the trusted
people that are highly likely parents and teachers. Fig: 5.1 Cyber Rescue
Helpline
The government has also taken measures to curb cybercrimes
especially cyber bullying and harassment. In Pakistan, the National
Response Centre for Cyber Crimes has been set up to help the victims of
cybercrimes. An online complaint can be launched through the form
available on the website or help may be sought by calling helpline 9911
which is available 24/7.

Ÿ Dene computer virus and how to prevent them

Ÿ Dene and differentiate various types of viruses:
SLOs Malware , Virus, Worm, Adware and Spyware
Ÿ Identify that a virus, worm, adware, spyware and
Malware can spread through different ways
Ÿ Recognize that the antivirus software like Avast,
Norton, MacAfee and others can help to safeguard
against viruses

5.2
5.2 MALWARE

The term malware is the contraction of malicious software. Malware

is a broad term that encompasses computer viruses, worms, spyware,
adware and others. Malware is a program that is written generally to
cause a mess. They can be so dangerous that they can also damage
devices. However commonly malware encrypt, steal or delete data, hijack
core functions of computing and disturb different activities.
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5.2.1 Different Malware

Types of malware can include computer viruses, worms, adware,

and spyware.

(i) Computer Virus

A computer virus is a computer program that can spread across

computers and networks by making copies of itself, usually without the
user's knowledge. It can also modify other computer programs, insert its
own code and change computer settings. Viruses are harmful. They can
range from displaying irritating messages to make all the documents
inaccessible or even delete them. Viruses generally latch on a host le and
when they execute they infect other les or programs. Boot Sector,
Resident, Macro Viruses and File Infector are some examples of viruses.

(ii) Worm

A computer worm spreads copies of itself from computer to

computer. A worm can replicate itself without any human interaction. It
does not need to attach itself to a le or program to cause damage. It can
do several malicious tasks, such as dropping other malware, copying itself
onto devices physically attached to the affected system, deleting les, and
consuming internal storage and memory resources.

(iii) Adware

Adware is advertising-supported software. They present endless

ads and pop-up windows that could potentially consume memory and
processing resources. Adware can also change the different settings of
internet browsers like homepage and default search engine. Normally,
these are not as dangerous as other malware. However, Adware annoys
the user and slows down the processing. The advertisements produced by
adware are sometimes in the form of a pop-up or sometimes in little
windows that may not be closed. Adware programs include games,
desktop toolbars or utilities. Commonly, adware is web-based and collects
web browser data to target advertisements, especially pop-ups.
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(iv) Spyware

Spyware is a malware that monitors a device and steals important

information about a person or organization without their consent and
sends such information to another person or organization. Spyware takes
control over a mobile phone or computer without the user's knowledge.
They capture information like web browsing history, e-mail messages,
usernames and passwords and online payment information. Spyware can
come through cookies or even when we install software without reading its
terms and conditions. System monitors, cookies trackers, rootkits and
key-loggers are few examples of Spyware.

5.2.2 Ways of viruses spread

A computer virus is just like a u virus. It is designed to spread from

one device to another device and can replicate itself. Any device that is
infected from a virus can infect other devices. It means that viruses come
from outside. How do they come? Here are some ways:

(i) USB Flash Disk and CDs

USB Flash Disks are the most common media to transfer les. An
infected computer can spread a virus to a clean USB ash disk that is
inserted and likewise, an infected USB can transmit the virus onto a clean
computer. The AutoRun function in Windows OS launches installers and
other programs automatically when a ash drive or CD is inserted. This
action can initiate a virus spreading process onto the computer. Copying
infected les from the USB or CD can also infect the computer.

Teacher Teacher should provide the information of viruses like

Note
Trojan horses, Rootkit, Backdoors, and Bots. This may
SLOs be given as an assignment.
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(ii) Internet Downloads

Computer viruses also spread through les or software downloads

from the Internet. They can be attached to software or les that we
download. The viruses come from the internet can also make our
computer accessible to hackers. Though, almost every antivirus software
provides a shield against malicious downloads,it is highly recommended
that the software and les must be downloaded from trusted sources.

(iii) Computer Network

Users must be careful because les picked from a Local Area

Network (LAN) may be infected and cause damage to our computer or
operating system. The same can happen to transfer les from one mobile
device to another mobile device via Bluetooth etc.

(iv) Email Attachments

Email attachments have been a popular

medium to spread viruses. Viruses can easily
be transferred from one computer to another
through email attachments. The infected
emails may come from an unknown or fake
email address. Perpetrators who spread these
viruses use either fake email or change a few
letters in a trusted email address. People in
our contact list may also send us infected les
as they may not be aware of it themselves.
Users must check the origin of the email before
opening the attached les or clicking any link
that is given in the email. Especially spam Fig: 5.2 Viruses can
mails must be checked carefully before spread through emails
clicking on its attachment.

5.2.3 Antivirus

Antiviruses are utility software designed to protect computers from

any potential threats of data or hardware loss. It is highly recommended
that the user must install an antivirus on an operating system like
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Windows. Antivirus software works in the background and monitors every

software that is running and the emails or data coming from the internet.
In case of any suspicious activity, antivirus alerts the user and asks for
action. Normally, antivirus tries to clean the les and if not succeeded it
quarantines the infected le. This is highly recommended that the user
should update the antivirus regularly. Many antivirus software can be
found on the internet and most of them are generally free. However, in the
free version of antivirus, some advanced features are not available. Paid
customers are called premier users and they get advance security
features.

The most common antiviruses are:

(i) Avast

Avast is one of the largest security

companies in the world. Avast's management
claims that they are using next-gen
technologies to ght cyber-attacks in real-
time. They also claim that Avast has an
immense cloud-based machine learning
engine that receives a constant stream of data
from hundreds of millions of users. This
facilitates learning at extraordinary speeds
and makes articial intelligence engine
smarter and faster to stop viruses. Fig: 5.3 Avast Antivirus

(ii) Norton
Norton antivirus has been a popular
antivirus utility since 1991. This is a part of a
large family of security and other utility
software by Symantec Corporation. Norton
Antivirus is easy to use, has the conguration
options that experts need, comes highly rated
by the testing labs and is exactly designed to
have the least possible impact on your system
performance. Fig: 5.4 Norton Antivirus
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(iii) McAfee

McAfee claims that it provides a

combination of antivirus, privacy and identity
tools and features. This enables users to stay
protected against the latest virus, malware,
ransomware and spyware attacks while keeping
their identity and privacy protected and personal.

Fig: 5.5 McAfee Antivirus

5.2.4 Safeguard against Malware

Keeping ourselves safe from

malware and viruses is mostly in our
hands. More than 90% of computers are
infected due to the user's mistake. Our
computers have caught a virus if they
start slowing down, behave unusually,
crash during processes or restart several
times, show annoying messages and
some of our documents disappear or
become inaccessible. We must avoid this
situation to be created. Some simple
measures can prevent our system from
malware and viruses. Fig: 5.6 Schedule scan can
safe from data loss
Ÿ Install anti-virus software and keep it updated.
Ÿ Run scheduled scans regularly with your anti-virus software.
Ÿ Keep your operating system updated.
Ÿ Do not click on internet links which have unusual labels, images or
captions.
Ÿ Do not open email attachments or click on hyperlinks from
unknown senders.
Ÿ Scan USB ash drive, SD cards and mobile phones before opening.
Ÿ Use your spam blocking or ltering tools to block unsolicited emails,
instant messages and pop-ups.
Ÿ Only download les and programs from trusted sources on the
internet.
Ÿ Never use an open WiFi.
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5.2.5 Keeping the Backup of Data

Besides this, we should also take some measures to recover data

from any potential loss. Some steps in this regard are:

Ÿ Create a system restore point regularly and check if it is not

disabled.
Ÿ Write important data on CDs or DVDs. Since they are write-
protected, they do not catch viruses.
Ÿ Have the back-up of important les at more than one place.
Ÿ You can also save documents on cloud storage like Google Drive and
Microsoft OneDrive.
SLOs Ÿ Describe the authentication mechanism
Ÿ List out the different authentication mechanisms
Ÿ Differentiate between username and password,
personal identication number and biometric
authentication mechanisms

5.3 AUHENTICATION MECHANISM

5.3

The authentication mechanism is the hardware or software-based

mechanism that forces users to prove their identity before accessing data
on a device. The process makes sure the only authenticated user gets
access to data or devices.

5.3.1 Types of Security Mechanism

There are many ways a computer security system may authenticate

a user. Some of them are:

(i) Username and Password:

A username and password are the pair of keywords known by the

user. They are presented to the computer to authenticate the user.
Usernames and passwords are the default authentication mechanism on
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the web today. However, recent large scale computer attacks have made
usernames and passwords an unacceptable authentication mechanism.
Additional authentication mechanisms are needed to fully authenticate.

(ii) Personal Identication Number

PIN stands for Personal

Identication Number. It is a
security code for verifying your
identity. Similar to a password, your
PIN should be kept secret because it
allows access to important services
such as nancial transactions and
condential emails. The PIN provides
security when a credit/debit card is
lost or stolen because the PIN must
be known before making money
Fig: 5.7 PIN Identication
withdrawal or transfer.

(iii) Biometric Verication

Unlike authentication processes, biometrics verication makes

sure that the real person gets access to the data or device. Biometric
authentication relies on the unique biological characteristics of a person.
Biometric authentication systems captures data in real-time and compare
it with existing data in database. If both samples of the biometric data
match, authentication is conrmed. Scanning ngerprints are the most
common way of biometric. However, some other advance ways include
retinal scans and iris, facial and voice recognitions.

Fig: 5.8 Iris and thumb impression verications

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Ÿ Explain the importance of professional ethics in

computer eld
SLOs Ÿ Dene information accuracy
Ÿ Explain various types of intellectual property rights:
Patents, Copyright and Trademarks
Ÿ Explain software piracy and its impacts
Ÿ Describe the information privacy
Ÿ Discuss plagiarism

5.4 PROFESSIONAL ETHICS IN COMPUTER FIELD

Professional ethics involve the personal and corporate principles

and rules that guide behavior within the context of a profession. The role
of a professional code of ethics is to clarify values and rules and can be
used as a framework for discipline. Computing professionals' actions
change the world. To act responsibly, they should reect upon the wider
impacts of their work, consistently supporting the public good. Here are
some guiding principles:

Ÿ Contribute to society and human well-being, acknowledging that all

people are stakeholders in computing.
Ÿ Be honest and trustworthy.
Ÿ Respect the equipment.
Ÿ Avoid causing any harm.
Ÿ Be fair and act not to discriminate, bully or harass.
Ÿ Respect the work required to produce new ideas, inventions,
creative works, and computing artifacts.
Ÿ Respect privacy and maintain condentiality.
Ÿ Maintain high standards of professional competence, conduct, and
ethical practice.
Ÿ Create opportunities for other individuals or groups to grow as
professionals.
Ÿ Manage personnel and resources to enhance the quality of work life.
Ÿ Ensure that the public good is the central concern during all
professional computing work.
Ÿ Access computing and communication resources only when
authorized.
Ÿ Foster public awareness and understanding of computing, related
technologies and their consequences.
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5.4.1 Dene Information Accuracy

The information accuracy is the type of

measurement that assures the information is
correct and true. It is also necessary that the
information should not be generated from the
malicious data. For information accuracy, the
data must be from reputable sources.

In the era of information explosion, we need to

be more careful while using or disseminating
information. The use of unreliable sources
results in inaccurate information. Especially, Fig: 5.9 Ensuring information
the accuracy of information shared on social Accuracy is necessary
media is often questionable.

5.4.2 Intellectual Property Right

When any person develops software, writes a book or research

paper or invents any method or the machine, it becomes the intellectual
property of that person. Intellectual property is intangible creations of the
human intellect. Just like other property the intellectual property can be
stolen. To prevent theft or illegal use or spread of intellectual property,
Intellectual Property Right is exercised. Through these rights, intellectual
property is protected with the help of copyrights, patents, and
trademarks. They allow creators or
owners of patents, trademarks or
copyrighted works to benet from
their work or investment. Under
these rights, no other person or
organization can copy or reproduce
any other's intellectual property.
Intellectual property rights are
acclaimed worldwide. In Pakistan,
Intellectual Property Organization
Fig: 5.10 Intellectual Property
(IPO) regulates the matters should be regarded
regarding intellectual property rights.
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(i) Patent

A patent is a grant of exclusive rights for an

invention to make, use and sell the invention for a
limited period, in Pakistan 20 years. Owning a patent
gives the patent holder the right to stop someone else
from making, using or selling his or her invention
without permission. To protect students and scholars,
the Higher Education Commission also offers support
to get patents registered with Intellectual Property
Organization (IPO). The patentable process or
invention must be novel, possess inventive steps and
can be used in industries.
Fig: 5.11 Patent
(ii) Copyright

Copyright is a legal instrument that provides

legal rights to the creator of artwork, literature, or a
work that conveys information or ideas. In simple
words, copyright is the right of copying. Copyright
gives control over how the work is used. Copyright
intends to advance the progress of knowledge by
giving an author of a work an economic incentive to
create new works. The © sign is also often displayed
on copyrighted objects. Fig: 5.12
Copyright
(iii) Trademark

Trademark identies a product or service

and distinguishes it from other products and
services. Trademarks are protected by intellectual
property rights which identies that the product
or service belongs to a specic organization. It can
be an easily recognizable word, phrase, logo, or
symbol and often mentioned as TM (Trade Mark).
Trademark helps organizations to market their
products and services locally and globally.
Developing trademarks is creative work and can
be done professionally. There are many software Fig: 5.13
Trade Marks Registry
available for developing Trademarks.
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5.4.3 Software Piracy

Software piracy is referred to the illegal use, copying or distribution

of copyrighted software. Software piracy is a huge threat to the software
industry. It causes a signicant loss of revenue for developers and
vendors. Because of piracy, vendors have fewer resources to devote to
research and development of new products. Since they earn less prot,
they are forced to pass these costs on to their customers.

Software companies have tried various techniques to stop software

piracy but most of them have remained unsuccessful. They applied for
copy- protection which demands the user to enter certain keys or
credentials. Today, most software require registration which is mainly
online. However, these measures could not stop software piracy.

Using pirated software is also risky for users. Aside from the legal
consequences of using pirated software, users of pirated software lose
some practical benets as well. Pirated software may not work properly or
stop working at any time. Furthermore, pirated software users cannot
access customer support, upgrades, technical documentation, training,
and bug xes.

5.4.4 Plagiarism

Plagiarism is presenting someone else's work or ideas as your own

without full acknowledgment to the author or conceiver. Academic
honesty demands that the users of any ideas, words and data should
acknowledge the originators. Plagiarism is unethical and can have serious
consequences. Colleges and universities encourage students to submit
their original work and cite the ideas and words borrowed from any other
sources. Failing to this may cause serious penalties. There are online
services to check and x the plagiarism issues. Academic organizations
hire the plagiarism detection service. One of the most used services is
Turnitin.
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SUMMARY
w Computer security is the protection against damage or theft of
computer hardware, its software, and information present on them
from threat of viruses or unauthorized use.
w Cybercrime is the crime that is committed through a computer and
network.
w Hacker uses his or her skills to identify and overcome a network
loophole.
w Crackers are persons who gain unauthorized access to another
system.
w Phishing is a method of trying to gather personal information using
false e-mails and websites.
w Electronic means like a computer, mobile phone or internet are also
used for online bullying or harassment and giving threats.
w Cyber-attack is done when a cybercriminal uses computer or any
device to enter or attacks to other single or multiple computer
networks.
w Cyber-attack or cyber harassment victim should report to the trusted
people and government authorities.
w The malware or malicious software is a broad term that encompasses
computer viruses, worms, spyware, adware, and others that is written
generally to cause a mess.
w Viruses or malware can be spread from USB Flash Disks and CDs,
Internet Downloads, Computer Networks and Email Attachments.
w Antiviruses are utility software designed to protect computers from any
potential threats of data or hardware loss from viruses or malware.
w For data safety, the back-up of important les should be made at more
than one place.
w The authentication mechanism is the hardware or software-based
mechanisms that make sure the only authenticated user gets access to
data or devices.
w Professional ethics involve the personal and corporate principles and
rules that guide behavior within the context of a profession.
w The information accuracy is the type of measurement that assures the
information is correct and true.
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w Intellectual property is intangible creations of the human intellect. To

prevent theft or illegal use or spread of intellectual property,
Intellectual Property Right is exercised. Through these rights,
intellectual property is protected with the help of copyrights, patents,
and trademarks
w Software piracy is the illegal use, copying or distribution of copyrighted
software.
w Plagiarism is presenting someone else's work or ideas without full
acknowledgment of the author or conceiver.

EXERCISE

A. Choose the right answer:

1. The broad term that encompasses different harmful software is:

a) Virus b) Malware
c) Adware d) Spyware

2. The authentication mechanism that only allows the real person to

access data or device is:
a) Username and Password b) PIN
c) Biometric d) Scan Code

3. Software are mostly protected under:

a) Patents b) Copyrights
c) Trademarks d) Logos

4. The professional ethics in computer eld is important because:

a) It is necessary by law.
b) Violation can cause serious penalties.
c) It is useful for nancial benets.
d) It creates healthy and positive work environment.

5. Free Antivirus Software often

a) Expire after sometimes b) Offer only limited service
c) Cannot be updated d) Cannot be purchased
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6. Copying and pasting some texts from internet without acknowledging

the real author is an example of:
a) Plagiarism b) Illegal use of patent
c) Information Piracy d) Copyright Violation

7. Since it does not harm or steal data, the least harmful malware is:
a) Virus b) Adware
c) Spyware d) Trojan

8. The malware that replicates itself and doesn't need to attach with any
les is:
a) Virus b) Adware
c) Spyware d) Worm

9. Through which virus spreads?

a) Email Attachments b) Internet Downloads
c) Flash Disks and Cds d) All of them

10. “Click this link and win a $5 voucher at McDonald's”. This is an

example of:
a) Scam b) Phishing
c) Clickjacking d) Hacking

B. Respond the following:

1. Why is computer security important? Write any three reasons.

2. Explain Cyber Bullying with an example.
3. Why is information accuracy important?
4. What is Ethical Hacking?
5. Your friend has become a victim of cyber harassment. What two advices
will you give him or her?
6. Write any two measures to avoid email account hacking.
7. How is software piracy harmful for software developers?
8. Give two examples of phishing.
9. What is an Intellectual Property Right?
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10. Differentiate the following on the given criteria.

Criteria Virus Worm Adware Spyware

Level of danger

How is it initiated?

Damage that can be done

to data and hardware
Effect on computer speed
Means to spread

C. Match the columns:

S.NO. A S.NO. B

Presenting someone's ideas

(i) as your own without (a) Adware
acknowledging the author.
An advertising software that
(ii) presents ads & pop-up (b) Cracker
windows to spread virus.
Crime that is committed
(iii) (c) PIN
through a computer system.

A secretive security code

(iv) (d) Antivirus
that veries user's identity.

A person that gains

(v) unauthorized access to other (f) Plagiarism
computers by bypassing
passwords.
A utility software that
(vi) prevents threats and data (e) Cybercrime
loss from a computer.
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ACTIVITIES
Activity 1:
Organize a poster exhibition in which students suggest measures to
the audience how to use the computer and the internet safely. Some
focused topics may be:
Ÿ Prevent your computers from Viruses and Malware.
Ÿ Say no to cyber bullying and harassment.
Ÿ Say no to piracy and plagiarism.
Ÿ How to cope with cyber crimes?

Activity 2:
During classroom discussion put the following situations before
students and discuss what will they do in such a situation? And why?
Ÿ You receive a phone call. The caller claims that you have won a huge
prize and for delivering the prize they need an advance payment.
Ÿ You receive a le from an unknown email address which asks your
bank account details or user Email ID and Password.
Ÿ While surng an unknown website, the website demands to access
content by providing your Facebook or Gmail account's credentials.
Activity 3:
Make a list of the services that free antivirus software does not offer.
Activity 4:
Search newspapers or internet to nd any news about a cyber
crime. Specially in which the criminal was caught and punished.
Activity 5:
Thesis and research articles are generally checked through
Turnitin which is an Internet-based paid plagiarism detection service.
There are other free online services where students can check the
plagiarism in their document. Some are:
www.duplichecker.com
www.quetext.com
www.plagscan.com
Write an essay on any topic, and copy and paste some text from
internet websites in your essay. Then check plagiarism of your document.