BSCCSIT
Lab Manual
FOR 1ST SEM
Computer Science and Information Technology (CSC. 109)
SOCH COLLEGE OF IT
(Affiliated to TribhuvanUniversity)
Ranipauwa, Pokhara Metropolitan – 11
By
Rajiv Raman Parajuli
Contents
1. Problem Solving Techniques: .......................................................................................................... 3
2. MS- Word ........................................................................................................................................ 8
3. MS- PowerPoint .............................................................................................................................. 8
4. MS- Excel (Spreadsheet).................................................................................................................. 8
5. VIVA-Questions ............................................................................................................................... 9
1. Problem Solving Techniques:
The process of working through details of a problem to reach a solution. There are three approaches to
problem solving:
1. Algorithm
2. Flowchart
3. Pseudo Code
1. Algorithm: The algorithm is a step-by-step procedure to be followed in solving a problem. It provides
a scheme to solve a particular problem in finite number of unambiguous steps. It helps in
implementing the solution of a problem using any of the programming languages. In order to qualify
as an algorithm, a sequence of instructions must possess the following characteristics:
Definiteness: Instructions must be precise and unambiguous i.e. each and every instruction
should be clear and should have only one meaning.
Finiteness: Not even a single instruction must be repeated infinitely. i.e., each instruction should
be performed in finite time.
Termination: After the algorithm gets executed, the user should get the desired result
Key features of an algorithm:
Any algorithm has a finite number of steps and some steps may involve decision making, repetition.
Broadly speaking, an algorithm exhibits three key features that can be given as:
Sequence: Sequence means that each step of the algorithm is executed in the specified order.
Decision: Decision statements are used when the outcome of the process depends on some condition.
Repetition: Repetition which involves executing one or more steps for a number of times can be
implemented using constructs like the while, do-while and for loops. These loops executed one or more
steps until some condition is true.
Example: To compute the Area of Rectangle
ALGM: AREA_of_RECTANGLE [This algorithm takes length and breadth, the sides of the rectangle as input
and computes the area of rectangle. Finally, it prints the area of rectangle]
STEPS:
Step 1:[Initialize]
Start
Step 2: [Input the sides of Rectangle]
Read length, breadth
Step 3:[Compute the area of rectangle]
Area=length*breadth
Step 4:[Display the Area]
Print Area
Step 5: [Finished]
Stop
2. Flowcharts: A flowchart is a graphical or symbolic representation of an algorithm. They
are basically used to design and develop complex programs to help the users to visualize the
logic of the program so that they can gain a better understanding of the program and find
flaws, bottlenecks, and other less-obvious features within it. Basically, a flowchart depicts the
“flow” of a program. The following table shows the symbols used in flowchart along with its
descriptions.
Symbol Name Description
oval Represents the terminal point
Represents the process steps
Rectangle
defined in algorithm
Indicate the reading Operation
Parallelogram used for input/output or data or
information from/to any device
indicates the decisions
(questions) and consequently
Diamond the branch points or the paths
to be followed based on the
result of the question
Shows the continuation from
Small circle one point in the process
flow to another
Predefined Process Indicates Subroutines
Hexagon Represents Looping structures
Shows the flowchart direction
Arrows and connects the various flow
chart symbols
Advantages of Flowcharts:
o A flowchart is a diagrammatic representation that illustrates the sequence of steps that must be
performed to solve a problem. They are usually drawn in the early stages of formulating
computer solutions to facilitate communication between programmers and business people.
o Flowcharts help programmers to understand the logic of complicated and lengthy problems.
o They help to analyses the problem in a more effective manner
o Flowchart can be used to debug programs that have error(s).
Limitations of using Flowcharts:
o Drawing flowcharts is a laborious and a time consuming activity.
o Flowchart of a complex program becomes, complex and clumsy. At times, a little bit of
alteration in the solution may require complete re-drawing of the flowchart
o Essentials of what is done may get lost in the technical details of how it is done.
o There are no well-defined standards that limits the details that must be incorporated in a
flowchart
E.g.: Compute the Area of Rectangle
3. Pseudocode:
It is a form of structured English that describes algorithms. It facilitates the designers to focus on the logic
of the algorithm without getting bogged down by the details of language syntax. Pseudocode is a compact
and informal high-level description of an algorithm that uses the structural conventions of a programming
language. It is meant for human reading rather than machine reading, so it omits the details that are not
essential for humans. Such details include keywords, variable declarations, system-specific code and
subroutines. There are no standards defined for writing a pseudocode because it is not an executable
program. Flowcharts can be considered as a graphical alternative to pseudocode, but are more spacious
on paper.
E.g.: To compute the area of Rectangle
Begin
Input length, breadth
Area=length*breadth
Print Area
End
Experiment No. 1: Design and develop a flowchart or an algorithm that takes three coefficients (a, b,
and c) of a Quadratic equation (ax2+bx+c=0) as input and compute all possible roots. Implement a C
program for the developed flowchart/algorithm and execute the same to output the possible roots for a
given set of coefficients with appropriate messages.
Algorithm: To find and output all the roots of a given quadratic equation for non zerocoefficients
Step 1: [Start]
Begin
Step 2: [Input the co-efficients of the quadratic equation
Read a,b,c
Step 3:[Check for the non-zero coefficient of a]
If a = 0 then print “Invalid input”, go to step 2
Step 4: [Find the value of disc]
disc = b * b – 4 *a * c
Step 5: [Find the type and the values of roots of a given quadratic equation]
If (disc = 0) then
Print “The roots are equal” root1 = root2 = -b / 2.0*a Go to step 6
Else If (disc > 0) then
Print “The roots are real and distinct”
root1 = (-b + sqrt(disc)) / 2.0*a
root2 = (-b - sqrt(disc)) / 2.0*a
Go to step 6
else
Print “The roots are imaginary”
root1 = -b / 2.0*a
root2 = sqrt(fabs(disc)) / 2.0*a
Step 6: [Output]
Print root1, root2
Step 7: [Stop]
Flow Chart
2. MS- Word
Topics to be covered
i. Personal Letter
ii. Company Letter Head
iii. News Letter/Research Paper
iv. Resume/ Curriculum Vitae
v. Cover Page of a Project Report
vi. Table of contents & Table of Figures
vii. Review documents & Track changes
Eg: Draw a Functional block diagram of Computer, CPU, Buses, Mother Board, Chip sets and
properly label it with caption using MS-Word.
3. MS- PowerPoint
Topics to be covered
i. Preparing Presentation Slide
Eg: Prepare a Presentation Slid Listing computers hardware peripheral’s and commonly used
Software
ii. Embed video on Presentation Slide
iii. Header and footer in Presentation document
iv. Auto Data
v. Create a FB cover video using MS Power Point.
4. MS- Excel (Spreadsheet)
Use of Vlookup Functions
Use of various formula in xls ( Addition, Subtraction, division, Concatenates, Summation, Mean, Replace,
Count, Max, Mini，Vlookup etc)
5. VIVA-Questions
What is a computer system?
What is hardware and software?
What is integrated circuit? Explain.
What is the function of cpu?
What is a chip set?
What is system bus?
What are input and output devices?
What is an operating system?
What is an algorithm?
What is flow chart?
What is LAN, WAN, MAN?
Differentiate: primary memory and secondary memory, RAM and ROM,ROM and PROM.
Which are the primary storage and secondary storage devices?
What is parallel computing?
