GENERAL SCIENCE — Complete

Exam-Focused Notes
Coverage: Physics • Chemistry • Biology • Space & Technology • Environment • Everyday Science • Formula Sheet •
High-Yield Facts • Practice MCQs with Keys

How to Use These Notes (Exam Strategy)

• Prioritize high-yield topics: Units & SI, Light & Electricity, Human Physiology, Vitamins &
Deficiencies, Everyday Chemistry (acids/bases/salts), Environment laws, ISRO missions.

• Memorize constants, units, and prefixes. Convert quickly (milli, micro, nano).

• Practice elimination: remove absurd options (units mismatch, extreme values).

• Beware of traps: ‘mass vs weight’, ‘heat vs temperature’, ‘AC vs DC’, ‘colloid vs suspension’,
‘artery vs vein’.

• Revise ‘Memory Pegs’ in grey boxes and do the MCQs at the end. Aim for 80%+ accuracy.

PHYSICS
1. Units & Measurements
SI Base Units & Symbols
Quantity Unit (SI) Symbol
Length metre m
Mass kilogram kg
Time second s
Electric current ampere A
Thermodynamic temperaturekelvin K
Amount of substance mole mol
Luminous intensity candela cd

Common Prefixes (memorize!)

Factor Name Symbol
10■³ milli m
10■■ micro µ
10■■ nano n
10³ kilo k
10■ mega M
10■ giga G

Significant figures and error handling are frequently tested. Rule of thumb: when multiplying/dividing,
answer should carry the least number of significant figures present in the factors.

2. Mechanics (Motion, Forces, Energy)

• Newton’s Laws: Inertia (1st); F=ma (2nd); Action–Reaction (3rd). Seatbelts & airbags mitigate
inertia/impulse.

• Equations of motion (uniform acceleration): v = u + at; s = ut + (1/2)at²; v² = u² + 2as.

• Momentum p = mv; Impulse = change in momentum. Conservation in collisions.

• Work W = F·s (parallel). Power P = W/t. Energy: K.E. = 1/2 mv²; P.E. (gravity) = mgh.

• Circular motion: centripetal acceleration a = v²/r; force towards centre.

• Gravitation: universal law (F ∝ m■m■/r²). g ≈ 9.8 m/s²; escape velocity on Earth ≈ 11.2 km/s.

• Satellites: Geostationary (24 h, equatorial, same position); Polar (low earth, covers whole Earth
— remote sensing).

3. Properties of Matter & Fluids

• Elasticity: stress/strain; Young’s modulus = stress/strain. Rubber has high elasticity.

• Surface tension causes capillarity; detergents reduce it.

• Viscosity = internal friction in fluids; honey > water.

• Pressure p = F/A. Pascal’s law → hydraulic lifts. Archimedes’ principle → buoyancy; floats if
weight < buoyant force.

• Bernoulli’s theorem (energy conservation in fluid flow): explains lift in airplane wings, atomizer,
chimney draft.

4. Heat & Thermodynamics

• Temperature scales: °C ↔ K: K = °C + 273.15.

• Heat vs Temperature: Heat is energy transfer; temperature is degree of hotness.

• Specific heat (c): Q = mc∆T. Latent heat during phase change without temperature change.

• Modes: Conduction (solids), Convection (fluids), Radiation (no medium).

• 1st Law: ∆U = Q − W. Engines convert heat to work; efficiency always < 100%.

• Greenhouse & global warming relate to radiation balance (see Environment section).

5. Waves & Sound

• Wave parameters: λ (wavelength), f (frequency), v = fλ.

• Transverse vs Longitudinal waves; sound in air is longitudinal; cannot travel in vacuum.

• Doppler effect: apparent change in frequency due to relative motion (ambulance siren).

• Ultrasound (f > 20 kHz): imaging, cleaning, SONAR depth measurement.

• Decibel (dB) scale is logarithmic; prolonged exposure >85 dB damages hearing.

6. Light & Optics

• Reflection: angle of incidence = angle of reflection. Refraction: light bends at interface (Snell’s
law).

• Total Internal Reflection (TIR): basis of optical fibers; also causes mirage.

• Lenses: 1/f = 1/v − 1/u (sign convention). Magnification m = v/u.

• Human eye defects: Myopia (near-sighted, concave lens), Hypermetropia (convex lens),
Astigmatism (cylindrical lens), Presbyopia (bi/tri-focals).

• Dispersion: splitting of white light into spectrum (VIBGYOR); rainbow formation.

• LASER: coherent, monochromatic, highly directional — used in surgery, barcode scanners, fiber
optics.

7. Electricity & Magnetism

• Ohm’s law: V = IR. Series: R_total = R■+R■; Parallel: 1/R = 1/R■ + 1/R■.

• Electric power: P = VI = I²R = V²/R. Fuse/MCB prevent overcurrent; earthing for safety.

• Magnetic effect of current: electromagnets (solenoid); DC motor (electric → mechanical),

generator (mechanical → electric).

• Electromagnetic induction (Faraday): induced EMF from changing magnetic flux; transformer
steps AC up/down (works only on AC).

• Domestic wiring: live/neutral/earth; three-pin plugs; ELCB/RCCB protection.

• AC vs DC: AC changes direction (50 Hz in India); DC constant (batteries).

8. Modern Physics & Electronics

• Photoelectric effect: light ejects electrons from metals; basis of solar cells (photovoltaic).

• X-rays for imaging; Gamma rays are most penetrating; shielding required.

• Radioactivity: α (He nuclei), β (electrons), γ (photons). Half-life is constant for a given isotope.

• Nuclear fission (reactors, bombs) vs fusion (sun, future reactors).

• Semiconductors: p–n junction diode (rectifier), LED, Zener (voltage regulation), transistor
(amplifier/switch), ICs & microchips.

• Superconductors: zero resistance below critical temperature; used in MRI, maglev (advanced).

9. Astronomy & Space Basics

• Astronomical units: AU (Earth–Sun distance), light-year (~9.46×10¹² km), parsec (~3.26 ly).

• Kepler’s laws: planets move in ellipses; equal areas in equal times; T² ∝ r³.

• Eclipses & tides due to Sun–Earth–Moon geometry; spring vs neap tides.

• Telescopes: optical (refracting/reflecting), radio telescopes observe radio waves.

CHEMISTRY
1. Matter, Mixtures & Separation
• States: solid (fixed shape/volume), liquid (variable shape), gas (compressible). Plasma & BEC
(advanced).

• Physical vs chemical change: melting ice (physical); rusting iron (chemical).

• Mixture vs compound: air is mixture; water (H■O) is compound.

• Separation methods: filtration, distillation (boiling point), chromatography (affinity), centrifugation

(density).

2. Atomic Structure & Periodic Trends

• Atoms: protons (+), neutrons (0), electrons (−). Atomic number = protons; mass number = p+n.

• Isotopes (same Z, different A): ¹²C, ¹■C. Uses: ¹■C dating; ¹³¹I in thyroid treatment; ■■Co for
radiotherapy.

• Electron shells & valency explain bonding (octet rule).

• Periodic trends: atomic size ↓ across a period, ↑ down a group; ionization energy ↑ across;
electronegativity ↑ across (left→right).

3. Chemical Bonding & Mole Concept

• Ionic bonds (NaCl) vs covalent bonds (H■O, CH■); metallic bonding in metals (electron sea).

• Hydrogen bonding → high boiling point of water; ice floats due to open lattice (anomaly).

• Mole: 1 mol = 6.022×10²³ particles (Avogadro). Ideal gas: PV = nRT.

• Gas laws: Boyle (P∝1/V), Charles (V∝T), Avogadro (V∝n) at constant conditions.

4. Solutions, Colloids & Water Chemistry

• Concentration: % w/w, % w/v, molarity (mol/L).

• Colloid: heterogeneous but stable; Tyndall effect (scattering). Milk is a colloid; mud water is
suspension.

• Hard water: Ca²■/Mg²■; treatment by ion exchange/RO. Boiling removes temporary hardness.

• pH scale (0–14): <7 acidic; >7 basic. Indicators: litmus, methyl orange, phenolphthalein.

5. Acids, Bases, Salts & Everyday Compounds

• Common salts: baking soda (NaHCO■), washing soda (Na■CO■·10H■O), bleaching powder
(CaOCl■), gypsum (CaSO■·2H■O), Plaster of Paris (CaSO■·½H■O).

• Fertilizers: urea (46% N), NPK; overuse harms soil & water (eutrophication).

• Corrosion: rusting (iron + oxygen + water). Prevention: painting, galvanizing, cathodic protection.

• Electrochemistry: Electrolysis (NaCl → Cl■, H■); Batteries: lead–acid (cars), Li-ion (mobiles), fuel
cells (H■ + O■ → electricity + water).

6. Organic Chemistry Basics & Polymers

• Hydrocarbons: alkanes (single bonds), alkenes (double), alkynes (triple).
• Functional groups: –OH (alcohol), –CHO (aldehyde), –COOH (acid), –NH■ (amine).

• Polymers: PVC, PET, Teflon, Nylon; Rubber (natural & synthetic). Microplastics are an emerging
hazard.

• Green alternatives: bioplastics (PLA), compostable packaging; 3R: Reduce, Reuse, Recycle.

7. Industrial & Environmental Chemistry

• Cement (limestone + clay), Glass (silica), Steel (iron + carbon).

• Soaps (saponification of fats) vs detergents (synthetic surfactants).

• Air pollutants: SO■, NO■, CO, O■ (ground-level), PM2.5/PM10. Effects: smog, acid rain,
respiratory illness.

• Water pollution metrics: BOD, COD; treatment: sedimentation, aeration, filtration,

chlorination/UV/ozonation.
BIOLOGY
1. Cell Biology
• Cell = structural & functional unit of life. Prokaryotes (no nucleus) vs eukaryotes (true nucleus).

• Organelles: nucleus (DNA), mitochondria (ATP), ribosomes (protein synthesis), ER (transport),

Golgi (packaging), lysosomes (digestion), chloroplasts (plants).

• Cell division: mitosis (growth/repair, identical cells); meiosis (gametes, half chromosomes).

2. Human Physiology
• Digestive: mouth → esophagus → stomach → small intestine (absorption) → large intestine.
Enzymes: amylase, pepsin, lipase.

• Respiratory: lungs; gas exchange in alveoli; hemoglobin carries oxygen.

• Circulatory: heart (4 chambers); arteries (away; thick), veins (towards; valves); normal BP ≈
120/80 mmHg.

• Excretory: kidneys filter blood; nephron is unit; urine formation & osmoregulation.

• Nervous: CNS (brain, spinal cord); neuron transmits impulses; reflex arc.

• Endocrine: glands & hormones — thyroid (thyroxine), pancreas (insulin), adrenals (adrenaline),
pituitary (master gland).

• Musculoskeletal & sense organs: eye (retina rods/cones), ear (cochlea for hearing, semicircular
canals for balance).

3. Nutrition, Vitamins & Deficiencies

Vitamin Source Function Deficiency
A (Retinol) Carrot, fish oil Vision Night blindness
B1 (Thiamine)Whole grains Nerve function Beri-beri
B12 (Cobalamin)
Meat, eggs, milk RBC formation Anemia, nerve issues
C (Ascorbic acid)
Citrus fruits Wound healing Scurvy
D (Cholecalciferol)
Sunlight, fish Calcium absorption Rickets/Osteomalacia
E (Tocopherol)Nuts, oils Antioxidant Neuromuscular problems
K Leafy greens Blood clotting Hemorrhage

Minerals: Iron (hemoglobin; deficiency → anemia), Iodine (thyroid; deficiency → goiter), Calcium
(bones; with Vit-D).

4. Reproduction & Genetics

• Human reproduction: fertilization in fallopian tube; placenta nourishes fetus; menstrual cycle ~28
days.

• Contraception: barrier (condoms), hormonal pills, IUD, surgical (vasectomy/tubectomy).

• Genetics: DNA → genes; Mendel’s laws; genotype vs phenotype; blood groups (ABO, Rh).

• Genetic disorders: Down syndrome (trisomy 21), thalassemia (Hb defect), color blindness
(X-linked).

5. Microbes, Immunity & Public Health

• Pathogens: bacteria (TB), viruses (flu, COVID-19), protozoa (malaria), fungi (ringworm).

• Immunity: innate vs acquired; vaccines generate memory (antibodies).

• Antibiotic resistance rises with misuse; complete the full course.

• Vector control: mosquito-borne diseases (malaria, dengue, chikungunya) — remove stagnant

water, use nets/repellents.

6. Plant Physiology & Biotechnology

• Photosynthesis: 6CO■ + 6H■O → C■H■■O■ + 6O■ (sunlight, chlorophyll).

• Transpiration via stomata; transport by xylem (water) & phloem (food).

• Plant hormones: auxin (growth), gibberellin (elongation), cytokinin (cell division), abscisic acid
(dormancy), ethylene (ripening).

• Biotech: recombinant insulin; GM crops (Bt cotton); CRISPR gene editing; fermentation (yeast →
ethanol).

7. Ecology, Biodiversity & Conservation

• Ecosystem = biotic + abiotic; food chains & webs; trophic levels; pyramids of energy are always
upright.

• Biomes: desert, grassland, forest, tundra; Indian biodiversity hotspots: Western Ghats, Eastern
Himalayas.

• Conservation: national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, biosphere reserves; endangered species: tiger,
rhino, gharial, lion-tailed macaque.

• Key Indian laws: Wildlife Protection Act (1972), Forest Conservation Act (1980), Environment
Protection Act (1986).
EVERYDAY SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
• Water purification: boiling, filtration, chlorination, RO, UV. Arsenic/fluoride removal requires
specific media.

• Kitchen science: pressure cooker lowers cooking time by raising boiling point; microwave excites
water molecules; induction uses eddy currents.

• Appliances: CFL vs LED (LED more efficient/longer life); refrigerators use vapour-compression
cycle.

• Medical imaging: X-ray (bones), CT (cross-sections with X-rays), MRI (magnetic resonance, no
ionizing radiation), Ultrasound (safe for pregnancy).

• Batteries & safety: avoid deep discharge/overheat of Li-ion; use certified chargers only.

• Communication: 2G–5G; fiber optics for backbone; GPS/NAVIC for navigation.

ISRO Highlights (India)

• Chandrayaan-1 (2008): found evidence of water molecules on Moon.

• Mangalyaan/Mars Orbiter Mission (2013): cost-effective Mars mission.

• Chandrayaan-3 (2023): successful soft-landing near lunar south pole.

• Aditya-L1 (2023): first Indian solar observatory at L1 point.

• Gaganyaan (ongoing): human spaceflight program; tests of crew escape & abort systems.

• NAVIC: Indian regional navigation satellite system.

Common Scientific Instruments

Instrument Use
Barometer Atmospheric pressure
Sphygmomanometer Blood pressure
Glucometer Blood sugar
Hygrometer Humidity
Anemometer Wind speed
Seismograph Earthquake waves
pH meter Acidity/alkalinity
Vernier caliper Internal/external diameters, lengths
Screw gauge Small thickness/diameter
FORMULA & CONSTANTS — Rapid Revision Sheet
• Speed v = s/t; Acceleration a = ∆v/∆t.

• v = u + at; s = ut + (1/2)at²; v² = u² + 2as.

• K.E. = 1/2 mv²; P.E. = mgh; Power P = W/t.

• Density ρ = m/V; Pressure p = F/A; Pascal’s law in fluids.

• Wave: v = fλ; Sound fastest in solids, slowest in gases.

• Lens formula: 1/f = 1/v − 1/u; Magnification m = v/u.

• Ohm’s law: V = IR; Power: P = VI = I²R = V²/R.

• Transformer: V■/V■ = N■/N■; works only on AC (electromagnetic induction).

• Gas: PV = nRT; R ≈ 8.314 J·mol■¹·K■¹.

• pH = −log[H■]; Neutral water pH ≈ 7 at 25°C.

• Avogadro number N■ ≈ 6.022×10²³; g ≈ 9.8 m/s²; c ≈ 3×10■ m/s.

High-Yield Facts & Common Pitfalls

• Fuse wire is made of low-melting alloy so it melts first — protects appliances.

• Transformer does not work on DC; iron core reduces losses by lamination.

• Ice floats on water due to lower density (open lattice); anomalous expansion between 0–4°C.

• Hard water forms scum with soap; use detergents or softeners.

• Vitamin D is synthesized in skin under sunlight; aids Calcium absorption.

• Ozone in stratosphere is protective; ground-level ozone is a pollutant.

• Ultraviolet causes sunburn; infrared causes heating; microwave cooks by exciting water
molecules.
PRACTICE MCQs — Objective Type (with Answer Key)
Mark your answers, then check the key at the end. Explanations are brief and exam-focused.

1. SI unit of electric current is:

A) coulomb
B) ampere
C) volt
D) ohm
Answer: B — Ampere is SI for current; coulomb is charge.

2. Which quantity is a vector?

A) Speed
B) Distance
C) Work
D) Momentum
Answer: D — Momentum has magnitude and direction.

3. A body moves in a circle at constant speed. Its:

A) Velocity constant
B) Acceleration zero
C) Acceleration towards centre
D) No force acts
Answer: C — Centripetal acceleration towards centre.

4. Escape velocity on Earth is about:

A) 1.12 km/s
B) 7.9 km/s
C) 11.2 km/s
D) 112 km/s
Answer: C — ≈11.2 km/s.

5. Which increases boiling point of water?

A) Decreased pressure
B) Adding salt
C) Removing dissolved gases
D) Cooling
Answer: B — Solutes elevate boiling point.

6. Sound cannot travel through:

A) Solids
B) Liquids
C) Gases
D) Vacuum
Answer: D — Needs medium.

7. Optical fibre works on:

A) Diffraction
 B) Total internal reflection
C) Scattering
D) Interference
Answer: B — TIR keeps light confined.

8. For resistors in series, the total resistance is:

A) Less than smallest
B) Sum of resistances
C) Product/ratio
D) Zero
Answer: B — Add directly.

9. Transformer works on:

A) DC only
B) AC only
C) Both AC & DC
D) Static electricity
Answer: B — Needs changing flux (AC).

10. The device converting mechanical to electrical energy is:

A) Motor
B) Generator
C) Transformer
D) Rectifier
Answer: B — Generator: mech → electrical.

11. X-rays are used for:

A) Sterilizing milk
B) Bone imaging
C) Communication
D) Cooking
Answer: B — High-energy imaging.

12. Radioactivity is the property of:

A) Stable atoms
B) Unstable nuclei
C) Electrons
D) Photons
Answer: B — Unstable nuclei decay.

13. Half-life is:

A) Time to double activity
B) Time for 50% to decay
C) Time to become stable
D) Constant always 1 year
Answer: B — Definition.
14. The gas responsible for acid rain is mainly:
A) O■
B) SO■
C) He
D) H■
Answer: B — SO■/NO■ cause acid rain.

15. Hardness of water due to:

A) Na■, K■
B) Ca²■, Mg²■
C) Fe³■ only
D) Cl■ only
Answer: B — Calcium & magnesium ions.

16. pH of neutral water at 25°C is:

A) 0
B) 5
C) 7
D) 14
Answer: C — Neutral point.

17. The salt used in baking powder:

A) NaCl
B) NaHCO■
C) KNO■
D) CaCO■
Answer: B — Sodium bicarbonate.

18. The monomer of polythene is:

A) Ethylene
B) Propane
C) Benzene
D) Acetylene
Answer: A — Ethylene (ethene).

19. The gas used in fertilizers (Haber process product):

A) NH■
B) CO■
C) O■
D) SO■
Answer: A — Ammonia.

20. Rusting requires:

A) Oxygen only
B) Water only
C) Oxygen & water
 D) Nitrogen
Answer: C — Both required.

21. Cell powerhouse:

A) Nucleus
B) Mitochondria
C) Ribosome
D) Golgi body
Answer: B — ATP production.

22. Protein synthesis occurs at:

A) Lysosome
B) Ribosome
C) Mitochondria
D) Vacuole
Answer: B — Ribosomes.

23. Blood carries oxygen mainly via:

A) Plasma
B) WBC
C) Platelets
D) Hemoglobin
Answer: D — Hb binds O■.

24. Normal adult BP is roughly:

A) 80/120
B) 120/80
C) 100/50
D) 150/100
Answer: B — Systolic/diastolic.

25. Insulin is secreted by:

A) Thyroid
B) Adrenal
C) Pancreas
D) Pituitary
Answer: C — β-cells of pancreas.

26. Night blindness due to deficiency of:

A) Vit B12
B) Vit C
C) Vit A
D) Vit D
Answer: C — Retinol.

27. Scurvy is due to deficiency of:

A) Vit A
 B) Vit C
C) Iron
D) Iodine
Answer: B — Ascorbic acid.

28. Goiter is due to deficiency of:

A) Iron
B) Iodine
C) Calcium
D) Sodium
Answer: B — Thyroid hormone synthesis.

29. Meiosis occurs in:

A) Skin cells
B) Muscle cells
C) Gamete formation
D) Liver
Answer: C — Reduces chromosome number.

30. Malaria is caused by:

A) Virus
B) Bacteria
C) Protozoa
D) Fungi
Answer: C — Plasmodium.

31. Dengue is transmitted by:

A) Anopheles
B) Aedes
C) Culex
D) Tsetse
Answer: B — Aedes aegypti.

32. Photosynthesis occurs in:

A) Mitochondria
B) Ribosomes
C) Chloroplasts
D) Nucleus
Answer: C — Chlorophyll.

33. Plant tissue transporting water is:

A) Phloem
B) Xylem
C) Parenchyma
D) Collenchyma
Answer: B — Xylem.
34. The genetic material is:
A) Protein
B) DNA
C) Lipid
D) Starch
Answer: B — DNA.

35. ABO blood group discovered by:

A) Jenner
B) Landsteiner
C) Pasteur
D) Fleming
Answer: B — Karl Landsteiner.

36. Which layer protects from UV?

A) Troposphere
B) Stratosphere
C) Mesosphere
D) Thermosphere
Answer: B — Ozone layer in stratosphere.

37. Greenhouse gas not among these:

A) CO■
B) CH■
C) N■
D) N■O
Answer: C — N■ is not GHG.

38. BOD indicates:

A) Bacterial oxygen demand
B) Biological oxygen demand
C) Blood oxygen density
D) Basic oxygen dosage
Answer: B — Pollution indicator.

39. SONAR uses:

A) Infrared
B) Ultraviolet
C) Sound waves
D) Microwaves
Answer: C — Underwater sound.

40. In AC mains in India the frequency is:

A) 0 Hz
B) 50 Hz
C) 60 Hz
 D) 100 Hz
Answer: B — Standard 50 Hz.

41. Device measuring blood pressure:

A) Barometer
B) Sphygmomanometer
C) Hygrometer
D) Ammeter
Answer: B — BP instrument.

42. The human eye image is formed on:

A) Cornea
B) Iris
C) Retina
D) Lens
Answer: C — Light sensitive layer.

43. Myopia is corrected by:

A) Convex lens
B) Concave lens
C) Cylindrical lens
D) Bifocal
Answer: B — Diverging lens.

44. Which is not a renewable energy source?

A) Wind
B) Solar
C) Coal
D) Biomass
Answer: C — Coal is fossil fuel.

45. NAVIC is:

A) Weather satellite
B) Indian navigation system
C) Ocean mission
D) Rocket fuel
Answer: B — Regional navigation.

46. Vaccine works by:

A) Killing antibodies
B) Supplying antibiotics
C) Generating memory cells
D) Increasing platelets
Answer: C — Adaptive immunity.

47. The main constituent of natural gas:

A) Propane
 B) Ethane
C) Methane
D) Butane
Answer: C — CH■.

48. Which acid is in vinegar?

A) Acetic acid
B) Citric acid
C) Lactic acid
D) Hydrochloric acid
Answer: A — Ethanoic acid.

49. Bleaching powder releases:

A) O■
B) Cl■
C) H■
D) N■
Answer: B — Used for disinfection.

50. The instrument to measure earthquake waves:

A) Seismograph
B) Polygraph
C) Telegraph
D) Pictograph
Answer: A — Seismograph.

51. Light-year measures:

A) Time
B) Mass
C) Distance
D) Energy
Answer: C — Astronomical distance.

52. The p-type semiconductor has:

A) Excess electrons
B) Excess holes
C) No carriers
D) Equal electrons & holes
Answer: B — Holes are majority carriers.

53. Which has highest energy?

A) Radio waves
B) Infrared
C) Visible
D) Gamma rays
Answer: D — EM spectrum order.
54. Catalyst:
A) Increases ∆G
B) Lowers activation energy
C) Consumed in reaction
D) Changes equilibrium constant
Answer: B — Speeds up reaction.

55. The most abundant gas in air:

A) Oxygen
B) Nitrogen
C) Carbon dioxide
D) Argon
Answer: B — ≈78% N■.

56. Which vitamin is synthesized in skin:

A) A
B) B12
C) C
D) D
Answer: D — Sunlight-driven.

57. Device converting AC to DC:

A) Inverter
B) Rectifier
C) Transformer
D) Oscillator
Answer: B — Rectifies AC.

58. Refrigeration is based on:

A) Joule heating
B) Vapour compression & latent heat
C) Nuclear fusion
D) Electrolysis
Answer: B — Phase change cooling.

59. A solution with pH=3 is:

A) Strongly basic
B) Neutral
C) Acidic
D) Slightly basic
Answer: C — pH<7 acidic.

60. Which organ filters blood to form urine?

A) Liver
B) Kidney
C) Spleen
 D) Pancreas
Answer: B — Nephrons in kidneys.
Answer Key (Quick Lookup)
1:B, 2:D, 3:C, 4:C, 5:B, 6:D, 7:B, 8:B, 9:B, 10:B, 11:B, 12:B, 13:B, 14:B, 15:B, 16:C, 17:B, 18:A, 19:A,
20:C, 21:B, 22:B, 23:D, 24:B, 25:C, 26:C, 27:B, 28:B, 29:C, 30:C, 31:B, 32:C, 33:B, 34:B, 35:B, 36:B,
37:C, 38:B, 39:C, 40:B, 41:B, 42:C, 43:B, 44:C, 45:B, 46:C, 47:C, 48:A, 49:B, 50:A, 51:C, 52:B, 53:D,
54:B, 55:B, 56:D, 57:B, 58:B, 59:C, 60:B

Final Tips
• Revise this PDF 2–3 times; focus on grey boxes and tables.

• Practice at least 300 MCQs topic-wise (Physics, Chemistry, Biology).

• Make your own ‘error log’ of mistakes and revisit before exam.

• Link concepts to real life (optical fibres → internet; vitamins → diet; transformers → power grid).