Data FRAC

Theory and Execution

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DataFRAC Analysis
n To provide accurate fracture design
parameters:
n - Effective design
n - Increased NPV

n Inaccurate design parameters may result in:

n - Premature screenout (pad depletion)
n - Unpropped fracture
n - Increased proppant damage
n - Increased treatment cost (excessive pad)

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Data FRAC - Three Essential Parts
Closure Test Calibration
• Step rate/Flowback Injection
• Fracture model
• Non-Ideal
behavior

Calibration Decline
• Fluid loss coefficient
• Fluid Efficiency
• Fracture dimension
• Calibration of
height(h), Youngs
modulus(E), or
toughness(K)
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Data FRAC Summary

Estimated Pc & Pres

Closure Press Frac Model Confirmation of Pc
Extension Pressure
Rebound Press Total Fluid Loss Coefficient (Ct)
Extension rate
Fluid Efficiency (η)
Breakdown Pressure
Total Friction Pressure

Linear Gel X-Linked Gel

Closure Test Calibration Test

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 DataFRAC Summary using FracCADE
5000 15
+
Treating Pressure(psi)
4000

10
3000 BHP(psi)

2000
Slurry Rate(bbl/min) 5

1000

0 +0
0 15 30 45 60
Treatment Time(min)

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Step Rate Test (SRT)
n Extension Pressure => Upper
bound for fracture closure
pressure

Ø Step Rate Test

- Start at matrix rate
- Increase in steps until fracture extended
(1-10 BPM)
8000 12

7000
BHP(psi) 10
6000
8
5000
Treating Pressure(psi)

4000 6

3000
Slurry Rate(bbl/min) 4
2000
2
1000 +
0 + 0
68 78 88 98 108 118 128
Treatment Time(min)
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Injection Rates/No. of Steps & Duration
Ø High permeability zones
n 1-10 BPM
n For permeability (k)>20md consider performing closure test after calibration
treatment

Ø Low permeability zones

n 0.5 - 5 BPM

Ø Minimum Number of steps

n 3 steps below extension pressure and
n 3 steps above extension pressure

Ø Step duration
n Duration of the individual steps should be equal
n 1 or 2 minutes is sufficient
n The last step is longer (5 to 10 mins)

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 Step Rate Test
Select Corresponding Pressure & Rate Pairs Plot the Pressure & Rate
Pairs into a BHP vs Rate
BHP (psi)
graph

Pext

*Pc

*Pres

Qext Injection Rate (BPM)

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SRT and Pump-In/Flowback onFracCADE

Rebound Pressure
Represents the Lower
Bound for Pc

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Step Rate Test

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Actual SRT

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Actual SRT

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 Flowback Test

ü Set Flowback rate » 1/6 to 1/4 of last rate in step rate test
ü Flowback until BHP » 200 psi above initial Pw
ü A distinct reversal in curvature indicates location to
draw tangent to find Closure Pressure(Pc)
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Step-Down Test
The Step-Down Test is a Step Rate test
to determine the amount of perforation
and near wellbore frictions.

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Perforation & NWB Frictions

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Perforation friction

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NWBF (Near Well Bore Friction)
n Δpnear wellbore is roughly proportional to the injection
rate raised to an exponent that is less than unity
because it is due to laminar flow through a narrow
channel in the pressure sensitive near-wellbore
region:

where knear wellbore is a proportionality constant and the power

law exponent β is between 0.25 and 1.0, with a value of 0.5
appropriate for most engineering applications.

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Near Wellbore Friction (tortuosity)

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 Step-Down Test
(Good Fluid Entry)

Wellhead Pressure

Pump
Rate

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 Step-Down Test
(Restricted Entry)

Wellhead Pressure

Pump
Rate

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TIME
 Perforation Friction Pressure

Friction
Pressure

Perforation
Friction

Pump Rate

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 Tortuosity Friction Pressure
Tortuosity

Friction
Pressure

Pump Rate

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 Near Wellbore Friction Pressure
Tortuosity

Friction
Pressure

Perforation
Friction

Pump Rate
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Actual SDT with TP

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SDT Calculations with TP

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Total NWB Friction Plot

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Actual SDT with Calc BHP

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SDT Calculations with Calc BHP

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Total NWB Friction Plot

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Remedy for High perf. & NWB, friction

n To Reduce Perf Friction:

n Re-perforate in case of extreme perforation
friction (pumps kick out)
n Run Proppant Slugs.

n To Reduce Tortuosity:
n Increase gel load.
n Increase PAD volume.

n Run proppant slugs.

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Calibration Treatment
n Simulate the PAD of actual main
treatment.
n Fluid must be the same as of the PAD
n Injection rate = actual treatment rate
n Treatment interval covered
n Proper fracture volume created
n Objective of calibration:
n Fracture model
n Non-Ideal behavior

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Calibration Treatment Pressure Response

Injection Shut-in Linear Flow Radial Flow

Closure Pressure

Reservoir Pressure

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 Analysis During Pumping

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 Net pressure interpretation
Pressure decreases Pressure increases Pressure stabilizes

From the graph log( ∆Pf =Pw-Pcl

log(Pnet)=f(log(t)),
behavior of the fracture
during pumping is
log (Volume or time)
deducted

Fracture grows till reaching its barriers Barriers canalize fracture inside the Pressure reaches the barriers
zone. It’s the period of gain in length. breaking limits, fracture gains in
height,

Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3

point source line Source ∆σ

Radial KGD PKN

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 What does a Tip Screen-out Frac-Pack
Look Like?

1. Pump pad,
establish frac

2. Low conc slurry,

reaches tip of
frac, can’t grow

3. High conc slurry

balloons frac
(leak off lower
than pump rate)
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Log-log interpretation plot for various fracture
propagation modes.
Smith – Nolte Plot

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 Fracture Height Growth
When net pressure reaches about 1/2 of the stress difference between layers
height growth occurs
Example:
Perfed zone has stress of 5000psi
Zone above has stress of 6000psi
At the end of stage A the net pressure
has reached
about 500 psi and the fracture begins to
grow into
the upper layer(slowly)
At the end of stage B the fracture has
reached the
top zone and with the lower stress and
the fracture
height grows rapidly and net pressure
drops as a result

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 Opening of Natural T-Shaped Fracture
Fissures

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Formation Pressure Capacity
n Definition:
n It is the pressure limit for effective length
extension.
n Zero log – log slope
n Injection rate = leak off rate
n T – shaped fracture
n Fissure opening
n Pseudo radial growth (simultaneously height and
length growth)

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 Formation Pressure Capacity

At Pnet ~ 0.5 Stress Contrast...

Fracture will start growing

into the shale
Shale
At Pnet ~ 0.8 Stress Contrast...
Fracture will break through the shale

Pay Zone

Shale

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Basic Decline Curve Analysis
Treating Pressure

Pump Rate

Pump In Shut-In Pressure

Decline
∆tp

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Basic Decline Curve Analysis
Injection Shut-in Linear Flow Radial Flow

Closure Pressure

Reservoir Pressure

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Objectives of decline curve analysis
n Determination of:
n Fluid loss coefficient
n Fluid Efficiency
n Fracture dimensions
n Calibration of stresses data

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Methods for analysis
n G-Function Plot (the most important).
n Square Root of Time Plot
n Log-Log Plot
n Horner plot

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G-Function Analysis
n VLP = volume loss during pumping.
n VLS = volume loss during shut in.
n g(ΔtD) = dimensionless volume loss function.
n go = dimensionless volume function @ shut in.
n ΔtD = shut in time/ pumping time = Δt/TP

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G-Function Analysis
Algebraic Definition of the G-Function
G-function is a dimensionless function of shut-in time
normalized to pumping time:
G (∆ tD ) = (g (∆ tD ) − g 0 )
4
π
g (∆ tD ) =
4
3
( )
(1 + ∆ t D )1.5 − ∆ t D 1.5 for α = 1
g ( ∆ t D ) = (1 + ∆ t D ) sin −1
((1 + ∆ t D ) − 0 .5
) + ∆tD
0 .5

for α = 0.5
(
∆ tD = t − t p ) tp

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 Loss Volume Function g (∆tD)

(1 + ∆tD) sin-1 (1 + ∆tD)-1/2 + ∆tD1/2 for α = 1/2

4/3 [(1 + ∆tD)3/2 - ∆tD3/2] for α = 1

VLp = 2 κC L AP tp go
VLs = 2 C L AP tp g ( ∆tD) -go
VL (P, S) = 2 C L AP tp [ g (∆tD)+ (κ-1) go) ] κ=1 + sp/ (go C L tp )
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Fluid Efficiency
• η = ν f = Fracture Volume
νi Injected Volume
V
• η = LS no prop @ closure
VL(P,S)
g (∆tCD) - go
• η =
g (∆tCD) + (κ - 1) go
• For no spurt, κ = 1
g (∆tCD) - go
η =
g (∆tCD)

1- η
fp =
1+ η

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 Derivation of pressure Decline Analysis
n From material balance and no injection
VLs = 2 C L AP tp g ( ∆tD) -go

n from geometry and elasticity

∆V f,s = A f ∆w, for A f and c f = constant [otherwise ∆ { h xf w} ]
= A f { [c f [P ws -P(∆t D)]}

n Substitute and rearrange

A f { [c f [P ws -P(∆t D)]} = 2 CL AP tp g ( ∆tD) -go , for rp = Ap/Af

P ws -P(∆t D) = 2 CL rp tp g ( ∆tD) -go / cf

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 G - Decline Function
n For ideal conditions
2 C L r p tp
P ws - P w(∆tD) = g (∆tD) - go cf ~ hf / E’ from
cf pumping press calibration

G (∆tD) = 4 g (∆tD) - go
π
π C L r p tp
P ws - P w(∆tD) = G (∆tD)
2 cf
For ideal condition:
π C L rp t p
"G" plot will form a straight line with slope P* =
2 cf
Gc
and η =
2κ + G c

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 Decline Function, G

π CL rp tp
Pws - Pw(∆tD) = G (∆tD)
2c f
∆Pi
Slope P* =
Gc
η = Gc
2κ + Gc

π CL rp tp
The slope of straight line: mG = P*, P* =
2c f
Gc
For non ideal behavior, mG ≠ P*, and η =
2κ + Gc
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G plot:

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G plot:

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G plot:

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Non-Ideal Behavior

n Change in fracture penetration after

shut-in
n Height growth
n Pressure dependent fluid loss
n Fissure opening

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 “G” Plot Analysis for Non-Ideal Behavior
n Find the slope of “G” plot at ∆Pw And denote as m 3/4
≈ 3/4
∆Ps
n KGD, Radial model P* = m 3/4

n PKN model P* = Max of m3/4 and mG'

mG' = fc mG,c
Calculate CL
CL = 2 cf P*
n

π rp t p
n Calculate η
η = G* where G* = ∆Ps , κ = Spurt Correction
2 κ + G* P*

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 G –plot for tip extension after shut down
5 00 4950

4 50
Characteristic Shape on 4900

4 00
Superposition Derivative:
Early-time data falls below 4850

3 50 extrapolation of straight line

4800

Bottomhole Pressure, psi

Pressure Derivatives

3 00
4750

2 50

4700
2 00

4650
1 50
dP/dG
GdP/dG 4600
1 00
P
50 4550

0 4500
0 0 .2 0 .4 0 .6 0 .8 1 1 .2 1.4 1 .6 1.8 2
G F u n c tio n (α = 1 .0)
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G –plot for Height recession (cont.,)

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 G –plot for Height recession (cont.,)

1400 4500

4300
1200

4100

1000
3900
dP/dG and GdP/dG

3700

BH Pressure
800

3500
d P /d G
600 G d P /d G
P re ss u re 3300

3100
400

2900

200
2700

0 2500
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
G F u n c tio n

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G –plot for Height recession (cont.,)

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 G –plot for Fissure Opening (cont.,)
500 4800

450 4750

400
dP /dG 4700

Bottomhole Pressure, psi

350
Pressure Derivatives

4650
300
P 4600
250
4550
200
G d P /dG 4500
150
4450
100

50 4400

0 4350
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
G -function

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G –plot for Fissure Opening (cont.,)
1000 5000

900 4800

800 4600

700 4400
G d P /d G
dP/dG and GdP/dG

BH Pressure, spi
600 P 4200

500 4000

400 3800

300 3600

200 3400
d P /d G
100 3200

0 3000
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
G F u n c tio n

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Example : general data
n treatment and rock variables for example application

n E = 4 e6 psi
n υ = 0.26
n Vi = 507.5 bbl
n tp = 35 min
n hp = 50 ft
n hf = 70 ft
n n’ = 0.4

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Example : Decline data
dt(min) p (psi) dtD G(dtD)
0 5990 0.00 0
0.9 5963 0.03 0.05
3.7 5882 0.11 0.19
6.5 5811 0.19 0.32
9.2 5748 0.26 0.43
12 5694 0.34 0.54
13.8 5659 0.39 0.61
15.7 5626 0.45 0.68
17.5 5594 0.50 0.74
19.4 5564 0.55 0.81
21.2 5534 0.61 0.87
23 5504 0.66 0.93
24.9 5474 0.71 0.99
26.7 5447 0.76 1.05
28.6 5418 0.82 1.11
30.4 5392 0.87 1.16
32.3 5364 0.92 1.22
34.1 5338 0.97 1.27
36 5314 1.03 1.33
37.8 5291 1.08 1.38
39.6 5269 1.13 1.43
41.5 5247 1.19 1.48
43.3 5228 1.24 1.53
46.1 5200 1.32 1.61
48.9 5174 1.40 1.68
51.6 5148 1.47 1.75
54.4 5126 1.55 1.82
57.2 5106 1.63 1.89
59.9 5097 1.71 1.95

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 Example : G-Plot
6200

6000

5800

Pw (psi) 5600

5400
Pc =5230 psi
5200

5000
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2 2.25
Gc
G ( ∆ tD)

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 PKN Example: data calculation sheet
∆PS = 5990-520=760 ; P 3/4= Pc +3/4 ∆PS= ______ ; fc(Gc=1.5)= 1.46

mG,c= ____ ; m’G = fc mG,c = _____ G* = ∆PS/P* = ____

G*/(2+G*) = η (for minimal spurt)
m 3/4 =____ ; P* = Max (m’G, m 3/4)= _____ psi η = ____

βs = (2n’+2)/(2n’+3) = _____ E’ = E/(1- υ2) = _____ psi cf = ( π βs hf ) / (2 E’) = _____ ft/psi

CL= (2 P*cf)/ (π rp (tp) = _____ ft/ min rp= hp/ hf = _____

Vi = (507.5)* (5.62 ft3/bbl) = _____ ft3

xf = (1/( 2hf)) . (1-η ) .Vi / ( 3 CL rp tp ) = _____ ft V L,p= (1-η)Vi ; 2 go =3

Af = 2 hf xf = _____ ft2 w = Vfp / Af = η Vi / Af = _____ ft = _____ in

w = cf ∆pfs = _____ ft = _____ in

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The β Ratio

∆pf = pf - pc
β = pw - pc
∆pf

n There is a gradient of pressure along the fracture

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 PKN Example: calculations
P 3/4= Pc +3/4 ∆PS= 5230 + (0.75) x 760 = 5800 psi [∆PS = 5990-520=760] ; fc(Gc=1.5)= 1.46

mG,c= 450 psi ; m’G = fc mG,c = 1.46 x 450 = 650 G* = ∆PS / P* = 760/650 =1.17
G*/(2+G*) = η (for minimal spurt)
m 3/4 =570 psi; P* = Max (m’G, m 3/4)= 650 psi
η = 1.17/3.17 = 0.37
βs = (2n’+2)/(2n’+3) =0.74 E’ = E/(1- υ2) = 5.3 E6 psi cf = ( π βs hf ) / (2 E’) = 1.9 E-5 ft/psi

CL= (2 P*cf)/ (π rp (tp) = 0.0018 ft/ min rp= hp/ hf = 50/70= 0.71

Vi = (507.5)* (5.62 ft3/bbl) = 2800 ft3

xf = (1/( 2hf)) . (1-η ) .Vi / ( 3 CL rp tp ) = 544 ft (uses relaion for V L,p= (1-η)Vi ; 2 go =3 )

Af = 2 hf xf = 7600 ft2 w = Vfp / Af = η Vi / Af = 0.014 ft = 0.17 in

w = cf ∆pfs = 0.014 ft = 0.17 in ; giving a check on implementation, not an independent relation

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Square Root Shut in time plot

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Square Root Shut in time plot (cont.,)

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Square Root Shut in time plot (cont.,)

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Square Root Shut in time plot (cont.,)

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Square Root Shut in time plot (cont.,)

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 Square Root Shut in time plot (cont.,)
C a lc 'd B H P r e s s ur e ( ps i) A Ti m e CBP SP DP FE
S m oo the d P re s s ur e ( ps i) A 1 C los ur e 0 0:15 :14 98 72 9 87 6 41 7 .1 3 5. 41
A F ir s t D e riva tiv e ( ps i/m in ^0. 5) D D
10750 50
1

10500 ( Y = 1 0 4 48 .0 8) 0

10250
-5 0
(00 :1 3 :0 6 , 9 9 99 .1 9 )
10000
(m = -2 4 2.33 )
-1 0 0
( 0 0:1 7:12 , 9 7 82.8 )
97 50
-1 5 0
95 00

-2 0 0
92 50

90 00 -2 5 0

87 50 -3 0 0
0 0 :3 0 0 1 :0 0 0 1 :3 0 0 2 :0 0 0 2 :3 0 0 3 :0 0
9 /1 2 /2 0 0 2 9 /1 2 /2 0 0 2
T im e

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Log-Log Plot:

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Log-Log Plot: (cont.,)

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Log-Log Plot: (cont.,)

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Log-Log Plot: (cont.,)

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Log-Log Plot: well X (cont.,)

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Log-Log Plot: well X (cont.,)

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Horner Plot

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Horner Plot (cont.,)

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Fluid Efficiency Calculation

n Nolte Equation:
n F.E. = ((1 + Tc/Ti)1.5 - (Tc/Ti)1.5 - 1) /
(1 + Tc/Ti)1.5 - (Tc/Ti)1.5

Where:
n Tc = closure time (minutes)
n Ti = injection time (minutes)

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 Pad Volume Determination
n Nolte Method % Pad Volume:
n % Pad Volume = (1- F.E.)2 + 0.05

n Shell Method % (Pad + Prepad) Volume:

n % (Pad + Prepad) = (1 - F.E.)/(1 + F.E.)

n Compare FET efficiency with fracture design

efficiency

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 Data frac analysis Reporting:

n (6) Data frac anaylsis

report.pdf

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Permeability Estimation from Gc
0 . 0086 µ 0 . 01 Pz
k= 1 . 96
 Gc E rp 
φ ct  
 0 . 038 
Where:
k = effective perm, md
µ = viscosity, cp
Pz = process zone stress or net pressure
φ = porosity, fraction
ct = total compressibility, 1/psi
E = Young’s Modulus, MMpsi
rp = leakoff height to gross frac height ratio
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New method to determine Pc
n Real Worked Examples\KSW -19 2ND stage New method
for closure pressure determination.xls

n Real Worked Examples\Asala - 38 New method for

closure pressure determination no 1.xls

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